环境激素氯氰菊酯对萼花臂尾轮虫繁殖的影响

以2 d种群增长率为指标研究了环境抗雄激素氯氰菊酯对萼花臂尾轮虫的急性毒性;以3 d种群动态参数(种群增长率、混交率、混交雌体受精率和携卵雌体/非携卵雌体)、7 d休眠卵产量和休眠卵孵化率为指标研究了低剂量氯氰菊酯(0.001～0.316 mg.L-1)对萼花臂尾轮虫繁殖的影响;以2 d种群参数分析了在氯氰菊酯中形成休眠卵孵化后的生长性能;以3 d种群参数为指标分析了母体暴露氯氰菊酯,对其后代繁殖的影响.结果表明氯氰菊酯浓度对数与种群增长率呈直线负相关.氯氰菊酯半数效应浓度(EC50)、最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)和无可观察效应浓度(NOEC)分别为14.22、10和3.16mg.L-1;0.0316 mg.L-1氯氰菊酯组7 d休眠卵产量较对照组下降了41.23%,休眠卵孵化率亦较对照组显著下降;氯氰菊酯试验组中形成的休眠卵孵化后的种群增长率和混交率显著下降;萼花臂尾轮虫母体暴露0.316 mg.L-1氯氰菊酯其后代种群增长率比对照下降了15.96%.试验表明,萼花臂尾轮虫2 d种群增长率对氯氰菊酯较不敏感;低剂量氯氰菊酯可降低休眠卵产量、休眠卵孵化率及孵化后种群增长率,从而减少萼花臂尾轮虫后代早期对种群增长的贡献.     

聚苯乙烯微塑料和纳米塑料对萼花臂尾轮虫有性生殖的毒性影响

为探索不同粒径聚苯乙烯微塑料和纳米塑料对轮虫繁殖的影响规律,以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试生物,探究了3种粒径(100 nm、0.5 μm和1 μm)聚苯乙烯塑料对轮虫有性生殖的影响. 结果表明:①暴露于粒径较小的聚苯乙烯纳米塑料对轮虫的急性毒性较大. ②与对照组相比,暴露于20 mg/L的100 nm聚苯乙烯纳米塑料和0.01、0.1、1、10和20 mg/L的1 μm聚苯乙烯微塑料均导致轮虫种群增长率显著降低(P<0.05). ③聚苯乙烯微塑料和纳米塑料暴露对萼花臂尾轮虫混交率和受精率均有显著影响. ④暴露于10和20 mg/L的100 nm聚苯乙烯纳米塑料均显著抑制萼花臂尾轮虫7 d休眠卵产量(P<0.05),而暴露于0.1 mg/L的1 μm聚苯乙烯微塑料以及0.01、0.1、1、10和20 mg/L的0.5 μm聚苯乙烯微塑料均显著增加轮虫7 d休眠卵产量(P<0.05). 研究显示,在评价聚苯乙烯微塑料和纳米塑料对萼花臂尾轮虫有性生殖影响时,轮虫混交率和休眠卵产量可以作为合适的毒性测试指标.      

Zn2+和Cd2+对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的单一和联合毒性效应

为探究Zn2+和Cd2+对轮虫种群增长的单一和联合毒性效应,在不同温度(15、20和25 ℃)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)不同密度(0.5×106、1.0×106和2.0×106 mL-1)下,以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试生物,采用3 d种群累积培养方法,研究了不同 Zn2+污染处理组〔ρ(Zn2+)分别为0.315、0.630和1.260 mg/L〕、Cd2+污染处理组〔ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.073、0.145和0.289 mg/L〕、Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理组〔ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.315、0.073 mg/L,0.630、0.145 mg/L和1.260、0.289 mg/L〕 对轮虫种群增长率和混交雌体百分率的影响. 结果表明:当藻密度为0.5×106和2.0×106 mL-1时,与对照组相比,随着温度上升,对轮虫种群增长率产生抑制作用的处理组数明显增加,高温(25 ℃)下,所有处理组均显著降低轮虫种群增长率. 15和20 ℃下,与较低、中等藻密度(0.5×106、1.0×106 mL-1)相比,较高藻密度(2.0×106 mL-1)下轮虫种群受到毒性影响的处理组数明显减少;25 ℃下,各处理组轮虫种群增长率均随藻密度的升高而增加. 在温度为15和20 ℃、藻密度为0.5×106 mL-1条件下,Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理〔当ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为1.260、0.289 mg/L时〕的轮虫种群增长率明显低于ρ(Zn2+)为1.260 mg/L和ρ(Cd2+)为0.289 mg/L时的轮虫种群增长率;温度为25 ℃、藻密度为2.0×106 mL-1条件下,Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理〔当ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.630、0.145 mg/L时〕的轮虫种群增长率明显低于ρ(Zn2+)为0.630 mg/L和ρ(Cd2+)为0.145 mg/L时的轮虫种群增长率. 研究显示,温度、藻密度和重金属质量浓度之间的交互作用对轮虫种群增长率的影响大于其对混交雌体百分率的影响,随着温度的升高和藻密度的降低,Zn2+、Cd2+对轮虫的单一和联合毒性效应增加.      

