黄浦江上游地区水环境质量演变趋势

为全面反映黄浦江上游地区水质情况，在黄浦江上游地区共选取包括黄浦江干流及上游主要来水水系的7个监测站点的15年监测数据，作为本次黄漓江上游地区水质状况演变分析的主要依据。黄漓江上游水源地处东部平原感潮河网地区．水源地内河道密布、纵横交错，水系结构极为复杂，水源承接上游江苏、浙江来水，其水源保护具有鲜明的区位特殊性和区域综合性。长三角地区河流有机污染严重，普遍出现水体黑臭现象，尤其是近10年来，这一问题日趋突出，许多中小河流的水体溶解氧几乎为零。出现季节性的或终年的水体黑臭。如果不能保证上游江浙来水水质，即使能有效控制水源地点源、非点源污染，而水源水质也很难保证。因此．除了加强对黄浦江上游点源、非点源污染的控制力度，江浙来水亦将成为决定水源水质的重要因子。     

九龙江流域河水溶解态碳的时空变化

为了研究九龙江流域河流中溶解碳变化规律，分别于2017年7月与2018年1月对九龙江河水溶解无机碳（DIC）与溶解有机碳（DOC）进行了分析。丰水季河水DIC浓度为7.50~49.04 mg/L，平均值为22.12 mg/L，枯水季DIC浓度为8.84~84.91 mg/L，平均浓度41.17 mg/L，丰水季河水中的DOC浓度为0.54~2.89 mg/L，平均值为1.04 mg/L，枯水季河水中DOC浓度变化在1.34~3.56 mg/L之间，平均值为2.34 mg/L，据此计算了九龙江河水DOC、DIC的入海通量。研究结果表明九龙江河水中溶解碳具有显著的时空变化特征，通过与中国其他河流溶解碳数据对比，解释了碳酸盐岩的风化、气候变化、河流中浮游植物以及人类活动对九龙江河流溶解碳浓度的影响。     

Recent socio-economic changes in relation to environmental quality of the Pearl River delta

Due to the favorable weather, abundant water resources and fertile soil, the area has been known as the homeland for crops and fish. However, being one of the most developed regions in China, the environmental quality of the Pearl River delta has deteriorated due to recent socio-economic changes during the past two decades. The drivers are industrialization and economic growth, population growth and agricultural development; and the pressures are water pollution which include nutrients and suspended solids, pesticides, other persistent toxic substances (PAHs and PCBs) and oil. These have imposed various impacts such as eutrophication, formation of red tides and biomagnification of organic contaminants through food chains. In response to these, regulatory measures have been established by the Environmental Protection Bureau of Guangdong Province, joining forces with environmental protection authorities in all urban cities and most counties, in addition to the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, to control pollution in order to prevent further environmental deterioration and economic loss. The present paper is an attempt by following the DPSIR approach promoted by the OECD in the early 1990s and further developed by IGBP LOICZ to review the environmental quality of Pearl River with emphasis on water quality and the impact of rapid socio-economic changes.     

南淝河表层水中重金属空间分布、污染评价及来源

根据南淝河丰水期和枯水期水质的调查数据,采用单因子水质指数法和改进后的模糊综合评价法对水中重金属元素的污染进行了评价,确定了主要污染因子和优先控制断面,并利用主成分分析法对重金属污染进行了溯源分析。结果表明:Cr、Cu、Pb的含量平均值均为枯水期高于丰水期,而As、Cd的含量平均值均为枯水期低于丰水期。单因子水质指数法评价结果显示南淝河重金属污染的主要污染因子是Cd,丰水期和枯水期各采样点Cd的含量均达到地表水Ⅴ类水标准,最高值达到地表水Ⅴ类标准值的2.6倍。改进后模糊综合评价法评价结果显示南淝河水质丰水期基本属于地表水环境质量标准Ⅱ类水标准,潜山北路大桥断面污染最严重,属于优先控制断面,枯水期各断面水质均属于Ⅲ类水标准,整体上南淝河水质达到了水体功能区目标。主成分分析法结果显示,南淝河重金属污染的主要来源是流域内的农药化肥、机械制造和电镀行业的废水以及河道的行船。     

