新疆喀什三角洲地下水SO2-4化学特征及来源

"水质型"缺水问题是新疆喀什地区水资源紧缺的主要原因之一.位于喀什地区西部的喀什三角洲面积13 329 km~2,73. 2%面积的潜水和53. 2%面积的承压水SO_4~(2-)浓度超过地下水质量Ⅲ类标准,同时伴随有高TDS、高硬度等特征.运用δD、δ~(18)O-H_2O和δ~(34)S-SO_4~(2-)同位素等手段分析地下水SO_4~(2-)化学特征及来源.结果表明:①区内剥蚀山区钙质粉砂岩、钙质细砂岩和石膏等盐类矿物的溶解控制了流域水化学组成,形成了水化学类型以SO_4型为主的地表水和地下水.地下水化学类型演变方向为HCO_3·SO_4→SO_4→SO_4·Cl,山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原为溶滤-径流带,河流冲积平原为径流-累积带,上游至下游地下水化学成分趋向盐化;②区内地下水初始补给源主要为大气降水,且受一定蒸发作用影响.不同水文地质单元地下水δD和δ~(18)O分布特征明显,上游至下游,同位素值由低到富集,受蒸发作用由弱到强;冲积平原承压水同位素分布较离散,受到上覆潜水混合作用影响;③南部、北部山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原潜水SO_4~(2-)来源分别为海陆交互相和陆相蒸发岩的溶滤;河流冲积平原潜水SO_4~(2-)除了陆相蒸发岩溶滤来源外,还存在化肥淋滤的污染;承压水受蒸发岩溶滤外,还受到潜水的混合作用和细菌还原硫酸盐作用影响.     

南小河沟流域地表水和地下水的稳定同位素和水化学特征及其指示意义

南小河沟流域为典型的黄土高原沟壑区,本文分析了该流域地表水和地下水的氢氧稳定同位素和水化学特征,揭示了地表水与地下水之间的相互关系.结果表明,大气降水的δD和δ~(18)O值呈现春夏高,秋冬低的季节变化特征.水库水的δD和δ~(18)O值的季节性变化规律呈现夏秋高、冬春低的特征.地下水的δD和δ~(18)O值季节性变化规律相对不显著.流域内地表水和地下水水化学类型主要为Na·Mg-HCO_3型.地表水和地下水电导率的季节性变化规律均呈现冬季高、夏季低的特点.当地大气降水和深层地下水可能是南小河沟流域内地表水(水库水、沟道水)和泉水的主要补给来源.流域内的常流泉可能主要由深层地下水补给,而季节泉,例如,董庄沟和杨家沟的源头泉则可能是由深层地下水和当地大气降水共同补给.     

江苏洋口港地区地下水的环境同位素组成及其形成演化研究

江苏洋口港地区是江苏沿海开发重点建设的深水港区,水质优良的地下水是港区经济社会发展的重要基础.本研究利用近期获得的钻孔剖面地层对比数据资料,沿水文径流剖面分层采集水样,通过识别地表水、各含水层地下水的环境同位素(δD、δ~(18)O、~3H、~(14)C)组成指纹特征,以揭示研究区地下水的形成演化规律.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水主要来源于现代大气降水的入渗补给,大气降水在补给地下水过程中经历了明显的蒸发过程;研究区深层地下水的放射性~(14)C年龄主要为15000~26000 a,其稳定同位素δ~(18)O、δD值比现代降水低,是晚更新世末次冰期(大理冰期)的盛冰期降水入渗补给.地下水含水层的氘、氧、碳同位素分布具有明显的呈层性,随着地下水埋藏深度增加,地下水中的δD、δ~(18)O值呈下降趋势.浅层地下水与地表水水力联系紧密,可更新能力较强;深层地下水径流缓慢,总体上处于封闭-半封闭状态,可更新能力弱.江苏沿海平原天然地下水流动是自晚更新世末期以来,伴随着冰退、海平面上升而调整到目前的模式.末次盛冰期以来的自然地理及地质发展史,决定着研究区第四系地下水流系统的演变格局,现代人类活动加强了浅层与深层地下水之间的水力联系.研究在高强度开发地下水条件下的区域水文循环特征,可为沿海地区地下水演变机理和调控研究提供技术支持.     

