混凝法处理造纸废水的实验研究

利用以水玻璃、硫酸、硫酸铝和废铁屑为原料研制出的聚硅酸硫酸铝铁类混凝剂 ,在静态处理造纸废水的基础上 ,使用自行设计的动态模拟实验装置 ,对贵州省某造纸厂总排口废水进行混凝处理。在最佳水力条件下 ,造纸废水色度去除率达 96.9% ,CODCr去除率达 92 .5 % ,出水水质低于国家造纸工业污染物排放一级标准 ,说明复合型聚硅酸铝铁类混凝剂对造纸废水有着优异的去除效果     

Analysis of the hydrocyclone stock cleaning process for wasted fibre in a paper mill

The main objective of this project was to evaluate the possibility of reducing the quantity of fibre wasted at one of many hydrocyclone (centrifugal) cleaning processes in a paper mill. It was found that the application of elutriation water to both the tertiary and quaternary cleaners was essential to minimise the fibre discharged to the sewer, and the pressure of this elutriation water had a dramatic effect of reducing the fibre wastage. Accordingly, it has been shown that 150–160 kPa as the optimum pressure range to apply elutriation water to minimise the product grade fibre wasted whilst sending undesired shive fibre to the sewer. Also, monitoring of the press uhle box wastewater revealed that the paper mill has the potential to make substantial cost savings by reducing the waste stream. Further investigation is necessary to determine the types of fibre that are being wasted, and the viability of a screen to recycle the wasted fibre to the process. However, these fibres may be unsuitable to reuse in the process and alternative uses must be found.     

造纸废水曝气池中钙的去除及迁移转化规律研究

针对造纸废水好氧处理中钙离子（Ca²⁺）浓度过高影响生化过程和后续膜处理的问题,在实验室模拟废水曝气,研究Ca²⁺存在对COD去除效果的影响;对厌氧出水进行曝气实验,探究曝气量对钙去除效果的影响;分析表征造纸废水液相中Ca²⁺浓度和固相污泥中钙的形态,探究造纸废水曝气池中钙的迁移转化规律.结果发现：Ca²⁺的存在会影响活性污泥的活性,进而导致曝气过程中COD的去除率从71.76%降至36.94%;厌氧出水曝气初始阶段内曝气量越大,Ca²⁺的去除率越高;Ca²⁺浓度从厌氧出水到二沉池出水过程中逐渐下降,从游离态转变为CaCO₃的结合态而除去.     

造纸黑液制备球形阳离子木质素吸附树脂

以造纸黑液中的碱木质素为原料,采用两步法制备球形阳离子木质素吸附树脂,并用扫描电镜和傅立叶变换红外光谱仪对其进行表征.第1步以造纸黑液中的碱木质素为原料,利用反相悬浮法制备球形木质素珠体,通过正交实验得出以占木质素质量1.5%的环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,吐温80为分散剂(含量为木质素质量的3%),煤油为分散相,O/W相比为3∶1,反应温度为90℃,搅拌速度为200r/min,反应时间1h为球形木质素珠体制备的最佳条件.第2步利用丙烯酰胺对球形木质素珠体接枝,得出以H₂O₂/Fe²⁺为引发剂,丙烯酰胺浓度为0.72mol/L,室温反应2h为接枝的适宜条件,在此条件下可得到离子交换容量为1.6405mmol/g的阳离子木质素吸附树脂.     

碱性废弃物及添加锌肥对污染土壤镉生物有效性的影响及机制

采用盆栽方法,以石灰作对比研究了2种碱性废弃物(纸厂滤泥和赤泥)及添加锌肥对酸性镉污染稻田土壤的修复效应及其相关机制,同时利用大田试验进行了验证.结果表明,盆栽条件下施用石灰、纸厂滤泥和赤泥(2 g·kg^-1)后土壤 pH显著提高,在淹水平衡7 d和水稻移栽后30 d时土壤交换性钙含量显著高于不施的对照,增幅分别为33.1%～76.0%和31.0%～78.3%,同时土壤有效态镉含量显著降低,淹水平衡7 d时降幅为38.4%～45.0%,水稻移栽后30 d和60 d时降幅分别为37.4%～52.9%和33.2%～38.7%,水稻根系和糙米镉含量显著降低,降幅分别为24.0%～48.5%和26.3%～44.7%.等量碱性物质对提高土壤 pH和降低水稻镉累积的效果为石灰＞赤泥＞纸厂滤泥.纸厂滤泥和赤泥添加锌肥(0.2 g·kg^-1)对降低水稻镉累积的效果均比两者单施更明显.大田试验结果趋势基本相同,施入不同量的纸厂滤泥、赤泥及与锌肥配施后两季作物镉累积量显著减少,当季水稻糙米和第二季油菜籽粒镉含量分别较对照降低了27.1%～65.1%和16.4%～41.6%,糙米镉含量基本达到国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).因此,对于中轻度酸性镉污染稻田土壤,利用纸厂滤泥、赤泥及与锌肥配合施用是一种可行的修复方法,通过构建与土壤镉污染程度等特征相适应的碱性废弃物用量与锌肥配施比例,可确保稻米质量安全.     

