Unit Environmental Property Rights： Efficiency, Responsibility and System

The inexplicit efficiency of environmental property rights lies in its fuzziness. Based on the character of environmental property rights discussed, unit environment shows intra relationship between efficiency and duty of environmental property rights, and constructs a symmetrical system arrangement. Through analyzing the possibility and feasibility of unit environmental property rights, the significance of symmetrical system arrangement to avoid the inexplicit efficiency of environmental property rights is discussed in this dissertation from the aspect of the validity of offering and implementing system.     

Defect and Innovation of Water Rights System

The rare deposition of water resources conflicts with its limitless demand. This determined the existence of the water rights transaction system. The implementation of the water rights transaction system requires clarifying the definition of water resource right above all distinctly. At present, it is a kind of common right system arrangement which needs the Chinese government to dispose of water resources. Though a series of management systems guaranteed the government＇s supply of water resource, it hindered the development of the water market seriously and caused the utilization of water resources to stay in the inefficient or low efficient state for a long time. Thus, we should change the government＇s leading role in the resource distribution and really rely on the market to carry on the water rights trade and transaction. In this way, the water rights could become a kind of private property right relatively, and circulate freely in the market. As a result of this, we should overcome the defects of common right, make its external performance internalized maximally and achieve the optimized water resource disposition and use it more effectively.     

Equity Concerns over Climate Change Mitigation

As a complicated concept with ethical implications, equity or fairness in the field of climate change mitigation concerns the relations not only between individual human beings but also between human beings and the nature. In this paper, after the review of equity between individuals, market and non-market attributes of emissions rights are distinguished and discussed. Based on the argument of equal per capita emissions rights, three types of emissions rights and the concept of minimum emissions rights as social security are proposed.     

The Concept and Theoretical Implications of Carbon Emissions Rights Based on Individual Equity

Climate change has become a hot topic in international environmental negotiations.For post-Kyoto international climate regime negotiations,many countries have proposed a variety of frameworks to share the emission reduction responsibilities and allocate carbon emission rights,and have tried to quantify the emission reduction obligations of all countries based on the perspectives of international equity and individual equity.In this paper,the authors have distinguished the concepts of carbon emissions rights based on these two perspectives respectively,have analyzed the relationship between carbon emissions per capita and economic development,and have calculated and compared the proportion of cumulative emissions per capita of different countries in history and future,and then authors conclude that emission reduction obligations should be allocated based on each country’s conditions,including historical emissions,development stage,and future demands.Developed countries should take the initiative to significantly reduce their emissions because they have already accomplished their industrialization process.However,developing countries are still in the process of industrialization,which requires more emission rights to meet their development needs.For China,the concept of carbon emissions based on individual equity can be used as a theoretical tool for the allocating the international carbon emissions rights.     

Study on the Balance of Agricultural Water and Land Resources on Ningxia Plain

The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed the balance between water and land on Ningxia Plain. For the balance under natural regulation named farmland water balance, using farmland water resource balance equation, the research estimated the monthly farmland＂ water balance of 8 major crops for all of the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain in the period of 1960-2001; for the balance under human intervention, the research estimated land-use water balance equation of the counties in 2000, and calculated the balance between land use and water resources including irrigating water of all the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain. Results showed that ①precipitation can not meet the water demand of the crops for growth and development on Ningxia Plain, and water shortage is the primary character of farmland water balance under natural regulation. ②the diversity of water and land balance of different counties is distinctly influenced by the crop structure, water quantity for irrigation and irrigation level. ③Irrigation water could meet the crop water demand on Ningxia Plain in 2000, but there was not much space to expand irrigating cultivated land.     

Study on Residential Water Use in North China:Analysis of Nationwide Statistical Data and Case Study of Taiyuan City

Residential water use is gradually becoming the focus in China‘s municipal water supply planning and management in recent years. Little is known, however, about the residential water use in modem China due to the transition of economy and enhancement of management on water conservation. In order to better understand the characteristics of residential water use in North China, a model for identifying the determinants of residential water use was established and analyzed by using panel data and cross-section data methodologies. Then Taiyuan city, the capital city of Shanxi Province in Northern China was selected as a case study. Both the analyses and field investigation indicate that the relatively slow increase of residential water use in recent years may result from the implementation of strict laws and regulations on water conservation. And through the investigation,first-hand information about water consumption pattern, water reuse/conservation, people‘s attitude toward water quantity and quality, etc. have been obtained.     