混凝-膜过滤中滤饼层对双酚A的去除强化作用研究

以聚合氯化铝(PAC)和氯化铁(FeCl3)为混凝剂,分析了双酚A(BPA)在1g/L高岭土溶液混凝过程中的特征.并借助循环错流过滤强化污染层累积的方法,评价产生滤饼层的微滤(MF)膜对BPA的截留效果.结果表明:清洁的微滤膜过滤BPA溶液在短时间内达到截留吸附饱和,之后其对BPA的吸附截留作用显著降低;混凝絮体混合液经膜过滤时产生的污染层有利于BPA的去除,且单独混凝对BPA去除率最高的混凝剂投加量下进行膜过滤时的阻力较小.PAC混凝—膜过滤后BPA去除率比单独混凝提高了34.30%;FeCl3混凝—膜过滤后BPA去除率比单独混凝提高了28.38%.初始BPA浓度对混凝-膜过滤去除率有一定影响,BPA浓度为100μg/L时,比BPA浓度为5mg/L时采用2种混凝-微滤膜过滤方式去除率均有提高.     

杀螟硫磷对褶皱臂尾轮虫毒性效应研究

运用生态毒理学方法,研究了农药杀螟硫磷对褶皱臂尾轮虫急性和慢性毒性影响.结果表明:杀螟硫磷对轮虫24 h急性毒性半致死浓度为9.57 mg/L;慢性毒性中,除浓度为0.5 mg/L外,一般随着浓度升高,幼体期延长,生殖期缩短,寿命缩短,生殖量下降;种群增长随浓度增加而减缓,但低浓度没有影响;除0.5 mg/L实验组所产休眠卵数量比对照组略增外,其它各实验组随浓度增加其休眠卵数量和孵化率明显下降,这表明杀螟硫磷毒性监测休眠卵孵化率可作为重要的监测指标.     

双酚A暴露对斑马鱼胚胎期代谢作用的影响

运用基于GC/MS的代谢组学方法,以受精卵在双酚A(BPA)中暴露4d后的斑马鱼胚胎为对象,研究了其体内挥发性和半挥发性代谢组分变化.暴露浓度设定为0,0.5,1.5,4.5mg/L,包括US EPA假定的“安全水平”(1.5mg/L).结果表明,1.5mg/L BPA暴露能使斑马鱼体内花生四烯酸和胆固醇的相对百分含量极显著降低,饱和脂肪酸、氨基酸、葡萄糖和肌糖的相对百分含量显著升高.因此,1.5mg/L BPA能干扰斑马鱼胚胎期的正常代谢.     

三丁基锡（TBT）对褶皱臂尾轮虫（Brachionus plicatilis）的影响

本文在研究三丁基锡(TBT)对轮虫急性毒性实验的基础上,进一步研究长期低浓度的TBT对轮虫繁殖率,抱卵量及轮虫个体大小的影响.结果表明:24hLC50=7.147～7.253μg/L;0.6μg/L的TBT即影响轮虫的抱卵量,2.0μg/L以上浓度的TBT导致轮虫变大,2.7μg/L以上浓度的TBT对轮虫繁殖率的影响效应显著.     

双酚A对铜绿微囊藻生长及生理的影响

为了从生物量、光合系统、膜系统和抗氧化系统等方面研究培养基中不同浓度双酚A(BPA)对铜绿微囊藻生长及生理的影响,本试验通过设置0.5mg/L、2mg/L、8mg/L、16mg/L和24mg/L 5个BPA浓度梯度和1个对照组,检测了藻细胞生物量、叶绿素a含量、最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、可溶性蛋白浓度、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及试验过程中BPA浓度的变化。结果表明:BPA胁迫下,铜绿微囊藻的生长总体呈现"低促高抑"的规律,即低浓度组(0.5mg/L)BPA促进了藻细胞生物量的增长和蛋白质的合成,但对叶绿素a的合成没有显著促进作用,而高浓度组(2mg/L、8mg/L、16mg/L、24mg/L)对藻细胞的抑制与BPA浓度呈正相关;BPA胁迫使得藻细胞叶绿素a含量下降,光合作用潜能降低,膜系统发生脂质过氧化,细胞受到氧化损伤,SOD活力升高,藻细胞生长及生理受到一系列的影响;此外,藻细胞对BPA还具有一定的生物降解作用。     

