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1.
长江支流桥边河大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
中小河流数量众多,分布广泛,其健康状况将直接影响和决定着大江大河的生态系统健康,如何准确、合理的评估中小河流的健康状况,已经成为世界性的科学问题.本研究以长江一级支流桥边河为例,于2019年1月(枯水期)和8月(丰水期)在河道的上中下游设置8个采样点,进行桥边河大型底栖动物群落结构调查,利用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、耐污值法和科级生物指数法(FBI)分别对各样点进行水质生物评价.调查结果显示,枯水期采集到底栖动物17个分类单元,共283个底栖动物;丰水期采集到16个分类单元,共301个底栖动物,丰水期大型底栖动物个体数略高于枯水期.水质生物评价结果显示,桥边河水质状况时空差异性明显,丰水期的水质状况优于枯水期,空间尺度上丰枯水期水质状况均为上游段 > 中游段 > 下游段.3种水质生物评价法对比分析显示,FBI科级生物指数的评价结果与实际情况更吻合,更适合桥边河水质评价,其研究结果可为中小河流生态系统健康评价提供参考.  相似文献   

2.
空难对湿地底栖大型无脊椎动物的影响   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
探讨了包头"11·21"空难对南海子底栖大型无脊椎动物的种类、数量和空间分布以及水质的重要影响.研究发现:南海子底栖大型无脊椎动物有6种,其中寡毛类有2种、摇蚊幼虫有4种;摇蚊幼虫在数量和生物量上均占绝对优势,是南海子的优势种.南海子底栖大型无脊椎动物的种类多样性指数为1.262 9,Shnnon-Wiener多样性指数为0.614 5.南海子底栖大型无脊椎动物的分布率为92%,事故发生地附近没有底栖大型无脊椎动物出现;底栖大型无脊椎动物的数量和生物量以及种类多样性指数随着与事故发生地距离的增加而增加.空难事故后南海子水体已出现严重富营养化.   相似文献   

3.
在呼伦贝尔市境内雅鲁河流域设置12个点位采集大型底栖动物进行调查研究并对水质状况进行生物学评价。共采集到底栖动物24种,隶属于8目22科,其中水生昆虫19种,占总数79.2%,各点位种类不丰富。各点位优势种不同,但基本都以对水质敏感类群和中等耐污类群为主。各点位密度和生物量差异较大,底栖动物平均密度为89~493ind/m2,平均生物量为0.42~11.69g/m2。调查区域大型底栖动物以集食者和捕食者种类较多,分别为6种;各功能摄食类群分布受空间资源位的限制。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数评价结果为上游点位水质为轻-中污染型,下游点位水质为中-重污染型,BI指数评价结果显示除南大河水质为中度污染外,其余点位水质均为清洁。  相似文献   

4.
两种指数对庐山水体环境质量状况的评价   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12       下载免费PDF全文
1996~1999年,在庐山自然保护区核心区,依据国家环境监测技术规范,利用水质综合污染指数对9个主要水体进行了水质评价,同时利用底栖大型无脊椎动物科级生物指数进行评价.两种指数显示出相同结果:1个基点(大月山水库)水质清洁,5个基点(芦林湖、黄龙潭、一级电站、二级电站、三级电站)水质轻污染,3个基点(东谷溪流、电站水库、如琴湖)水质污染.在山地中小水体,利用底栖大型无脊椎动物科级生物指数可作为水质综合污染指数的有益补充,两种指数相结合进行评价更能反映水质实际状况.  相似文献   

5.
构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数是河流健康评价与河流修复的重要步骤.根据2017年4月永定河流域23个采样点的大型底栖动物生物监测数据,基于监测点水质状况与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分,选择潮白河水系大型底栖动物类群相似且人为干扰较小的5个监测点作为参照区域,构建永定河B-IBI(大型底栖动物生物完整性指数).通过对大型底栖动物33个生物参数的分布范围检验、判别能力分析和Spearman相关性检验,最终确定永定河B-IBI由总分类单元数、蜉蝣目(E)-襀翅目(P)-毛翅目(T)个体相对丰度、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、摇蚊科个体相对丰度、敏感类群分类单元数、科级耐污指数(family biotic index,FBI值)等6个核心参数构成.采用生物完整性研究中常用的比值法和三分法构建的B-IBI评价得分体系.结果表明,两种方法计算出的B-IBI均具有较高的判别能力,均能较好地判别参照水体和受损水体的健康状况,二者具有较高的相关性和一致性(R>0.90).永定河河流健康评价结果表明,洋河、桑干河和永定河干流监测点B-IBI平均得分分别为1.97、1.86和1.78,妫水河B-IBI平均值为2.48,23个采样点中有16个处于较差状态,7个处于一般状态.相关性分析表明,B-IBI指数与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分、ρ(DO)呈显著正相关,与ρ(NH4+)、浊度、电导率呈显著负相关,表明B-IBI指数对于栖息地人为干扰和水质污染均具有较强的指示作用.研究显示,永定河大型底栖动物生物完整性基本丧失,全流域底栖动物群落呈现全面退化趋势,识别影响大型底栖动物群落的关键要素、恢复永定河河流生态系统结构和功能研究亟待开展.   相似文献   

