石油化工废水中苯系物气相色谱分析方法的研究

以3％有机皂土/101与2.5％DNP/101为分离柱,采用气相萃取和二硫化碳萃取集的色谱分析法,测定石油化工废水中苯系物的八种组分,该法也能用于地面水中苯系物的测定.     

水中苯系物液上气相色谱分析方法的研究

采用液上色谱方法测定水中苯系物。在100毫升注射器内,35℃下摇动15秒钟后,水样即达到平衡,上部空间气体用PEG 20M柱进行色谱分离,以氢火焰离子化检测器检测。方法的标准偏差为±0.15.最低检出浓度小于6微克/升,该法适用于石油化工废水和地面水的检测。     

大气中苯系物测定方法的研究

对大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、异丙苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯这８种苯系物的分析，采用常温下Ｔｅｎａｘ－ＧＣ富集采样，热解析进样，弹性石英毛细柱分离气相色谱测定的方法，当采样量为１Ｌ时，８种苯系物的最低检出浓度在０．００１０－０．０１０２ｍｇ／Ｎｍ＾３之间；相对标准偏差小于９％，回收率高于９５％。     

液液萃取—气相色谱-质谱法测定丙傲来、烯酸生产废水中的特征污染物

建立了液液萃取—气相色谱-质谱法快速测定丙烯酸生产废水中苯系物、酯类、醇类、醛类和酮类等12种半挥发性有机物的分析方法。液液萃取条件为：以二氯甲烷为萃取剂,废水pH 7,分散剂甲醇加入量10 mL/L,盐析剂NaCl加入量300 g/L。各组分的工作曲线的线性关系良好。各组分的加标回收率为95.2%~116.0%,各组分的方法检出限为0.001~0.179 μg/L,相对标准偏差均小于3.5%。该方法可用于丙烯酸生产废水中主要特征有机物的快速定量检测。     

液液萃取—气相色谱-质谱法测定丙烯酸生产废水中的特征污染物

建立了液液萃取—气相色谱-质谱法快速测定丙烯酸生产废水中苯系物、酯类、醇类、醛类和酮类等12种半挥发性有机物的分析方法。液液萃取条件为:以二氯甲烷为萃取剂,废水p H 7,分散剂甲醇加入量10 m L/L,盐析剂Na Cl加入量300 g/L。各组分的工作曲线的线性关系良好。各组分的加标回收率为95.2%~116.0%,各组分的方法检出限为0.001~0.179μg/L,相对标准偏差均小于3.5%。该方法可用于丙烯酸生产废水中主要特征有机物的快速定量检测。     

改性聚丙烯纤维的制备及其对苯系物的吸附

分别采用熔融接枝法和共混法制备聚丙烯(PP)/苯乙烯(St)改性纤维(PP-g-St)和聚丙烯/聚苯乙烯(PS)改性纤维(PP/PS),研究了熔融接枝条件对St接枝率的影响,考察了PP纤维、PP/PS纤维和PP-g-St纤维对纯苯系物和水中乳化、溶解态苯系物的吸附性能,并探讨了再生后的重复吸附性能。实验结果表明:PP熔融接枝St的最优配比为w(St)=9%,w(过氧化二异丙苯)=0.5%,此时St接枝率为4.7%,且能顺利纺丝;相比于PP纤维,PP-g-St纤维和PP/PS纤维对纯苯系物和水中乳化、溶解态苯系物的吸附量显著提高;吸油饱和的PP-g-St纤维和PP/PS纤维通过离心法再生5次后吸附性能再生率仍能够分别达到82.0%和87.6%。     

紫外光谱结合正交试验设计同时测定水中苯系物

利用正交试验设计,以光谱预处理、特征筛选及多元校正方法为考察因素,每个因素的4种不同方法为水平,确定了水中3种苯系物（苯酚、苯胺及苯甲酸）紫外光谱数据的最佳分析方法,从而建立了其定量校正模型。对于苯酚、苯胺及苯甲酸,其光谱预处理、特征筛选及多元校正分别采用一阶导数+无信息变量消除法（UVE）+偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）,Savitzky-Golay平滑+变量结合种群分析法（VCPA）+PLSR,Savitzky-Golay平滑+移动窗口偏最小二乘法（MWPLS）+PLSR。在独立测试集上3组分的预测误差均方根（RMSEP）分别为0.809 4、0.796 3和0.945 4。水样加标回收实验的回收率为97.79%~103.84%,相对标准偏差（RSD）小于3%。该方法可作为一种同时测定水中苯系物的简便有效方法。     