莱茵衣藻的双酚A毒性效应及生物富集和降解作用研究

为探究双酚A(BPA)对藻类的毒性及藻类对BPA的生物富集和降解作用,以模式生物莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)为实验材料,设置了6组不同浓度的BPA(0、4、6、8、10和12 mg/L),测定了莱茵衣藻的生长速率、叶绿素质量浓度、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)等典型指标,并进一步用高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)测定了BPA在藻细胞内、培养基内的含量随时间的变化。结果表明:BPA浓度为4~6 mg/L时,衣藻的生长速率及叶绿素质量浓度受到刺激而升高,高于10 mg/L时,二者都受到抑制而降低;与空白组相比,实验组衣藻细胞中MDA的含量随BPA暴露浓度和暴露时间的增大而逐渐升高;SOD和CAT活性随着BPA浓度和作用时间的变化基本呈现为从诱导到抑制的动态过程;莱茵衣藻对BPA具有较弱的富集能力,BPA浓度为6、8、10 mg/L时,藻细胞在96 h时分别达到最大富集量20、120、140μg/g鲜重和最大生物富集系数(BCF)4.40、31.55、17.74;莱茵衣藻对BPA亦具有一定的降解能力,浓度为6、8、10 mg/L的BPA在96 h内分别有20.12%、35.44%和9.28%被藻降解,日平均生物降解量分别为0.30、0.71和0.23 mg/L。     

抗生素利福平对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表参数的影响

以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试动物,研究了在不同斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)密度(1.0×10⁶,2.0×10⁶,4.0×10⁶个/mL)下,不同浓度(2.0,4.0,6.0,8.0,10.0μg/mL)的利福平溶液对萼花臂尾轮虫实验种群增长参数的影响.结果表明,与空白对照组及助溶剂对照组相比,1.0×10⁶个/mL藻密度下,各浓度的利福平显著提高了轮虫的后代混交率;2.0×10⁶个/mL藻密度下,2.0,4.0,10.0μg/mL的利福平显著提高了轮虫的內禀增长率,各浓度的利福平均提高了轮虫的后代混交率;4.0×10⁶个/mL藻密度下,各浓度的利福平均显著提高了轮虫的內禀增长率和后代混交率.藻密度为1.0×10⁶个/mL时,利福平浓度与轮虫的生命期望、世代时间、平均寿命和后代混交率间具有显著的剂量-效应关系;藻密度为2.0×10⁶个/mL时,利福平浓度与轮虫的后代混交率间具有显著的剂量-效应关系;藻密度为4.0×10⁶个/mL时,利福平浓度与轮虫的世代时间、净生殖率、內禀增长率和后代混交率间有显著的剂量-效应关系.     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC–MS (Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 ismore toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

珠江河流胶体中的典型内分泌干扰物

采用切向流超滤、固相萃取、气相色谱-质谱联用等分离和分析方法,研究了珠江2条河流中典型内分泌干扰物(EDCs)在胶体相中的含量分布、胶体/水相间的分配作用.结果发现:胶体中4-壬基酚(NP)、双酚A(BPA)、雌酮(E1) 的含量范围分别为23.2~108ng/L、2.3~97.6ng/L、n.d.(未检出)~0.32ng/L,平均值分别为70,31.4,0.3ng/L;17β-雌二醇(E2)、己烯雌酚(DES)、17α-乙炔雌二醇(EE2)、雌三醇(E3)则未在胶体样品中检出.除石龙外,其余各采样点表、底水层间的胶体EDCs浓度水平无显著差异.NP和BPA含量与胶体有机碳(COC)含量、紫外吸收强度(UV254)均呈正相关,说明COC是控制酚类雌激素在胶体相中分布的一个重要因素,NP、BPA和COC之间的相互作用与胶体有机碳的芳香性有关.计算发现,珠江河水中约21%~67% 的 NP、4%~74% 的BPA、24%~26% 的E1存在于胶体相,NP和BPA在胶体/水相间的有机碳归一化分配系数(Kcoc)分别为10 (5.69±0.50)、10 (5.51±0.77),高出各自的悬浮颗粒物/水分配系数(Koc)1个数量级,表明胶体的强吸附能力对EDCs在水环境介质间分配、迁移、转化发挥了重要作用.     

