Biological hydrogen production by Rhodobacter capsulatus in solar tubular photo bioreactor

The purpose of this study was to develop a pilot scale tubular photo bioreactor (80 L) for photo fermentative hydrogen production by photosynthetic purple-non-sulfur bacterium, Rhodobacter capsulatus, operating in outdoor conditions, using acetate as the carbon source. The reactor was operated continuously in fed-batch mode for 30 days throughout December 2008 in Ankara. It was placed in a greenhouse in order to keep the temperature above freezing levels. It was found that R. capsulatus had a rapid growth with a specific growth rate of 0.025 h^?1 in the exponential phase. The growth was defined with modified logistic model for long term duration. The hydrogen production and feeding started in the late exponential phase. Evolved gas contained 99% hydrogen and 1% carbon dioxide by volume. The average molar productivity calculated during daylight hour was 0.31 mol H₂/(m³ h) with regard to the total reactor volume and 0.112 mol H₂/(m²·day) with regard to the total illuminated surface area. It was proven that even at low light intensities and low temperatures, the acetic acid which was fed to the system can be utilized for biosynthesis, growth and hydrogen production. The overall hydrogen yield was 0.6 mole H₂ per mole of acetic acid fed. This study showed that photofermentation in a pilot scale tubular photo bioreactor can produce hydrogen, even in winter conditions.     

固定化微生物处理含H2S气体的试验研究

研究海藻酸钠包理固定化微生物颗粒填充床去除气相Ｈ２Ｓ的过程,活性微生物为经Ｓ＾２－加富驯化的污水水污泥。填充滴滤塔运行实验表明,除Ｈ２Ｓ外适宜的ＰＨ值和喷淋率分别为１．８－４．０和〉０．１７ｍ＾３（ｍ＾３．ｄ）;     

Potential use of thermophilic dark fermentation effluents in photofermentative hydrogen production by Rhodobacter capsulatus

Biological hydrogen production by a sequential operation of dark and photofermentation is a promising route to produce hydrogen. The possibility of using renewable resources, like biomass and agro-industrial wastes, provides a dual effect of sustainability in biohydrogen production and simultaneous waste removal. In this study, photofermentative hydrogen production on effluents of thermophilic dark fermentations on glucose, potato steam peels (PSP) hydrolysate and molasses was investigated in indoor, batch operated bioreactors. An extreme thermophile Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus was used in the dark fermentation step, and Rhodobacter capsulatus (DSM1710) was used in the photofermentation step. Addition of buffer, Fe and Mo to dark fermentor effluents (DFEs) improved the overall efficiency of hydrogen production. The initial acetate concentration in the DFE needed to be adjusted to 30–40 mM by dilution to increase the yield of hydrogen in batch light-supported fermentations. The thermophilic DFEs are suitable for photofermentative hydrogen production, provided that they are supplemented with buffer and nutrients. The overall hydrogen yield of the two-step fermentations was higher than the yield of single step dark fermentations.     

SMBR系统活性污泥性质对膜污染特征的影响

采用浸没式膜生物反应器(Submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR),在曝气量300 L·h-1、膜通量15 L·m-2·h-1、抽吸/间歇时间为8 min/2 min的工况下,在缺氧区采用不同搅拌强度运行,研究了活性污泥特性及其对滤饼层特征的影响.试验结果表明,搅拌强度对系统主要水质指标的去除没有明显的影响.但随着搅拌强度的突然增加,会导致活性污泥上清液胶体态物质升高,胞外聚合物由(28.94±9.61)mg·g-1(以VSS计,下同)增加到(52.57±7.98)mg·g-1,膜污染速率增加2.13倍;滤饼层污染引起的跨膜压差(Trans-membrane pressure,TMP)占到总TMP的93.64%以上.     

高温生物滤塔处理污泥干化尾气的研究

利用高温生物滤塔处理污泥干化产生的尾气,气体处理量为2 700~3 100 m~3·h~(-1),停留时间为21.88~25.10 s,研究启动期和稳定运行的运行效果.生物滤塔能有效去除干化尾气中的SO_2、氨以及挥发性有机物,去除率分别达到100%、93.61%以及87.01%.微生物分析结果显示,生物滤塔内形成稳定的生物系统,填料和溶液中生长一定量的细菌和硫细菌.主要功能种群包括类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus sp.,螯台球菌Chelatococcus sp.,芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.,梭菌Clostridium thermosuccinogerws,假黄单胞菌Pseudoxanthomonas sp.,地芽孢杆菌Geobacillus debilis.大部分为脱氮、脱硫或者降解挥发性有机物的嗜热菌.     