冷连轧机动态过程的数值模拟

在计算机上采用数值分析方法研究轧制过程的动态特性 ,是轧钢智能发展的重要趋势。本套软件开发采用C++语言 ,对冷连轧动态过程进行数值模拟 ,给出在出现干扰量(如来料厚度波动 )及控制量 (如辊缝波动 )时 ,主要工艺参数 (如轧制压力、张力 )及厚度延时仿真结果 ,对过程自动控制系统具有十分重要的意义。     

硫酸盐木浆厂蒸发冷凝水的厌氧处理试验研究

硫酸盐木浆厂排出的蒸发冷凝水具有高温、高浓度、营养物质含量低等特点,并含有一定浓度的挥发性恶臭硫化合物.本研究采用空气吹脱-UASB流程处理此类废水.结果表明,70%～80%的挥发性有机硫化物能够在气提过程中被去除.除硫后的蒸发冷凝水在UASB反应器中能够得到有效处理,当COD容积负荷达到30 kg·(m³.d)^-1时,COD去除率仍能保持在95%左右.另一方面,试验开始时接种的颗粒污泥在反应器中破碎并逐渐被新形成的颗粒污泥代替,扫描电镜观察显示,新形成的颗粒污泥具有与接种污泥不同的微生物相.     

基于微生物相互作用机理的完全耦合活性污泥模型研究

根据微生物生长机理,推导出微生物的耦合作用机理并在该机理的基础上改进了ASM3 Bio-P模型.假设活性污泥系统中有机物氧化过程、生物硝化过程、生物反硝化过程、生物除磷过程可同时存在,在ASM3 Bio-P模型上添加相关的开关函数,推导出完全耦合活性污泥模型(FCASM).基于计算机程序进行数值模拟,并将FCASM模拟结果与实测值以及ASM3 Bio-P模型模拟值进行对比.结果表明,完全耦合活性污泥模型对氨氮模拟的稳态出水值为1.90 g·m-3,ASM3 Bio-P模型模拟的氨氮稳态出水值为0 g·m-3,而实测的氨氮稳态出水值为1.50 g·m-3,完全耦合活性污泥模型的结果更接近真实值.     

CAF涡凹气浮——混凝沉降工艺在造纸废水处理中的应用

本文描述了ＣＡＦ涡凹气浮———混凝沉降工艺在造纸废水处理中的应用。造纸厂预处理后的废水中ＢＯＤ５、ＣＯＤＣｒ、ＳＳ和ＴＰ经涡凹气浮和混凝沉降后去除率达９０～９９５％。出水水质达到造纸工业废水排放１级标准。（ＧＢ３５４４－９２）     

滇池流域TN、TP入湖负荷预报预警系统

以流域模型HSPF和贝叶斯递归回归树算法(BRRT)为计算模块,建立了滇池流域27条主要入湖河流和33个散流区的TN、TP入湖负荷预报预警系统.同时,构建了考虑历史排放规律和预测负荷计算预警指数(EWI)评价预警等级的两套预警体系.结果表明:BRRT替代模型在流域内以农业面源为主的柴河子流域校准和验证的可决系数R2均大于0.8,模拟结果相对可靠;根据预警时间选取预警体系;适用于6月份之前的预警体系一(EWS-1),利用现状排放量和历史排放量的关系计算预警指数.适用于6月份之后的预警体系二(EWS-2),主要考虑现状排放量、历史平均排放量、排放限值和预测排放量之间的关系计算3个预警指数,最终以最严格的作为综合预警指数EWI评价预警等级;根据柴河子流域"十二五"规划的TN和TP排放限值为130.2 t·a-1、6.8 t·a-1,应用此系统对2011年2、4、9和11月做出预警检验,各月份预警结果基本处于红色和黑色预警,该系统可为流域提供预警支持.     