Environmental mercury contamination in China: sources and impacts

This review article focused on the current status of mercury (Hg) contamination in different ecological compartments in China, and their possible environmental and health impacts, focusing on some major cities. Mercury emission from non-ferrous metals smelting (especially zinc smelting), coal combustion and miscellaneous activities (of which battery and fluorescent lamp production and cement production are the largest), contributed about 45%, 38% and 17%, respectively, to the total Hg emission based on the data of 1999. Mercury contamination is widespread in different ecological compartments such as atmosphere, soil and water. There is evidence showing bioaccumulation and biomagnification of Hg in aquatic food chains, with higher concentrations detected in carnivorous fish. In terms of human exposure to Hg, fish consumption is the major exposure pathway for residents living in coastal cities such as Hong Kong, but inhalation may be another major source, affecting human health in areas with severe atmospheric Hg, such as Guiyang City (Guizhou Province). The first case study indicated that after closure of the acetic acid plant 20 years at Songyuan City (Jilin Province), 16.7% of residents' hair still contained Hg concentration in excess of 1 mg/kg (the reference dosage value, RfD set by USEPA). The second case study indicated that the male residents of Hong Kong who consumed more than four or more meals of fish per week tended to contain higher Hg in their hair, which was linked to their subfertility. There is also increasing evidence showing that skin disorders and autism in Hong Kong children are related to their high Hg body loadings (hair, blood and urine), through prenatal methyl Hg exposure. There seems to be an urgent need to identify the sources of Hg, speciation and concentrations in different ecological compartments, which may lead to high body loadings in human beings. Adverse health effects of residents living in places with a higher background level of Hg, due to long-term exposure to chronic levels of Hg through oral intake should not be overlooked.     

生态红线划定方法及其在长江岸线中的应用

长江岸线产业发展和生态环境的矛盾突出,划分长江岸线的生态红线对于长江生态保护以及岸线的有序开发具有重要的意义。通过梳理生态红线的概念和内涵,概述生态红线的研究现状和理论基础,从生态敏感性、生态功能重要性、禁止开发区3个方面,建立长江岸线生态红线评价指标体系,最终阐明长江岸线生态红线的划定技术方法和流程。研究结果表明:长江岸线生态红线一级保护区长度为597.11 km,占长江岸线长度的7.55%,包括荆州、咸宁、安庆等部分岸段。生态红线一级保护区实施最严格的管控措施,禁止任何开发建设的活动。长江岸线生态红线二级保护区长度为1 171.29 km,占长江岸线总长度的14.81%,包括岳阳、池州、苏州等部分岸段。生态红线二级保护区应严格空间开发活动的强度,确保生态红线功能不降低,红线面积不减小,且不超过资源利用上线。该研究对于岸线科学合理利用和长江生态环境保护具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

Relationship between the riverine nitrate–nitrogen concentration and the land use in the Teshio River watershed, North Japan

The present research investigated the relationship between nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) in river water and the land use/land cover (hereafter, land use) in the Teshio River watershed located in northern Hokkaido island to understand the effect of human activities such as agriculture, forestry, industry, and urbanization in the drainage basin on the river ecosystem quality and services. River water was sampled at nine points seasonally during a 2-year period and the nutrients concentration was measured. Land use profiles were estimated at two spatial scales, riparian and sub-catchment, for each sampling station. The spatial pattern of water quality in the Teshio River showed increased NO₃–N levels associated with agriculture and urban expansion, and forest reduction in the watershed. Land use at the riparian scale closely reflected that at the sub-catchment scale, which masked the unique riparian buffer effect on the river water condition. The increased agricultural and reduced forest area in the riparian zone, especially in the upper middle reach, could be a possible reason for a decline of ecosystem service for the provisioning of clean water and habitat for aquatic organisms. Measures towards sustainable and more nature-friendly agricultural management are necessary in the area to protect the Teshio River ecosystem and its ecosystem services.     

