Toxicity evaluation in a paper recycling mill e uent by coupling bioindicator of aging with the toxicity identification evaluation method in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) can be used to determine the specific toxicant(s) in industrial e uents. In the current study, the authors have attempted to combine the advantages of the model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, with the virtues of the TIE technique, to evaluate and identify the toxicity on aging from a paper recycling mill e uent. The results indicate that only the toxicities from mixed cellulose (MC) filtration and EDTA treatment are similar to the baseline aging toxicity, suggesting that the suspect toxicants inducing aging toxicity may largely be the heavy metal substances in this industrial e uent. Examination of the accumulation of intestinal autofluorescence in adult animals further confirms that the short lifespans are actually due to accelerated aging. In addition, exposure to fractions of EDTA manipulations cannot result in severe defects of reproduction and locomotion behaviors in C. elegans. Moreover, high levels of Ca, Al, and Fe in the e uent may account for the severe toxicity on aging of exposed nematodes, by TIE assay. The study here provides a new method for evaluating environmental risk and identifying toxicant(s) from the industrial e uent using C. elegans.     

利用秀丽线虫开展毒性鉴别评价技术研究

水体与沉积物毒性鉴别评价(TIE)技术是近些年来环境科学领域广泛应用的技术。秀丽线虫是目前广泛应用于环境毒物评价与毒理学研究的模式动物。在综述中,总结了利用秀丽线虫进行工业废水毒物鉴别与毒性评价的研究进展,并分析了秀丽线虫应用于TIE技术的优势以及局限性。在此基础上,对秀丽线虫在TIE技术中的进一步应用提出了相应的建议。     

毒性鉴别评估(TIE)在沉积物毒性评估中的应用

沉积物毒性评估是水污染治理的基础性工作,也是关键性工作。建立一套科学可靠的沉积物毒性评估方法,对于科学设计疏浚方案、安全高效管理疏浚工程、阐明沉积物毒性与特定污染排放物的联系以及进行生态风险评价等活动都有着重要的意义。简要回顾了沉积物毒性评估方法的发展历程,详细地介绍了美国环保局最新修订的毒性鉴别评估程序(toxicity identification evaluation,TIE)的试验方法、主要过程和受试生物的选取。并结合我国沉积物毒性评价的现状,分析了TIE方法的优点与不足,重点指出TIE在我国应用过程中可能存在的问题。目前,TIE在我国沉积物毒性评价中的应用尚处于起步阶段,希望通过文章的介绍可以促进这种方法在我国的应用。     

环境样品毒性评价方法的发展及应用

在阐述毒性评价方法发展的基础上，简要介绍了成组生物检验方案，并详介毒性鉴定评价方法的基本原理，实际应用，存在问题及其发展趋势。     

化工废水处理中关键有毒物质追踪

江苏省某化工厂废水设施的进、出水经Daphnia magna急性毒性试验，结果表明该废水在处理前、后均显示毒性。采用毒性鉴别评价(TIE，toxicity identification evaluation)的试验程序，对处理系统的进、出水进行了关键毒物的鉴别和评价。发现进水中存在的关键毒物为金属铜离子，而出水中存在的关键毒物为氨。该厂原废水毒性已基本被去除，毒性去除率为99．93％。因此，在该厂废水处理过程中金属离子尤其是铜离子已基本被去除，而氨在废水处理中的去除并不明显。     

制革废水和印染废水的综合毒性评估及鉴别

研究采用成组生物毒性试验(发光菌急性毒性、斑马鱼幼鱼急性毒性,斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性和小球藻急性毒性),结合理化指标,通过毒性单位、平均毒性(average toxicity,Av Tx)、毒性指数(toxic print,Tx Pr)、最敏感的测试(most sensitive test,MST)和潜在毒性效应指数(potential ecotoxic effects probe,PEEP)对不同工艺阶段印染及制革废水进行毒性削减评估.结果表明PEEP能兼顾废水排放量与毒性效应,更为客观地表征了废水综合毒性,PEEP评价结果显示制革废水和印染废水的毒性削减率分别达到36.8%和23.2%.最后,以发光菌作为受试生物,采用毒性鉴别评估(toxicity identification evaluation,TIE)技术,对印染废水进行毒性鉴别.结果表明,印染废水中主要的致毒物质为非极性有机污染,其次为可滤性化合物,然后是重金属、氧化性物质以及挥发性物质.     