Effective adsorption of quadrivalent cerium by synthesized laurylsulfonate green rust in a central composite design

The layered laurylsulfonate intercalated green rust (lauryl-S GR) was synthesized to evaluate the influence of synthesis parameters and aqueous conditions on the adsorption of Ce^IV. The maximum adsorption capacity of 305.58 mg/g by lauryl-S GR was predictably obtained. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model was appropriate in fitting the whole uptake process in a weak acid environment. Three isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin were all reliable in depicting the isotherm adsorption process. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of lauryl-S GR towards Ce^IV was 315.46 mg/g. Ce species including CeO and Ce₂O₃ besides CeO₂ were matched in the XPS distribution, directly indicating the reduction reaction brought by Fe^II in the GR occurred to hydrated Ce^IV ions during the adsorption. Nano-sized Ce particles attached to the lauryl-S GRs after the adsorption experiments were observed in the morphological characterization. Flocculated materials were formed on the surface of the lauryl-S GR at a pH of 7, which further reduced the active sites and disrupted the continuous uptake of Ce^IV to the lauryl-S GR. This study expands the application of GRs and supplies an ideal iron-based material for the construction of the affiliated recovery pathway to the traditional separation of Ce.     

基于Matlab/Simulink的导弹运输振动载荷分析

目的分析导弹在车辆运输中的振动载荷情况,为开展导弹结构可靠性分析和寿命预估提供输入条件。方法根据导弹运输车的动力学模型,利用Matlab/Simulink对不同路况条件下导弹运输车振动响应情况进行仿真计算,获得不同路况和运输车速时的振动响应情况。结果随着路面等级下降和车辆速度的增加,导弹运输车振动的幅值也相应增加。结论滤波白噪声方法模拟得到的时域路面功率谱与标准等级功率谱一致性较好,可以作为振动响应分析的输入激励。     

Viable engineering options to enhance the NaCl quality from the Dead Sea in Jordan

The Dilemma of the Dead Sea is briefly addressed. The Dead Sea is a major source for the production of food grade Sodium Chloride (NaCl) through the use of traditional salt grinding, multiple washing stages and then evaporation. But there have been problems in producing industrial grade NaCl due to the high percentage of Ca⁺² and Mg⁺² ion concentrations. Pilot plant experiments were conducted to simulate a sodium chloride recovery from the Dead Sea brines. Viable engineering options were examined and tested. These options are classified either by adding certain chemicals such as the use of Sodium Stearate and Sodium Carbonate or implementing and modifying process conditions. The changes in operating conditions involve; reducing the particle size and changing both water type and contact time in the washing stages, adding a low 45 rpm agitator and finally investigating the appropriate water type scheme to be used in a double washing system. These changes have significant impact in enhancing NaCl recovery especially when brackish water is used. Also brine/brackish scheme is the best choice to be used in a double washing operation.     

A2/O工艺污水处理厂运行参数优化的数值模拟

为了确定活性污泥系统A2/O工艺的最佳运行工况,将FCASM2-HYDRO模型应用于德清狮山污水处理厂A2/O工艺污水处理过程的数值模拟中.根据FCASM2-HYDRO模型分别建立了厌氧池、缺氧池、好氧池的数值模拟方程.采用有限元法求解,并使用MATLAB语言建立一套数值模拟程序.利用数值模拟程序分别模拟了工艺参数条件、流量、进水碳氮磷比对德清狮山污水处理厂污水处理效果的影响.由数值模拟结果得到了该厂目前最佳的运行工况:污泥回流比为50%,混合液回流比为100%,泥龄为15d,进水COD:NH4 -N:PO34-P比控制为100:8:1.     

La-腐殖酸/Al_2O_3凝胶复合物的制备及其氟吸附性能

以腐殖酸钠为原料,采用凝胶聚合法制备La-腐殖酸/Al2O3凝胶复合物(标记为LHAGC).用N2吸附-脱附试验,XRD,SEM,IR表征吸附剂的结构和形貌,并通过静态吸附试验探讨了LHAGC对水中F-的吸附性能以及吸附饱和LHAGC的再生方法.试验结果表明,LHAGC对F-等温吸附数据与Langmuir吸附等温方程拟合较好,最大吸附容量为219.30 mg·g-1,吸附过程符合准2级动力学方程,液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散过程控制着吸附速率;在p H值为5~11时,F-吸附率较高;当水中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、HCO-3或PO3-4以F-质量浓度的15倍存在时,F-吸附率仍能达到94%以上,LHAGC表现出较强的抗干扰能力.将F-吸附饱和的LHAGC用浓度为10-1mol·L-1的Na OH溶液进行脱氟,再用Al Cl3溶液将脱氟后LHAGC表面中和至p H值为5时所获得的再生吸附剂,再生率可达96.08%,由此表明LHAGC的潜在应用前景.     