长江干流典型区域河流生境健康评价

河流生境是河流生态系统中的重要组成部分，是维持河流健康的重要因素。河流生境健康的准确评估可以为河流生态系统的保护与修复提供重要依据。针对长江干流生境特点，从河流物理生境形态、河流岸边带生境和水环境特征3个方面选取了10个指标，构建了长江干流生境评价的指标体系。基于该评价体系，在2017年8~9月对长江干流的金沙江下游、三峡库区、长江中下游3个典型区域的127个调查断面进行河流生境综合评估。结果表明：金沙江下游、三峡库区、长江中下游河流生境综合指数（RHI）分值的分别为133.9、124.6、130.8，总体评价等级均为“良”。水流情势、受人类活动干扰是金沙江下游生境变化的主要驱动因子，河岸渠化硬化、河岸植被覆盖、河岸植被带宽则是三峡库区和长江中下游生境变化的主要驱动因子。建议长江上游区域强化水生生物重要栖息地完整性保护，中下游区域加强岸边带、洲滩的生态修复，恢复江湖连通性，构建长江流域生态廊道和生物多样性保护网络。     

Nutrient chemistry of River Pinios (Thessalia, Greece)

The impact of human activities with 3-year monitoring on the fluctuation of nutrients along the Pinios River and its tributaries were studied. Their seasonal variations throughout the years 1996-1998 were also presented. High temperatures, from June to August, cause a restriction of the water flow, an enhancement of nutrient concentration with the subsequent increase of eutrophication. High concentrations of nutrients were observed first in winter (wet period), caused by leaching of fertilizers from terrestrial systems after heavy rainfall, later during the warm months due to low water flow of the river, and at last in autumn when plant organisms began to decompose. The intensive algal and macrophyte growth (spring, summer) resulted in severe depletion of nutrients. Organic carbon showed no seasonal trend but its values were high near the estuaries. Nitrate fluxes were high at the initial station (sources) and the Titarisios tributary, whereas nitrites and ammonium were low. In contrary, the Kalentzis tributary with relatively low nitrate values showed increased values of nitrite ammonium or total nitrogen. On the other hand, the Enipeas tributary showed high SO4 values. Phosphates are remarkably present mainly after the city of Larissa, where sewage and industrial discharges occur. None of the nutrients measured in the Pinios River and its tributaries showed a clear seasonal cycle of concentration. Concentrations of nutrients and organic carbon increased as a consequence of anthropogenic inputs, particularly point discharges from sewage treatment plants (i.e. showing distinct, but variable, concentration peaks), as well as diffuse urban and/or agricultural runoff over long areas during storm events. The agricultural management, the urban pollution, mainly from Larissa City, and the climate conditions in the catchment basin (Thessalia Plain) of Pinios River and its tributaries greatly affect the chemical composition of their waters.     

基于BP神经网络和协调度的河流健康评价

为了对河流的健康状况进行评价,以解决河流健康评价中评价指标权重人为主观性太强的问题。采用BP神经网络对袁河的自然生态状况和社会服务功能分别进行模拟,并结合协调度来判断两者之间是否和谐发展。结果表明:(1)2016年度袁河宜春段和新余段河流健康综合评价指数T0.6,均达到健康等级;其中宜春段的协调度指数D=0.8,达到良好协调类别,新余段的协调度指数D=0.79,达到中度协调类别;(2)2006和2010年袁河宜春段和新余段的自然生态状况指数f(x)较前一年有所下降,经对比指标数据,主要因素是袁河2006和2010年水质由前一年Ⅲ类水质下降为Ⅳ类水质;(3)2016年袁河新余段的自然生态状况指数f(x)=0.59,要远小于社会服务功能指数g(y)=0.68,所以今后对于袁河新余段的河流政策应偏向于河流的自然生态修复。     