重庆典型岩溶地下水系统水文地球化学特征研究

以重庆青木关岩溶地下水系统为例,分析了地下水系统入口地表水和出口地下水两年的水文过程、物理化学及部分δD、δ18O数据,目的是掌握地下河系统地球化学在时间及空间上的特征及变化规律.结果表明,研究区地下水系统流量受降雨的影响存在丰水期和枯水期,地下水中化学组分在岩溶含水层运移的过程中受水岩作用、人类活动和雨水稀释作用的共同影响,并表现出较为明显的时间和空间规律性.地下河系统入口的地表水δD、δ18O值分布于重庆大气降水线的下方,地表水蒸发作用强烈,且旱季δD、δ18O值重于雨季,存在明显的季节效应;出口地下水的δ18O、δD值较入口偏负,且相对稳定,认为雨水主要是以通过落水洞直接灌入和通过岩溶非饱和带扩散流等两种形式转换为地下水.     

南太行山山前平原地下水和地表水氢氧同位素组成及环境意义

借助氢氧同位素和水化学方法对南太行山山前平原地下水补给运移规律进行研究,阐明人类活动对地下水的影响过程。研究结果表明:(1)区内不同水体δD、δ~(18)O、氘盈余值(d-excess)和氚同位素(T)值差异明显,深层地下水均值分别为-74.0‰、-9.4‰、1.5‰和8.73TU,浅层地下水均值分别为-72.1‰、-8.8‰、-1.9‰和17.46TU,河水均值分别为-71.3‰、-8.9‰、-0.4‰和18.60TU,工业废水均值分别为-68.3‰、-7.2‰、-10.7‰和21.11TU;(2)补给区深层地下水δD、δ~(18)O和d-excess年均值分别为-68.08‰、-9.24‰和5.84‰,径流区深层地下水δD、δ~(18)O和d-excess年均值分别为-62.30‰、-8.50‰和5.66‰,排泄区深层地下水δD、δ~(18)O和d-excess年均值分别为-75.14‰、-10.26‰和6.94‰;(3)深层地下水补给源包括大气降水和河水,受污染河水通过断层导水裂隙带补给深层地下水。浅层地下水补给源包括大气降水和河水,受污染河水通过河流侧渗方式补给浅层地下水;(4)受河水影响的深层地下水氘盈余值变低,T含量升高,因此结合氘盈余值与T含量可以很好地识别区内深层地下水污染过程。     

北方典型岩溶泉域地下水水文地球化学特征分析——以鹤壁许家沟泉域为例

近年来,受采矿活动、气候变化等因素影响,包括鹤壁许家沟泉域在内的北方多数岩溶泉域水化学场发生了改变,但其演变规律及现状条件下的水文地球化学特征仍不明晰。为揭示现状条件下许家沟泉域地下水水文地球化学特征及其控制因素,本文在调查取样分析的基础上,采用数理统计、离子比例系数、Gibbs图及相关性分析等方法进行了研究。结果表明:泉域内岩溶地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型。地下水主要水化学组分演化过程的主控因素是岩石风化作用,地下水中的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-主要来源于含方解石(CaCO_3)、白云石(CaMg(CO_3)_2)的碳酸盐岩以及硫酸盐岩(CaSO_4·2H_2O)的溶解,一部分SO_4~(2-)来自黄铁矿氧化。脱白云石化作用致使泉域枯水期地下水中Mg~(2+)明显高于丰水期。阳离子吸附交替使地下水中Na~+、K~+含量降低。稳定同位素特征表明,泉域岩溶地下水主要接受西部裸露区大气降雨的入渗补给,泉域南部岩溶地下水还受淇河河水渗漏的影响,枯水期岩溶地下水中δ~(18)O存在漂移现象。研究成果为泉域内岩溶地下水的合理开发与保护提供了依据。     