Parametric glass milling with simultaneous control

Parametric glass milling is presented to machine periodical circular channels on the glass plates for manufacturing micro testing devices. An end mill traverses in the linear motion during the workpiece rotation, which are synchronized by simultaneous control. The glass milling is controlled by 4 parameters in a mathematical model without NC program. Based on the principle of the parametric machining and the effect of the cutter axis inclination on the cutting process, a milling machine was developed to perform the parametric glass milling with an inclined ball end mill. The cutter axis inclination and the actual feed rate are associated with the critical feed rate, the maximum feed rate at which a crack-free surface is finished. As a machining example, a periodical circular channel was machined with a transparent surface by the simultaneous control.     

塑烧板除尘器在精轧机除尘系统中的应用

为满足环境治理的要求以及更好地保证钢板表面质量,日照轧钢有限公司1580带钢厂及新余钢铁有限责任公司1580热轧带钢生产线均采用塑烧板除尘器处理热轧过程中产生的大量的氧化铁粉、油雾、水蒸汽烟气。结合精轧生产线的工艺特点,选用第三代塑烧板作为清灰滤料,比较了两种吸尘罩对除尘系统运行效果的影响。     

气囊回收系统的着陆适应性仿真分析

目的提出一种气囊着陆缓冲等效分析方法,将有限元仿真和理论分析相结合,借助理论分析的优点实现对气囊回收系统着陆缓冲冲击性能快速评估的目的。方法首先建立气囊有限元模型,通过有限元分析获得载荷-压缩量曲线,根据曲线拟合出接触载荷与气囊压缩量的关系式。同时,利用高斯函数模拟斜坡,考虑一质量块和气囊以一定初速度竖直向下撞击到该坡面上,只考虑坡度大小和表面粗糙度对气囊冲击载荷的影响。最后,利用中心差分法计算出质量块的位移、速度以及加速度。结果在撞击点的坡度为0°,20.27°和31.24°时,得到理论的水平方向和竖直方向上的最大过载,与仿真输出的结果进行对照,在误差允许的范围内,理论与仿真结果一致。分析比较不同撞击点的坡度下水平和竖直方向最大过载以及气囊离开地面时的角速度。当撞击点坡度为0°时,水平方向最大过载为0,随着撞击点坡度增大,水平方向的最大过载逐渐增大;竖直方向最大过载的值最大,为224.5 m/s2,随着撞击点坡度增大,竖直方向的最大过载逐渐减小。当撞击点坡度为0°时,角速度为0,气囊离开地面时的角速度逐渐增大,其增幅在0°到20°之间较大。结论气囊着陆缓冲等效分析方法计算得到的结果与仿真得到的结果相一致,验证了该理论计算方法的有效性,因此可以利用该方法对缓冲气囊的冲击性能进行快速评估。     

大气质量标准技术经济评定的数学模型

本文从研究大气质量与改善大气环境的技术措施及经济投资三者之间的关系着手,建立一套数学模型为大气标准的评定提供一个实用的工具。并将此理论模型应用于北京市SO_2年平均浓度二级标准的评定工作,得出以0.08mg/m~3为宜的结论。 本文所提出的数学方法对其他环境要素的质量标准的评定及某些技术经济问题也有一定的参考意义。     

Technical measures to achieve a cleaner production mode for recycled paper mills

China’s paper production reached 79.8 × 10⁶ t in 2008 and ranked number one in the world. Because of its high consumption of water, energy and materials and its serious pollution, the present processes are not likely to be sustainable. An alternative, the closed Water Loop-Papermaking Integration (WLPI) method, is put forward in this paper. The WLPI method can be realized in a recycled paper mill by adding technologies and using recycled water. Many industrial case studies have shown that a large quantity of water, energy and materials can be saved, and the quantity of waste sludge and wastewater discharge was minimized by using the WLPI method. The design of the water reuse system, control of calcium hardness, water recycling and minimal waste sludge are discussed. Anaerobic technology plays an important role in the WLPI method to lower cost, energy use and waste. In the brown paper and coated white board production, zero-effluent discharge can be realized. Fresh water consumption is only 1–2m³·t⁻¹. For the paper mills with deinking and bleaching processes, about 10 m³·t⁻¹ of fresh water and a similar amount of effluent discharge are needed. Power saving using anaerobic technology is 70% when recycled water is used in comparison with the conventional activated sludge process.Waste sludge can be decreased to about 5% of the initial process due to reuse of the waste sludge and the lower bio-sludge production of the anaerobic process.