Restoration of the lower reaches of the Tarim River in China

The middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are areas of rich biodiversity and natural resources in the inland arid region of China. However, the Tarim River and its associated wetlands have been severely damaged and fragmented during the past several decades. To restore the deteriorated ecosystem and preserve the endangered riverine vegetation along the Tarim River, a project for releasing water from upper dams to the lower reaches of the Tarim River was initiated by China’s government in 2000. Between 2000 and 2005, we monitored the responses of groundwater levels and vegetation to this mitigation along nine transects spaced at mean intervals of 45 km along the river from Daxihaizi Reservoir, the source of water conveyance, to the Lake Taitema, the mouth of the Tarim River. We found that average groundwater levels rose significantly from 8 to 4 m below ground surface. Species diversity did not change during the 5-year period, but the total vegetation coverage and canopy size of some species significantly increased. The endangered tree species, Populus euphratica, started to regenerate. Our results indicated that species diversity might recover very slowly, even if the trial water release program became a permanent river management practice. Management decisions about allocating limited water supplies among competing uses in arid regions will ultimately determine whether degraded river ecosystems, such as the Tarim River, can be restored.     

Radioecological consequences of radioactive discharges into the Techa River on the Southern Urals

The sources and levels of radioactive contamination of the Techa River are analyzed. Dose assessments are made for humams and biota. The highest radionuclide concentrations in the river water were observed in the period 1950–1951. In 1951, at a distance of 78 km from the site of radioactive discharges, the content of ⁹⁰Sr in the water was 2.7 × 10⁴ Bq l⁻¹ and that of ¹³⁷Cs was 7.5 × 10³ Bq l⁻¹. Subsequently, the radionuclide activity in the river water decreased considerably. In the period 1991–1994, the average annual content of ⁹⁰Sr in the water varied between 6 and 20 Bq l⁻¹. The average annual content of ¹³⁷Cs in the river water varied from 0.06 to 0.23 Bq l⁻¹, i.e. was lower than that of ⁹⁰Sr approximately by two orders of magnitude. The concentration of ^239,240Pu in the water varied between 0.004 and 0.019 Bq l⁻¹. The radioactive contamination of the Techa floodplain is highly nonuniform. With increasing distance from the river sources, the contamination density of the floodplain decreases, remaining, however, considerably higher than the background values.At present, the average annual dose rates in contaminated areas are (0.1–2) × 10⁻³ Sv year⁻¹, which is considerably lower than in the periods of ‘acute’ exposure (1950–1951). The doses to aquatic biota were much higher than those to humans.     

Contamination of fish by organochlorine pesticide residues in the Ouémé River catchment in the Republic of Bénin

In the Republic of Bénin, aquatic ecosystems are subject to poisoning risks due to the inappropriate use of pesticides, such as washing of empty bottles in rivers and using pesticides to catch fish. In some areas, cotton fields are located near riverbanks, increasing the probability of pesticide emission to the river. To assess contamination levels in the Ouémé River catchment area, different fish species were collected from different geographical areas along the river. DDT, its metabolites and isomers were the most frequently identified pesticides in fish flesh, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, dieldrin, telodrin, lindane and octachlorostyrene were also detected. Concentrations of pesticide residues in fish ranged from 0 to 1364 ng/g lipid. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that the daily intake of chlorinated pesticides by people consuming fish from the Ouémé River still is rather low and does not present an immediate risk.     