The Fuzzy Synthesizing Evaluation of City''''s Environmental Quality Based on GIOWA Operator:A Case of 13 Cities of Jiangsu Province

1 INTRODUCTION In China, cities have been undergoing a rapid development in recent years. On the one hand, the level of urbanization rises continuously and a large population gathers in a city. The number and the scale of city increase and enlarge continuously. On the other hand, large population gathering in a city brings a huge pressure to the ecological environment of the city. The environmental pollution of the city is becoming more serious. This is a terrible and heavy cost for city…     

The Factor Decomposition on Carbon Emission of China——Based on LMDI Decomposition Technology

Carbon emission is the current hot issue of global concern. How to assess various contributing factors for carbon emission is of great importance to find out the key factors and promote carbon emission reduction. In this paper, the author constructs an identical equation for carbon emission, based on the economic aggregate, the economic structure, the efficiency of energy utilization, the structure of energy consumption, and the coefficient of carbon emission; by applying to LMDI decomposition technology, the author analyzes the carbon emission of China from 1995 to 2007 at industrial level and regional level. The results show that the expansion of economic aggregate is the main reason for China’ s rapidly increasing carbon emission and the increase of energy utilization efficiency is the key factor that can hold back the increase of carbon emission. In addition, the change of industrial structure or regional structure and the change of traditional energy structure have limited influence on the carbon emission, and their potentials have not yet been exploited. At the end of this paper, the author proposes the efforts that China should make to reduce carbon emission.     

Sustainable Development of Export： Theoretical Meaning, Evaluation Model, and Empirical Research

With the effect of the human trade doctrine in the international trade field, almost all the countries have paid more attention to the sustainable development of international trade. This article chose the export sustainable development as the research object. On the basis of the analysis of the theoretical connotation of the export sustainable development, this article tried to establish an evaluation indices system and set up an evaluation model of the export sustainable development level, and finally made some empirical research on China. The result indicates that the comprehensive level of the export sustainable development in China showed a tendency to rise from 1985 to 2003 and the export sustainable development level of China in these years can be divided into four grades： excellent, good, moderate and poor. In most years, the social economic benefits of export was obtained at the cost of the deterioration of environment and the depletion of resources, and the economic profit of export did not increase with the enlargement of the export scale because of the deterioration of the terms of trade. Therefore, China should be careful about the problem of poverty accompanied by the increase of export.     

The Essence of a Recycling Economy:Circular Utilization of Resources

By analyzing the relationship between a recycling economy and sustainable development theory, this article puts forward the basic concept of a recycling economy as a dynamic economic operational model, and explains the four basic characteristics. It is stressed that the essential element of a recycling economy is the use of resources circularly. In the end, this article analyzes the phenomena of utilizing the recycling economy concept incorrectly, and sets forth a number of problems that should be noted during the process of developing a recycling economy in China.     

农地资源不同价值属性的产权结构设计实证

农地是农业的基础、国民经济的基础,也是社会稳定的基础。农地资源具有经济价值属性、生态价值属性和社会价值属性,而社会价值属性包括社会保障功能价值、社会稳定功能价值及其他社会功能价值。本文针对农地资源不同的价值属性进行了产权结构设计,经济价值属性对应于农地农用产权,社会保障功能价值对应的是农地发展权,其他的价值属性构成了农地的公共产权。通过建立农地资源不同形态的价值属性与产权、价格之间的关系框架,为农地产权价格的衡量提供了依据。江都市的实证研究表明:农地发展权价格和公共产权价格在农地完全价格中的比重高达81.85%,其中,发展权价格的比重最大,达到63.02%,是农用产权价格的3.47倍;而公共产权价格的比重也达到18.83%,高出农用产权价格4%。在征地过程中如果考虑农地发展权和公共产权,并将其权益分配给农民,那么农民的土地财产权益可以增加4倍多。     