Confirmation of combinational effects of calcium with other metals in a paper recycling mill effluent on nematode lifespan with toxicity identification evaluation method

We used toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) method to confirm the combinational e ects of identified toxic metals in a paper recycling mill e uent in inducing the decreased lifespan in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Exposure to Ca + Al caused more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Al; and exposure to Ca + Fe induced more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Fe. Exposure to Ca+Al+Fe caused more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Ca+Fe. Moreover, the baseline toxicity on lifespan was doubled by doubling the concentration of combined metals (Ca+Al+Fe) in spiking test in original e uent (oe), and lifespan defects in oe+Ca+Al+Fe exposed nematodes were more severe than that in Ca+Al+Fe exposed nematode. Therefore, Ca+Al+Fe exposure may largely explain the formation of decreased lifespan induced by the examined industrial e uent. Furthermore, the observed reduction of lifespan induced by the combination of high level of Ca with other metals may be at least partially independent of the insulin-like pathway.     

石化乙烯工业废水中关键毒性物质的鉴别

借鉴美国环保署制定的毒性物质鉴别评价技术(TIE),直接从企业生产的工艺出发,结合废水的主要水质指标对某石化厂乙烯工业废水进行毒性鉴别试验,发现废水中的苯和硫化物对大型蚤具有明显的致死性,其中苯是废水中的关键毒物。所取废水对测试生物大型蚤的24 h-LC50均值为53.68%,其中主要致毒物质苯的含量大约30 mg/L。     

典型炼化废水微生物功能结构与主要致毒物质响应关系研究

为探明典型炼化废水处理系统(简称“系统”)生物毒性削减效果、主要致毒物质类别及微生物功能响应关系,以费氏弧菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌为受试生物,测试系统沿程生物急性毒性及遗传毒性,并结合毒性鉴别评价方法甄别系统主要致毒物质,同时利用高通量测序技术探究系统微生物功能结构与主要致毒物质响应关系.结果表明：(1)系统沿程生物毒性总体呈下降趋势,生化处理单元进水为急性毒性微毒、遗传毒性阳性.其中,炼油废水急性毒性总削减率为86.514%,遗传毒性总削减率为96.221%;化工废水急性毒性总削减率为53.281%,遗传毒性总削减率为62.273%.(2)通过毒性鉴别评价方法 (toxicity identification evaluation,TIE)结果推断,炼油废水主要致毒物质可能为阳离子金属及非极性有机物,化工废水主要致毒物质可能为阳离子金属.(3)CCA分析表明,NH3-N浓度(r=0.819,p=0.001)、Cr浓度(r=0.777,p=0.002)、TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon,总石油烃)浓度(r=0.752,p=0.002)与生化处理前微生物群落结构...     

利用模式动物线虫追踪造纸厂废水中酸碱类毒物的研究

在毒性鉴别评价技术TIE程序中引入模式动物线虫,并通过寿命、半数致死天数、生殖速度、生殖能力、身体运动行为等指标进行造纸厂工业废水中酸碱类毒物的毒性评价研究。结果表明,对线虫生命周期的影响程度上：2号>4号>1号>3号,对世代时间的影响程度上：2号>1号>3号?4号,对产卵数目与头部摆动频率的影响效应相当：1号?2号>3号?4号,对身体弯曲次数的影响程度上：1号?2号>3号>4号,且2号水样对线虫所有指标皆呈极显著性影响（p<0.01）。因此,造纸废水中的易受酸性影响的碱类毒物毒性相对最强,而易受碱性影响的酸类毒物以及颗粒状毒物只是对线虫具有一定程度的影响,或者影响某一特定的方面。该研究策略有效地对造纸厂工业废水中的酸碱性毒物的生态毒性进行了评价。     

土壤中三价锑的老化对秀丽隐杆线虫毒性的影响

为明确老化过程对土壤外源三价锑〔Sb(Ⅲ)〕毒性的影响,结合土壤中Sb的化学分析和生物毒性测试,以模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)为测试生物,研究经Sb(Ⅲ)处理后老化7和56 d的2种土壤(安徽黄棕壤和新疆灰漠土)中不同价态Sb浓度、可提取态Sb浓度以及对线虫生长、生育、繁殖毒性的变化. 结果表明:①经Sb(Ⅲ)处理后老化56 d的安徽黄棕壤和新疆灰漠土中Sb(Ⅴ)的占比均显著高于老化7 d的土壤,与安徽黄棕壤相比,新疆灰漠土中Sb(Ⅲ)能更快地转化为毒性较低的Sb(Ⅴ). ②相较经Sb(Ⅲ)处理后老化7 d的土壤,经56 d老化的安徽黄棕壤和新疆灰漠土中可提取态Sb浓度分别下降了9.3%~36.8%和3.3%~47.0%. ③经Sb(Ⅲ)处理后老化56 d的安徽黄棕壤和新疆灰漠土对线虫生长毒性的EC₅₀(50%效应浓度)值较老化7 d的土壤分别提升1.7和2.3倍,对线虫生育毒性的EC₅₀值分别提升1.1和2.4倍,对线虫繁殖毒性的EC₅₀值分别提升1.2和1.9倍. 研究显示,老化过程可降低土壤中可提取态Sb浓度和毒性较高的Sb(Ⅲ)占比,导致外源Sb(Ⅲ)对线虫毒性的减弱,pH、有机质含量以及铁锰铝氧化物含量对土壤中Sb(Ⅲ)氧化和Sb吸附过程的影响导致外源Sb(Ⅲ)老化效应以及对线虫毒性的差异.      