Novel approach for assessing heavy metal pollution and ecotoxicological status of rivers by means of passive sampling methods

In order to study the pollution of fluvial ecosystems, it is necessary to analyze not only the levels of chemical contaminants in water, but also those accumulated in the sediment matrix, as well as to assess its ecotoxicological status. Eleven Catalan (Spain) river sections (one sampling point per river) located near urban and industrial areas were sampled during winter of 2009. Water pollutants were collected by using passive samplers as Diffusive Gradient in Thin-Films (DGTs) and Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs). Point water samples were also collected. The concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in water, filtered water, DGTs and sediment samples were analyzed. Aqueous and organic solvent extracts of sediments samples and organic extracts of SPMDs were performed to assess acute toxicity to Vibrio fischeri by Microtox(?), and chronic toxicity to the green alga Pseudokirschneriella subcapitata. Microtox(?) test was also performed with DGT extracts. The results show that metals content of Catalan river waters are below the freshwater screening US EPA benchmarks, excepting some industrial areas (for Hg, Pb, and Zn). In contrast, sediments levels of some rivers were far above freshwater sediment screening US EPA benchmarks (for Zn, As, Cr, Pb, Ni, Hg, and Mn), particularly in the most industrialized areas. A good correlation was found between toxicity values of extracts (from sediments and DGTs) and PTE levels in sediments. The current results support the suitability of using combined point and passive sampling methods for assessing the chemical and ecotoxicological status of aqueous environments.     

Distribution of some trace metals and their fluxes in the Genesee River,NY

Total and particulate metal concentrations, measured during intensive synoptic studies of the Genesee River, NY, correlated with suspended-sediment concentration and river discharge. Dissolved metal concentrations, on the other hand, showed little systematic variation over the length of the river. Metal and sediment fluxes for two elevated-discharged periods peaked at a midbasin sampling site. For most metals at most sampling sties particulate materials comprised over one-half of the total material. Comparison of particulate material metal concentrations, normalized to the measured suspended-sediment concentrations had with basinwide average values shows that sites having low suspended-sediment concentrations had high particulate material metal contents relative to the basin averages, while sites with high suspended-sediment concentration had low metal contents. These results are consistent with a metal transport mechanism in the Genesee River involving (1) a nearly constant dissolved component, (2) a fine acid-soluble component, and (3) a coarse component that is effectively a neutral diluent in the sediment. Chemical factors, such as sediment organic content, also appear to affect metal transport in the Genesee River.     

黄浦江上游地区水环境污染负荷特征

通过调查黄浦江上游地区的水环境污染来源、污染负荷及其特征，为管理部门控制污染、提高上游地区水环境质量提供科学依据。调查中了解到污染源种类主要有4类：工业、事业、生活和畜禽污染源；水源保护区内年用水量为22196万t．污水量为17755万t／a，其中工业污染源352个，排放量占46．3％，事业污染源4108个。排放量占22．3％，生活污水排放量占30．6％．畜禽污水排放量占0．8％；黄浦江上游水源保护区污染源排放去向主要分4种：直排河道（占40．4％），进入市政泵站后排出（占3．9％）。经污水处理厂处理后排出（占20．5％），通过合流污水收集系统排出（占35．3％）。根据黄浦江上游地区水环境污染负荷特征，建议黄浦江上游区域进一步调整和完善不同区域的功能定位，优化产业结构和布局，构建利于水源保护的区域发展模式和格局；通过采取污染控制和生态环境建设并重的一系列措施，有效抑制生态环境恶化趋势，促进黄浦江上游上游水环境质量的改善。确保上海市的饮用水安全。     

The current content of artificial radionuclides in the water of the Tobol-Irtysh river system (from the mouth of the Iset River to the confluence with the Ob River)

Data on content of (90)Sr, (137)Cs, (239,240)Pu and (3)H in water of the Tobol-Irtysh part of the Techa-Iset-Tobol-Irtysh-Ob river system (through which the "Mayak" PA radioactive wastes are transported) are presented and discussed. The data were received in 2004-2005 under the ISTC project on radioecological monitoring of the Tobol and Irtysh rivers. Monthly observations of (137)Cs, (90)Sr and (3)H content in water in the area of the Tobol and Irtysh confluence have been conducted starting from May 2004. To obtain information on the investigated river system as a whole, the radioecological survey of the Tobol and Irtysh rivers at the section from the mouth of the Iset River to the confluence with the Ob River was carried out in 2004. It is shown that the impact of "Mayak" PA waste transport by (90)Sr is distinctly traced as far as the area of the Irtysh and Ob confluence.     