水化学和环境同位素在示踪枣庄市南部地下水硫酸盐污染源中的应用

岩溶地下水是枣庄市工农业生产以及居民饮用水的重要供水水源.近年来,随着工业化及城市化的发展,硫酸盐污染日益突出.于2014年8月共采集枣庄市南部不同深度地下水和地表水样品36组,在分析其水化学及δD、δ~(18)O-H_2O、δ~(34)SSO_4~(2-)同位素组成的基础上,通过分析区域地下水水文地球化学演化过程及人为输入的影响,识别了地下水硫酸盐污染的范围和途径.结果表明,区内地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型,水化学组分主要来源于碳酸盐岩和硫酸盐矿物的溶解、黄铁矿氧化以及人为活动的影响;地下水主要来源于大气降水补给,地表水与不同深度地下水水力联系密切;地下水中δ~(34)SSO_4~(2-)含量的变化范围为0.2‰~9.3‰,与SO_4~(2-)含量的关系分析显示,硫酸盐具有多种来源,主要包括石膏溶解、黄铁矿氧化、化肥淋滤与工业废水下渗污染.除原生地质成因影响外,工矿企业的废水下渗是造成当地地下水硫酸盐含量升高的主要原因.     

景观带尺度高寒区水文特征时空变化规律研究

目前高寒区景观带尺度水文规律的研究还非常薄弱.同位素技术被用来甄别高寒区不同景观带冰川、积雪、冻土、地表水、地下水和降雨等对径流的贡献组合及其时空变化规律,旨在揭示各景观带的水文规律.结果表明马粪沟流域雨季降雨量大,温度效应显著,易发生再次蒸发,致使各水体δ18O和δD较高.干季气温低,降水多为固态,蒸发弱,不易受到再次蒸发和周围水汽交换影响,致使各水体δ18O和δD相对偏负.降雨和各水体在雨季富集重D和18O,干季较贫重同位素,存在季节效应.降雨存在高程效应,δ18O=-0.005 2 H-8.951,R=-0.917 2;δD=-0.018 5 H-34.873,R=-0.876 3.流域各景观带各水体在雨季和干季均不存在高程效应,是因为出山径流均非以降雨直接补给为主,受冰川、积雪和冻土等冻融过程影响,降水、融水、地表水与地下水等相互转化,导致同位素特征发生变化,混合和蒸发效应是其同位素变化的主要控制因素.     

西北干寒区冰雪融水氢氧同位素水文地质意义

该文根据Dansgoard氘盈余理论,对中国西北干寒地区(甘肃祁连山-黑河流域、新疆塔什库尔干河流域、青海阿尼玛卿山和西藏羊八井)4个典型研究区大气降水、地表水、冰雪融水、地下水的氢氧同位素组成进行了研究对比;发现冰雪融水和部分地下水的δ~2H-δ~(18)O信号均位于地方降水线和全球降水线左上方的罕见现象;进一步研究证明了δ~(18)O、δ~2H和d值在干寒、缺水而有现代冰川分布区研究天然水循环过程有奇特的效果,可以识别地下水是由冰雪融水补给的还是由大气降水补给的,甚至可以区分不同含水层地下水的补给来源,同时分析δ~2H-δ~(18)O信号和氘盈余资料,对判断有冰川、积雪存在地区地下水的补给来源和循环演化具有普遍的水文地质意义和应用价值。     

龙子祠泉域岩溶地下水水化学特征及成因

龙子祠岩溶水是临汾市工农业生产和城市水源地.查明污染特征及成因,对合理开发利用岩溶地下水资源与泉域生态保护具有重要的意义.本研究以龙子祠泉域岩溶地下水系统为研究对象,通过样品采集与同位素分析,综合运用水化学(Durov图、离子比例、Gibbs图、硫同位素和氢氧同位素)方法分析地下水水化学特征.揭示了龙子祠泉水的水文地球化学特征和环境同位素特征.龙子祠泉域岩溶地下水水化学场从深埋滞留区到补给区到径流、排泄区具有明显的分带性.龙子祠岩溶地下水主要为SO_4·HCO_3-Ca和SO_4·HCO_3-Ca·Mg型水,SO_4~(2-)值为61.6～1 503 mg·L~(-1),均值为481.4 mg·L~(-1),SO_4~(2-)超标比例为70.3%.其SO_4~(2-)主要来源于石膏的溶解和煤系地层FeS_2氧化,其中龙子祠泉水中SO_4~(2-)源于FeS_2氧化的比例为20.2%.依据氢氧、硫同位素得出70%的岩溶地下水不同程度的受到煤矿酸性水的污染.利用Phreeqc软件模拟得出:研究区水化学特征主要受白云石、岩盐和石膏的溶解作用与去白云石化作用.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.