菲在长期施肥黑土团聚体中的老化行为

在东北黑土区长期肥料试验定位监测田采集[化肥与有机肥配施（NPOM）、不施肥（NF）]的表层（0～20 cm）土壤样品,用室内模拟培养的方法研究了菲在黑土及其不同粒径团聚体中的老化行为及其影响因素的溯源分析.结果表明,老化前期〉2 mm粒径组团聚体是优先吸附剂,而老化后期〈0.053 mm粒径组的团聚体是优先吸附剂.在...     

Aging effect on the mobility and bioavailability of copper in soil

Aging effect on the mobility and bioavailability of copper (Cu) was investigated using a spiked soil with different incubation periods from 3 to 56 d. Wheat was planted and earthworm was cultured separately in the incubated soils. The mobility of Cu in soil was evaluated by a chemical fractionation scheme and the toxicity and bioavailability were assessed by measuring the biomass and Cu concentration in tissues. Results showed that aging had a significant effect on Cu fraction distribution, of which Cu tended to incorporate from the exchangeable into more stable fractions such as the reducible and oxidisable fractions. However, aging had little effect on Cu bioavailability to wheat and earthworms. Comparing the soil being incubated for 3 d and 56 d, Cu concentration in wheat roots decreased from 14.5 to 12.8 mg/kg, and no significant changes in Cu concentration were observed in both wheat shoots and earthworms. The Cu concentration was around 2.0 and 50 mg/kg for wheat shoots and earthworms, respectively, irrespective of soil incubation time. The CaCl2-extractable Cu had a linear relationship with Cu concentration in wheat roots (R2 = 0.65, P < 0.05), but no linear relationship can be found for wheat shoots and earthworms. Biological control may be more crucial for Cu accumulation in organism than the changes in soil Cu fraction caused by aging.     

河流表层沉积物活体毒性甄别和毒性因子初探

本文选择辽河流域6个支流表层沉积物作为研究对象,利用2种底栖生物(摇蚊幼虫和河蚬)活体毒性测试方法评价了辽河流域表层沉积物毒性.研究结果显示,所有表层沉积物对摇蚊幼虫有毒性效应,显著降低了摇蚊幼虫的存活率(p<0.05);河蚬存活率有所降低,但差异不显著.沉积物活体毒性甄别结果发现,长沟子以有机物污染为主,付家窝堡和柴河以重金属污染为主,一统河和潮沟河以有机物和氨氮污染为主,而柳河以重金属和氨氮污染为主.综上所述,沉积物活体毒性甄别方法能有效甄别致毒污染物类别,同时表明不同种类底栖生物对沉积物毒性存在敏感性差异.     

水稻土中外源Cd老化的动力学特征与老化因子

选择5种不同性质的水稻土,通过外源添加制备了6个不同浓度梯度的Cd污染土壤,研究了外源Cd在几种水稻土中的老化动力学特征与影响因子;同时利用盆栽实验,结合Log-logistic分布模型,研究了5个不同老化时间(14、30、60、90和180d)与土壤中Cd对二种不同Cd敏感性水稻生长毒性的影响.结果表明,不同浓度外源Cd进入土壤后,0.05mol/L EDTA-2Na浸提的有效态Cd含量随着老化时间的增加而逐渐下降;与14d处理相比,老化30d后土壤中有效态Cd降幅达21.5%(红壤)~38.0%(黑土);老化90d后,土壤中Cd进入慢反应阶段. 基于二级动力学方程的拟合参数显示,土壤中Cd的老化特征表现为有效态Cd含量在30~60d内快速降低,随后变化减缓,经过90d的老化后,土壤中有效态Cd含量逐渐趋于平衡.基于老化动力学方程参数(C∞及K2)与土壤性质间的相关性分析表明,土壤pH值是影响Cd有效态含量变化的主控因子,其次是土壤CEC和OC含量.在不同性质土壤中,随着老化时间的增加,土壤中外源Cd对水稻生长毒性的半抑制浓度(EC50)值显著升高;与14d老化处理相比,经过180d老化后土壤中Cd对水稻生长毒性的EC50增加72.1%~195.0%;在大于90d的长期老化过程中,土壤pH值对Cd老化过程的影响逐渐降低,而CEC的影响逐渐上升,尽管如此,土壤中Cd老化过程的主要影响因子仍然是土壤pH,而与测试的2种水稻品种无关.     