废水中三苯膦的色谱测定

本文介绍了废水中有机磷化台物三苯膦的气相色谱测定法。以氯仿提取废水中三苯膦,提取液浓缩后直接进行GC-FPD测定,回收率可达93％,最低检测浓度为1ppb。     

气相色谱法测定黄磷生产尾气中的CO_2

针对黄磷生产尾气具有强化学活性和腐蚀性的特点,选择了TDX-01型碳分子筛色谱柱,采用气相色谱法测定黄磷尾气中的CO2。实验结果表明:黄磷尾气中高浓度的CO2用TCD检测器检测,CO2体积分数在0.1%~10%时,检测下限可达到0.05%,方法的平均回收率为93.6%~104.1%,相对标准偏差为2.1%~3.2%;净化后黄磷尾气中的微量CO2经Ni催化甲烷化转化后用FID检测器测定,CO2体积分数在1.0×10-7~1.0×10-4时,方法的检测下限可达到5.0×10-8,相对标准偏差为1.63%。     

GC/MS法测定大气中挥发性有机污染物

介绍了用ＧＣ／ＭＳ法分析大气中挥发性有机污染物。以８种苯系物为试剂进行试验,结果表明：相对标准偏差小于９％,回收率大于９５％;当采样量为１０Ｌ时,８种苯系物的最低检出质量浓度均低于２μｇ／ｍ＾３。     

Photo-oxidation and Photo-toxicity of Crude and Refined Oils

The fate and effects of an oil spill are effected by solar radiation through the action of photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity. Photo-oxidation, an important process in the weathering of oil, produces a variety of oxidized compounds, including aliphatic and aromatic ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, esters, epoxides, sulfoxides, sulfones, phenols, anhydrides, quinones and aliphatic and aromatic alcohols. Some of these compounds contribute to the marine biota toxicity observed after an oil spill. Photo-toxicity occurs when uptake of certain petroleum compounds, e.g. certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzothiophenes, is followed by solar exposure which results in much greater toxicity than after dark uptake. The mechanism of PAH photo-toxicity includes absorbance of solar radiation by the PAH which produces a free radical and this free radical in turn reacts with oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA and other cellular macromolecules. While most studies on photo-toxicity have been carried out in the laboratory, there are studies showing that water from an oil spill is photo-toxic to bivalve embryos for at least a few days after the spill. Other studies have found that oil contaminated sediments are photo-toxic to several marine invertebrates. More studies are required to determine if marine fauna at an oil spill site are effected by the action of photo-toxicity and photo-oxidation.     

北京市居民衣服消费处置及对其回收利用认识调查与分析

首先对北京市居民每年购买新衣服的数量、支出、穿着时间、淘汰原因,以及闲置衣服的处理方式、数量等进行了调查与分析,然后对北京市居民对旧衣物回收利用的认识、回收形式及其处理方式,对旧衣物如何处理回收、再利用的担忧,对希望旧衣物回收箱摆放的场所等进行了调查与分析。其研究结果对废旧纺织品回收体系建设、制度及政策制定具有一定的参考价值。     

电厂建设运行中的水土流失预测与水土保持设计

在燃煤电厂建设运行的同时,将引起一系列的水土流失问题.以四川国电金堂电厂二期扩建工程为例,简要说明项目区水土流失预测的内容和方法,并在其基础上对可能产生的水土流失和危害进行了分析,同时介绍了建设期和运行期采取的综合防治措施,为类似工程的水土保持提供借鉴.     