“三权分置”下农地细碎化治理的社会路径及其效果、效益分析——基于“沙洋模式”的考察

基于湖北省沙洋县农地细碎化治理经验，分析了在“三权分置”改革背景下，开展农地细碎化治理的社会路径及其效果、效益。研究结果显示：（1）农民对农地细碎化治理的需求较强，“三权分置”改革可以增强农民的土地获得感和土地调整能力，使他们既作为农地细碎化治理结果的“受益者”，又作为农地细碎化治理过程的“主导者”；（2）借助“承包权”和“经营权”的分离，稳定农户的“承包权”，调整细碎耕地的“经营权”，使“承包者”与“经营者”都可以获取合理的产权预期；（3）地方政府和村集体在土地调整过程中发挥着协调与整合的重要作用，它们通过如理性计算与长远规划等具有地方特色的策略，能够有效提高农地细碎化治理的执行效率。研究发现：农地细碎化治理的社会路径可以实现较好的治理效果，并具有显著的经济效益和社会效益，有助于维护农村的社会稳定与可持续发展。研究建议：伴随农地确权工作进程，当前是实现农地细碎化治理的较好契机。全国其它地区可以结合村庄实际、地方资源与农民需求，选择诸如“经营权”流转、互换等多种适宜的土地调整形式，有效破解农地细碎化困境，进一步提高我国农地资源配置效率。     

资本下乡过程中农地流转风险识别、形成机理与管控策略

资本下乡介入农地流转可以实现农村地区人、地、资本的协调发展，但同时也可能引发复杂多样的风险问题，已经成为农村经济社会转型的两难选择。为此，运用归纳演绎法和风险系统分析法，系统剖析了资本下乡过程中农地流转风险及其形成机理。研究结果表明：资本下乡过程中农户农地流转风险可以分为土地权益风险、社会保障风险和土地利用风险3个方面；风险受体为农户、社会经济子系统和土地生态子系统；风险源存在流转阶段差异，约定阶段风险源包括产权边界不清、制度规则模糊、信息不对称、激励政策不合理、政策执行主体能力偏低和准入机制缺失，执行阶段风险源为监管机制缺失和配套措施不完善；各类风险源通过“聚合反应”释放“产权公共领域”、“行为空间”、“合谋”、“选择行为”及“负外部性”等逆境胁迫因子作用于风险受体，引发各类流转风险。因此，通过一系列措施避免产权处于“公共领域”、缩小强势集团“行为空间”、防止权力与资本走向“合谋”、防范利益集团“选择行为”、降低流转“负外部性”可以有效管控资本下乡介入农地流转过程中的各类风险。研究成果可以为引导农地有序流转、保护农民合法权益、促进农村经济社会转型提供参考。 关键词： 资本下乡；农地流转风险；风险管理     

陕北黄土高原生态环境治理的有效性: 产权残缺理论的分析视角

借助于现代产权经济学派的产权残缺理论。揭示陕北黄土高原生态环境治理困境的产权残缺及其根源。进而从产权配置的有效性视角，指出理顺国有公共资源产权配置的责权利关系与效率以及对此公共产权资源增值的分享，对于促进该地区生态治理的深入进行与改善是非常必要的。文章还针对该地区生态环境治理中的产权残缺及其低效性进行深刻剖析，并在此基础上提出了该地区生态环境综合治理的政策建议与措施：要明晰陕北黄土高原生态环境治理中的资源产权，建立资源产权明晰的产权有效保护规则，并以水权为例简要分析了其治理效果。     

土地开发整理农户行为响应机制研究

运用有关行为科学理论。首先了构建了一个模型对土地开发整理中农户行为响应的决策过程进行了模拟．接着从农业比较效益、农地产权及其有效性、农户家庭收入、农户劳动力和土地开发整理的外部性等方面对影响农户土地开发整理响应决策的因素进行了深入分析。通过研究．作者认为．农户的土地开发整理行为不仅要受到宏观因素的影响．还要受到微观因素的影响。具体来讲．农业比较效益的高低、农地产权的有效性是影响农户是否开展土地开发整理活动的关键因素．农户家庭收入水平和家庭劳动力供给情况将直接影响农户土地开发整理的投入水平．而土地外部性是影响整个土地开发整理效率的一个美键因素。在此基础上．作者对如何调动农户进行土地开发整理的积极性．推进土地开发整理的进程提出了建设．例如提高农业经营的比较效益：保证土地产权的稳定性、安全性以及可操作性；增加土地开发整理主要区域、大型工程、重大项目的投入等。     