6.
底栖动物在评价漓江水质污染中的作用   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
底栖无脊椎动物具有对环境条件变化的敏感性或耐受性,大部份终生生活在水体里,比较固着,相对位移小,寿命长、形体易于辨认。近年来,国内外学者普遍重视应用底栖大型无脊椎动物监测水体污染,评价水质。 本文报道了1981年5月和1982年5月桂林漓江干流和市区支流底栖动物的种类分布:个体数量和群落结构,作了定量分析,对生物指数在评价水质污染中的作用作了一定的探讨。  相似文献   

7.
利用底栖大型无脊椎动物监测水污染,是水质生物学监测的一种重要方法,也是进行水质生物学评价的一项重要内容。Beak指出,借助于底栖大型无脊椎动物区系的研究,能够评价水环境污染的程度,但是据此能否正确地反映水质的真实情况,则依赖于样品采集的有效程度,特别是取决于采样器在不同时间和不同地点采集样品的能力,利用传统的机械采泥器或网型采样器从水体的天然底质(基质)上采集样品,固然是长期以来研  相似文献   

8.
通过辽河流域典型支流(清河和凡河)不同土地利用类型区3个水期大型底栖动物及环境因子调查,研究土地利用方式对大型底栖动物分布特征的影响.结果表明,河流大型底栖动物群落四节蜉科(Baetidae)、扁蜉科(Heptageniidae)、纹石蛾科(Hydropsychidae)及石蝇科(Perlidae)等生物类群主要分布在辽河流域内林地为主的河流中;以耕地和居民点为主的土地利用方式下,河流大型底栖动物主要以摇蚊科(Chironomidae)类群为主;颤蚓科(Tubificidae)等寡毛类大型底栖动物在以城市发展为主的土地利用区域内河流中优势明显.河流中大型底栖动物生物多样性、丰富度及EPT%由高到低依次为林地耕地居民点城市,FBI值由低到高依次为林地耕地居民点城市.不同土地利用方式导致河流生境因子空间差异性显著,大型底栖动物群落相似性较低,且生物密度在空间上呈显著差异,但时间上差异不显著.底质、DO与大型底栖动物多样性等指数呈正相关关系,TN、TP、NH3-N、BOD5、CODCr与大型底栖动物生物指数呈不同程度负相关关系.生物与环境联合分析(BIO-ENV)表明,底质、DO、TN、BOD5是影响区域内大型底栖动物群落特征的最显著的主导环境因子.综合上述研究结果可得,土地利用方式通过对河流生境及水质产生影响,进而使大型底栖动物群落组成及多样性特征发生明显变化.  相似文献   

9.
影响浑太河流域大型底栖动物群落结构的环境因子分析   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
于2012年5~6月对浑太河流域66个采样点的大型底栖动物进行调查采样.共采集到大型底栖动物72(属)种,其中水生昆虫51(属)种,占70.83%,环节动物7(属)种,占9.72%;节肢动物(属)4种,占5.56%;软体动物(属)10种,占13.89%.首先,采用相关分析从6类28个候选指标中筛选出EPT分类单元数、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、蜉蝣目相对丰度、毛翅目相对丰度、软体动物相对丰度、扁蜉科/蜉蝣目相对丰度、纹石蛾科/毛翅目相对丰度、寡毛类动物相对丰度、敏感类群相对丰度、耐污类群相对丰度、收集者相对丰度、黏附者相对丰度、香农-威纳多样性指数共13个指标用于表征浑太河流域大型底栖动物群落结构特征.然后,利用RDA方法分析了自然环境因子和反映人类活动压力的环境因子对大型底栖动物空间分异的影响.利用偏冗余分析(pRDA)比较了自然环境因子与人类活动压力因子对底栖动物群落结构影响的大小,以及流域、河岸缓冲区和河段尺度人类活动压力因子对大型底栖动物的影响.结果表明,所有环境因子可解释底栖动物群落结构空间变异的72.23%.纳入分析的人类活动压力因子解释了底栖动物群落结构空间变异的48.9%,纳入分析的自然环境因子解释了底栖动物群落结构空间变异的11.8%.河段尺度人类活动压力因子对底栖动物群落结构空间分异影响最显著.河段尺度人类活动压力因子可解释底栖动物群落结构空间分异的35.3%,其中,显著环境因子p H、栖息地质量、总氮、高锰酸盐指数、硬度、电导率、总溶解颗粒物和氨氮分别解释了4%、3.6%、1.8%、1.7%、1.7%、0.9%、0.9%和0.9%的底栖动物群落结构空间分异.河岸缓冲区和流域尺度土地利用对大型底栖动物空间分异的贡献分别为10%和7%.最后,采用相关分析比较了流域和河岸缓冲区尺度土地利用与水质、水文、栖息地质量以及底质的关系,结果表明流域尺度土地利用能更好地表征河流水质、水文、栖息地质量以及底质状况,也说明不同尺度环境因子对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响有联合效应.  相似文献   

10.
以底栖动物评价甘肃境内黄河干支流枯水期的水质   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
以底栖大型无脊椎动物评价水质、监测污染是水质的生物学评价方法之一,国内外已较广泛采用,并取得有效成果。我们对甘肃省境内黄河干支流的底栖动物进行了两次调查,根据其群落结构及一些种类的个体生态学资料,试评价该段干支流污染状况。工作还在继续中,本文仅是初步小结。  相似文献   

11.
The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.  相似文献   

12.
A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p < 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.  相似文献   

15.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

16.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

17.
The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol (PCP) oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration (CMC). Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.  相似文献   

18.
Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.  相似文献   

19.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

20.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

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