磷对环境的污染及防治对策

我国水体富营养化严重，其主要控制因子是磷。在分析磷污染的污染状况，污染源的基础上，介绍了防治对策，采用低磷循环冷却水处理剂，减少磷排放，是防止工业磷污染的有效方法。     

硫磺回收装置扩能改造及效果分析

介绍了回收酸性气体生产硫磺的工艺原理与工艺流程,论述了影响硫磺回收装置生产能力的诸多因素与扩能改造的情况。扩能改造后,该装置的酸性气体处理量平均为976m^3／h,瞬时处理量可达1200m^3／h,硫磺的生产能力从4450t／a提高到7500t／a,生产能力提高了68．5％,装置总硫回收率达到93．5％。     

Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Mineral Spoils and Drainage Waters at Abandoned Coal and Metal Mines

Mining is a long-established human activity. Abandonedmines, tailings, and mine spoils may have considerable impacton neighboring environments long after the sites are abandoned. Of greatest concern are derelict mines and wastes that generateacidic discharge waters that are enriched with iron and othermetals and metalloids. The chemistry and microbiology of thesesites are intricately intertwined. Whilst some indigenousmicroorganisms are responsible for accelerating sulfide mineraloxidation, thereby generating acidity and mobilizing metals,others catalyze reductive processes that essentially reversethese reactions and thereby ameliorate polluted mine waters.This article reviews current knowledge on the chemistry and microbiology of abandoned coal and metal mines, mine spoils and tailings.     

微生物絮凝剂及其在水处理中的应用

近年来对微生物絮凝剂的研究不断深入，新的高效菌种不断被发现。简要介绍了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理、分关、絮凝效果及影响因素，重点介绍了新型微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的应用。     

含氟化物及沥青的烟尘治理

铝厂排出的含有氟、氟化物、沥青的烟气及粉尘、使植物、家畜受到危害,引起氟中毒。应用沥青混凝聚装置和静电回收净化技术,既能净化有害烟气又能回收有价值的工业原料。     

Dialdehyde starch and zein plastic: Mechanical properties and biodegradability

Dialdehyde starch (DAS) and zein, a hydrophobic corn protein, were investigated to produce biodegradable plastics with improved water resistance and mechanical properties. In the study, dialdehyde starch and zein ratio, plasticizers, and degree of starch oxidation were examined. Increased molding temperature and level of starch oxidation decreased water absorption of the plastic. Tensile strength and Young's modulus increased with starch oxidation. The biodegradation of starting materials and ground plastic specimens was studied in aerobic soil reactors maintained at 25°C for 180 days. Biodegradation of corn starch, zein, and dialdehyde starch for 180 days produced CO₂ equivalent to 64, 63, and 10% of theoretical carbon, respectively. Specimens of molded DAS and zein (3 : 1) plastic showed accelerated CO₂ evolution compared to DAS and other raw materials alone. By 180 days, specimens made with starch of low oxidation (1 and 5% oxidized) demonstrated a 60% biodegradation, and specimens with highly oxidized starch (90% oxidized) achieved 37% biodegradation.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.Journal Paper J-15927 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Project No. 3258.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyols and Polyurethane Foams from PET Waste and Crude Glycerol

In this study, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste from post-consumer soft-drink bottles and crude glycerol from the biodiesel industry were used for the preparation of polyols and polyurethane foams. PET waste was firstly depolymerized by the glycolysis of diethylene glycol. The glycolyzed PET oligomers were then reacted with crude glycerol at different weight ratios to produce polyols via a series of reactions, such as esterification, transesterification, condensation, and polycondensation. The polyols were characterized by titration, viscometry, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry. Subsequently, polyurethane (PU) foams were made via the reaction between the produced polyols and polymeric methylene-4,4′-diphenyl diisocyanate and were characterized by mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Polyols from crude glycerol and their PU foams were also prepared to compare properties with those of polyols and PU foams from PET and crude glycerol. The influence of aromatic segments existing in glycolyzed PET and glycerol content on the properties of the polyols and PU foams was investigated. It was found that aromatic segments of polyols from glycolyzed PET helped increase their molecular weights and improve thermal stability of PU foams, while high glycerol content in polyols increased the hydroxyl number of polyols and the density and compressive strength of PU foams.