关天经济区农户农地流转行为研究

农地流转是现阶段实现农地规模经营的必经之路。本文基于关天经济区622份调查问卷,建立了农地流转的农户模型,利用Heckman两阶段模型研究了交易成本认知和农户禀赋对农户参与农地流转(转出)、农地流转率的影响。研究结果表明:(1)关天经济区农户参与农地流转的积极性不高,样本农户参与农地流转的仅为23%,农地流转率均值为11%;(2)流转价格了解程度、农地流转组织形式、农地流转合约期限和对外交通便利情况影响农户是否参与农地流转决策,而农地流转率仅受流转价格了解程度和农地流转契约形式影响;(3)劳动力和土地禀赋正向影响农户转出土地,农地流转率随农业生产能力增强而降低;(4)文化程度与农户是否参与农地流转、农地流转率呈现显著的负相关关系,与天水的农户相比,关中地区的农户更倾向于参与农地流转。因此,要促进农户参与农地流转、提升农地流转率,首先要加强农地流转政策的宣传力度,提高农户整体认知水平,增强农户农地流转政策的理解程度和接受能力;其次,深化农村土地产权改革,加快农地确权颁证,提升农户产权的稳定性和可预期性;再次,建立健全农地流转市场,完善市场在农地流转过程中的信号生成机制和传递功能,降低农地流转过程中的交易成本;第四,采取相应的激励政策提高农户土地、劳动力的利用程度,提升农户农业生产能力,避免农户在农地流转市场中的逆向选择行为;最后,建立有效的农地"经营权退出机制",将束缚在农业生产上的低效劳动力和土地释放出来,实现资源的最优化配置。     

土地登记与土地可持续利用--以农地为例

产权是影响农地可持续利用的重要因素，土地登记是确保产权安全的正式制度安排。本文建立了一个理论框架来分析土地登记与农地可持续利用的关系。在微观层次上，土地登记保障土地产权的安全，从而激发农民投资的积极性，使农民能够获得必须的信贷资金。而土地市场的发育又提高了土地资产的流动性，进一步增强了农民的投资积极性。在宏观层次上，土地登记所提供的信息是政府规划控制和用途管制的基础。文章分析了我国农村土地登记制度存在的问题，并以作者在江西省鹰潭、上饶地区的调查数据验证了土地登记对农户土地保护行为的积极影响。作者认为为发挥土地登记的效益，我国应尽快设立统一机构开展农村土地登记，并促进农村土地市场和土地抵押贷款市场的发展。     

耕地对农民的效用考察及耕地功能分析

对湖南省长沙市所辖三县一市农民的问卷调查及其统计分析结果显示，耕地对于农民的效用主要表现在三个方面：社会保障，就业与直接经济收益。现行的家庭联产承包责任制体现了“成员权”而强化了耕地的社会承载功能，考虑到我国农村社会保障基本空白的现实及提高耕地生产效率的需要，现阶段我国的农地制度选择应该是：在稳定家庭承包经营制度的基础上建立规范的农地经营权流转制度，并同时辅之以农村社会保障机制和社会公平机制的建立，耕地功能分析，农地经营制度。     

基于产权约束的中国矿产资源管理体制分析

在以消耗资源为代价的粗放型经济增长模式下,加强以产权为核心的矿产资源管理体制改革,是关系到矿产资源利用效率高低和我国经济社会可持续发展的重要命题.从制度变迁来看,产权安排的不完善是我国矿产资源管理低效的主要制度根源.因此,我国矿产资源管理体制开始了适应性的制度变迁.本文针对我国矿产资源管理的现状,以产权约束为基础,认为一种有效率的矿产资源管理模式应当是在市场机制的基础上寻求资产化管理与资源性管理、行政和市场配置方式的最优组合,而模式构建的核心是市场化的矿产资源配置制度安排,其主要表现为把矿业权作为一种产权按市场经济规律进行评估、拍卖和交易等商业活动.所以,矿产资源产权改革市场化的实质是在坚持矿产资源国家所有制的基础上,对矿产资源使用制度和价值流转体系进行的改革与创新.     

家庭生命周期对农户农地转出行为的影响研究——基于秦巴山区农户调查数据的实证分析

根据家庭生命周期理论内涵与外延，利用秦巴山区456户微观样本，运用统计分析法和Heckman两阶段模型，分析家庭生命周期对农户农地转出行为的影响。研究发现：家庭生命周期对农户农地转出行为有显著影响；处于不同家庭生命周期阶段的农户农地转出行为的影响因素存在差异。从人力资本来看，良好的劳动力健康状况不利于赡养期家庭参与农地转出，非农就业率对抚养期、负担期家庭参与农地转出有显著正向影响；从农户认知来看，限制农地用途，了解流入方，村委会推动、政府主导型转出均在不同程度上增加各阶段农户转出农地的可能性；对于拥有较多非农就业机会的抚养期和负担期家庭而言，农地确权通过强化地权稳定性促使其转出农地并外出务工。因此，在实践中执行农地流转政策时，应采取精准的农地转出激励措施，差别化对待不同生命周期的家庭。