河流生态用水综合评价

为完善河流生态用水综合评价,从水循环中河流生态用水角度出发,以河流水量收支平衡规律为理论基础,考虑河流本底水质,采用本底水质、排放水质和河流控制目标污染物浓度表达河流生态新污径比,并推导出污水排放允许极限值,深入探讨了河流生态用水的质与量综合评价,改进了二元循环下河流生态用水的水量水质计算方法和河流生态用水的综合评价新标准,进一步完善了河流生态用水质与量综合评价模型。用此模型对黄河2002～2005年为例进行实力分析,结果表明：①在污水一级达标排放和不调水情况下,黄河生态用水水量比例在335%～545%,在Tennant等级中为较好状态,但水质不满足要求,bo>Blim;②在污水深度处理达到95 mg/L（COD）,不调水情况下,黄河生态用水质与量满足生态环境需水要求,综合评价合格;③在污水一级达标排放和南水北调调水40亿m3情况下,黄河生态用水水量比例有较大提高,综合评价合格。这说明,黄河生态用水问题不仅是水量短缺,而且水质问题更加严重。     

近50年金沙江各区段年径流量变化及分析

为深入探究不同自然地理条件下金沙江流域的径流特性，将屏山站以上区域分为6个区段，采用线性倾向估计、Spearman秩次相关检验、Mann Kendall检验、有序聚类分析、秩和检验等方法，分析了1960~2015年各区段径流序列，并结合流域的水文要素和人类活动情况讨论了影响径流量变化的因素。结果表明: 近50 a仅直门达以上区段和华弹-屏山区段径流变化在全时段有显著趋势，分别是上升和下降；但在近20 a中下游的石鼓-攀枝花、攀枝花-华弹、华弹-屏山区段均呈现明显的下降趋势。90年代后多个区段经历了突变。分析表明降水是近50 a来径流变化的主要驱动因素；其中石鼓站以上区段和雅砻江流域受降水影响最大。没有充足证据表明持续上升的气温对各区段径流量造成足够的影响。进入21世纪后，以水土保持措施为代表的人类活动是下游攀枝花-华弹、华弹-屏山区段径流减少的重要因素，但主导因素仍为降水。此外，雅砻江流域和华弹-屏山区段内大型水库投运前的初期蓄水对当年径流量有显著影响；蓄水后的水库蒸发及引水工程的损失对径流影响则相对较小。     

Patterns of soil contamination,erosion and river loading of metals in a gold mining region of northern Mongolia

Mining has become one of the main causes of increased heavy metal loading of river systems throughout the world. There is however an evident gap between assessments of soil contamination and metal release at the mined sites and estimates of river pollution. The present work focuses on Zaamar Goldfield, which is one of the largest placer gold mines in the world, located along the Tuul River, Mongolia, which ultimately drains into Lake Baikal, Russia. It combines field observations in the river basin with soil erosion modelling and aims at quantifying the contribution from natural erosion of metal-rich soil to observed increases in mass flows of metals along the Tuul River. Results show that the sediment delivery from the mining area to the Tuul River is considerably higher than the possible contribution from natural soil erosion. This is primarily due to excessive mining-related water use creating turbid wastewaters, disturbed filtering functions of deposition areas (natural sediment traps) close to the river and disturbances from infrastructures such as roads. Furthermore, relative to background levels, soils within Zaamar Goldfield contained elevated concentrations of As, Sr, Mn,V, Ni, Cu and Cr. The enhanced soil loss caused by mining-related activities can also explain observed, considerable increases in mass flows of metals in the Tuul River. The present example from Tuul River may provide useful new insights regarding the erosion and geomorphic evolution of mined areas, as well as the associated delivery of metals into stream networks.