水解酸化工艺预处理混合型城市污水

采用水解酸化-厌氧-改良Carrousel氧化沟组合的脱氮除磷工艺,进行混合型城市污水处理的试验研究。在不同的水力停留时间(HRT)下,分别试验测定了水解酸化池进出水的各项指标。结果表明:最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为3 h,进水ρ(COD)为150～1 200 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)为12～40 mg/L、ρ(TN)为14～58 mg/L、ρ(TP)为1.7～4.2 mg/L,所对应的去除率COD为-29%～66%、NH3-N为-55%～33%、TN为-45%～69%、TP为-80%～66%。可见基于水解酸化工艺预处理可成功实现混合型城市污水中有机物的水解和酸化。     

Immunotoxicity of bisphenol a to Carassius auratus Lymphocytes and macrophages following in vitro exposure

Bisphenol A （BPA） is the monomer component of polycarbonate plastics and classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical （EDC）. The reproductive toxicity of BPA has been extensively studied in mammals; however, relatively little information is available on the immunotoxic responses of fish to BPA. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on the immune functions of lymphocytes and macrophages in Carassius auratus. The effects of BPA were compared with those of two natural steroid hormones, estradiol and hydrocortisone. Proliferation of the two types of cells in response to PHA was measured using colorimetric MTT assay. Macrophage respiratory burst stimulated by Con A was measured using chemiluminescence assay. Results showed that BPA （0.054-5.4 mg/L）, estradiol （0.0002-2.0 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （5-50 mg/L） significantly induced Carassius auratus lymphocyte proliferation while higher doses of hydrocortisone （500-5000 mg/L） appeared to be inhibitory. BPA （0.005-50 mg/L）, estradiol （0.005-800 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （0.005-500 mg/L） markedly enhanced macrophage proliferation, whereas higher doses of BPA （500-1000 mg/L） appeared to inhibit cell proliferation. Furthermore, higher dosage of BPA （50 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （50 and 500 mg/L） suppressed the macrophages respiratory burst while estradiol is stimulative all the doses tested （0.05-500 mg/L）. In conclusion, BPA could have immunotoxicity to Carassius auratus and functional changes of lymphocyte and macrophage in Carassius auratus may be different between low and high dosages.     

Reduction of recruitment of Acartia pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs due to organochlorine pesticides

Many estuarine and coastal planktonic copepods depend on the hatching of benthic resting eggs for recruitment ofnauplii to the water column population. The potential effects of two organochlorine pesticides, hexchloriobinzene （HCH） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT）, on the recruitment of A ccu＇tla pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs in the seabed of Xiamen Bay were experimentally investigated. The abundance of A. pacifica nauplii hatched from the sediment significantly decreased with the increase of pesticide concentration. Trimmed Spearman-Karber analysis gave sediment 96-h LC50 values were 84.81 ng/g for HCH, and 157.94 ng/g for DDT. The median AI （Al50） was -0.77, which suggested that the combined effect of riCH and DDT showed a weak effect than individual effects. There was a positive relationship between mortality and exposure time in DDT treatment, while the relationship was not significant in HCH treatment. The results suggest that organochlorine pesticides can reduce recruitment of A. pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs to planktonic population.     

改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺在重庆某污水处理厂的应用

介绍了重庆某污水处理厂改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺的构造、原理与主要设计参数,总结了该工艺的低温启动经验。11个月的稳定运行表明,系统在进水BOD5、CODcr、NH3-N、TN和TP浓度分别为67 mg/L～264 mg/L、281 mg/L～902 mg/L、10.1 mg/L～37.8 mg/L、20.4 mg/L～72.7 mg/L和3.1 mg/L～12.3 mg/L条件下,去除率分别达到96.3%～99.1%、90.8%～99.6%、78.2%～99.4%、63.6%～89.9%和80.6%～98.4%,各项出水指标达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级B标准。     

膜生物反应器处理晚期垃圾渗滤液亚硝化性能及其抑制动力学分析

采用连续流MBR反应器处理晚期垃圾渗滤液,考察其亚硝化性能;并探讨底物、产物和毒性物质对亚硝化性能的抑制及其动力学特性.结果表明,在进水NH₄⁺-N浓度为(280±20) mg/L时,通过控制DO为0.5~1 mg/L,pH值为7.8~8.2和温度为(30±1)℃,成功启动MBR的亚硝化工艺,在第32d时, NO₂^--N积累率为84.27%;后逐步升高进水负荷,并提高DO至2~3 mg/L,逐渐实现MBR系统中以晚期垃圾渗滤液原液为进水的亚硝化,在第112d时,系统出水NO₂^--N浓度为889 mg/L, NO₂^--N积累率为97.23%.底物、产物和毒性物质的抑制实验表明,毒性物质对微生物的抑制作用强于底物和产物;当毒性物质浓度(以COD计)为1600.2 mg/L时,氨氧化速率下降了22.15%,而相应条件下若以FA为单因子抑制时,氨氧化速率下降了4.74%~6.49%,若以FNA为单因子抑制时,氨氧化速率相比下降了14.46%~15.86%.分别采用Haldane底物抑制模型、Aiba产物抑制模型以及修正后的毒性物质抑制模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合,相关系数R²分别为0.9821、0.9961和0.9924,并得到底物、产物和毒性物质的抑制动力学模型.