A biological safety evaluation on reclaimed water reused as scenic water using a bioassay battery

An assessment method based on three toxicity tests (algae growth inhibition, daphnia immobilization and larval fish toxicity) was used to screen the biological safety of reclaimed water which was reused as sole replenishment for scenic water system in a park (SOF Park) in northern China. A total of 24 water samples were collected from six sites of water system in the SOF Park in four different seasons. The results indicated that: (1) the reclaimed water directly discharged from a reclamation treatment plant near the SOF Park as influent of park had relatively low biological safety (all samples were ranked as C or D); (2) the biological safety of reclaimed water was improved greatly with the ecological reclamation treatment processes composing of artificial wetland system and followed oxidation pond system; (3) the biological safety of reclaimed water in the main lake of SOF Park kept at a health status during different seasons (all samples were ranked as A); (4) there was some certain correlation (R² = 0.5737) between the sum of toxicity scores and dissolved organic carbon for the studied water samples. It was concluded that the assessment method was reliable to screen the safety of reclaimed water reused as scenic water, and the reclaimed water with further ecological purification processes such as artificial wetland and oxidation pond system can be safely reused as scenic water in park.     

Removal of carbofuran is not affected by co-application of chlorpyrifos in a coconut fiber/compost based biomixture after aging or pre-exposure

Biomixtures constitute the biologically active part of biopurification systems(BPS), which are used to treat pesticide-containing wastewater. The aim of this work was to determine whether co-application of chlorpyrifos(CLP) affects the removal of carbofuran(CFN)(both insecticide/nematicides) in a coconut fiber–compost–soil biomixture(FCS biomixture), after aging or previous exposure to CFN. Removal of CFN and two of its transformation products(3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran) was enhanced in pre-exposed biomixtures in comparison to aged biomixtures. The co-application of CLP did not affect CFN removal, which suggests that CLP does not inhibit microbial populations in charge of CFN transformation.Contrary to the removal behavior, mineralization of radiolabeled14C-pesticides showed higher mineralization rates of CFN in aged biomixtures(with respect to freshly prepared or pre-exposed biomixtures). In the case of CLP, mineralization was favored in freshly prepared biomixtures, which could be ascribed to high sorption during aging and microbial inhibition by CFN in pre-exposure. Regardless of removal and mineralization results, toxicological assays revealed a steep decrease in the acute toxicity of the matrix on the microcrustacean Daphnia magna(over 97%) after 8 days of treatment of individual pesticides or the mixture CFN/CLP.Results suggest that FCS biomixtures are suitable to be used in BPS for the treatment of wastewater in fields where both pesticides are employed.     

水中安乃近高级氧化法去除及其产物的毒性评价

在实验室规模下,利用UV、H2O2、UV/H2O2、Fenton和UV/Fenton等高级氧化技术降解安乃近并对其降解产物进行毒性评价.在对各参数(pH值、H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、光照时间)优化的基础上,用TOC去除率和降解率对降解效果进行评价.安乃近及其光催化降解中间产物在水溶液中的毒性通过其对普通小球藻的生长抑制作用评价,并以96h的半数效应浓度(EC50)表示.结果表明,UV/Fenton对安乃近的降解率最大(96%),最佳降解条件为pH3,Fe2+、H2O2浓度分别为2,140mg/L.初期降解产物的生物毒性比母体化合物大,其EC50达到最小值(13.65mg/L),随降解时间的延长,EC50值逐渐增大,在180min为44.07mg/L,小球藻生长状况良好,表明含低浓度安乃近的水溶液经过UV/Fenton法处理后对水中生物已不具有危害作用.     

铅对赤子爱胜蚓抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了老化和未经老化土壤中Pb(NO₃)₂对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)体内SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)、POD(过氧化物酶)活性的影响. 结果表明:在测试范围(w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕为200~1000 mg/kg)内,Pb(NO₃)₂对蚯蚓体内3种抗氧化酶的活性均有显著性影响. 暴露于未经老化土壤1、14、21d时,蚯蚓体内SOD和CAT活性均随土壤中w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕的增加而降低,高w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕下,与对照组相比这2种抗氧化酶活性均降低了约40%. POD活性除第1、3天在高w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕中显著变化外,其他暴露时间、暴露水平中均无显著性变化. 暴露于老化(28d)土壤1d后,蚯蚓体内SOD、POD、CAT活性均随土壤中w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕的增加而升高,高w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕下,与对照组相比这3种抗氧化酶活性分别升高了359%、147%和233%;然而,随着暴露时间的延长,3种抗氧化酶活性又呈显著降低趋势. 总体上,蚯蚓体内CAT和SOD活性变化趋势基本一致. 研究显示,土壤老化对铅毒性产生了影响,因此在进行毒性试验时应予以考虑.