多层光源内置式气-液-固循环流化床光催化降解双酚A

悬浮浆态光催化反应体系具有固-液接触面积大、过程效率高和处理量较大的优点,但存在浆态体系中纳米催化剂难于分离回收的问题,为解决这一难题,提出了在废水污染物光催化降解过程中使用易于沉降分离的微米级颗粒光催化荆,并与新设计的多层光源内置式气-液-固循环流化床相结合组成的光催化反应体系.以微米级颗粒Gd-TiO2为光催化剂,...     

微塑料对膜蒸馏处理含锑高盐废水性能影响研究

研究了微塑料在膜蒸馏过程中不同温度、pH、微塑料浓度和微塑料粒径条件下对含锑高盐废水的处理性能及机理.结果表明,随着进料液温度的升高,饱和蒸汽压的增加提高了传质动力,不含微塑料时膜通量由17.4 L·m^-2·h^-1提高至20.7 L·m^-2·h^-1,通量提升了18.9%,含有微塑料时膜通量由15.6 L·m^-2·h^-1提高至18.5 L·m^-2·h^-1,提升了18.6%;pH由3增大至11时,由于重金属锑在不同pH条件下的价态变化及静电排斥作用,重金属锑截留率由98.2%提升至99.6%;微塑料浓度的增加会降低膜通量,提高锑截留效果,这可能是微塑料对溶液中重金属锑的吸附作用及微塑料在膜表面的积聚产生的筛分效应引起的.     

两相分配体系中硅酮母粒对氯苯降解菌Delftia sp. LW26的影响

将硅酮母粒作为两相分配体系中的固态非水相（SNAP）来处理氯苯废气,从细胞表面疏水性（CSH）、菌体表面胞外多聚物（EPS）和电子传递体系（ETS）来探究硅酮母粒的加入对微生物特性以及活性的影响.结果表明,硅酮母粒在1 h内可捕集70%左右的氯苯,5次回收再利用的硅酮母粒在两相体系中对氯苯的去除率仍在99%以上;在较高的初始氯苯浓度下（10 mmol·L^-1）,两相体系中的ETS活性可达到112 mg·g^-1·h^-1,而在单相体系中未检测到ETS活性;两相体系中EPS量较于单相体系也有所提高,并且EPS中的蛋白质与多糖的比值是单相体系的2.34倍,这在一定程度上提高了CSH,使菌体更趋向于粘附在固/液界面,提高了传质效率;CSH总体上随硅酮母粒比例的增加而增加,且在20%时达到最大值.     

Second generation diesel fuel from renewable sources

The study is devoted to the issue of direct transformation of triacylglycerols (TAG) to diesel fuels applying a commercially available NiMo and NiW hydrorefining catalysts. It was proved that during hydrodesulphurisation also hydrodeoxygenation occurs and TAG can be converted to the fuel biocomponent by adding 6.5 % vol. of TAG to atmospheric gas oil. In this way, after hydroprocessing at mild conditions (temperature 320–360 °C, pressure 3.5–5.5 MPa, LHSV: 1.0 h^?1 and ratio H₂:HC = 500–1000 Nm³/m³, catalyst presence), gas oil containing 5–5.5% of biocomponent was prepared, characterized with standard performance and emission parameters. Performance and emission tests documented that even 5% vol. portion of bio-components reduces the controlled and uncontrolled emissions.     

Experimental investigation of open core downdraft biomass gasifier for food processing industry

This paper deals with field related experience of a low temperature industrial heat application through biomass gasification. The gasification system is essentially consists of an open top down draft reactor lined with ceramic. The experiment reveals that 6.5 kg of liquefy petroleum gas (LPG) is fully replaced by 38 kg of sized wood on hourly basis. The maximum temperature attained was 367°C in 130 min at 100.7 Nm³ h⁻¹ gas flow rate. This system has resulted a saving of about 19.5 tons of LPG over 3,000 h of operation, implying a saving of about 33 tons of CO₂ emission, thus a promising candidate for clean development mechanism. Fuel economic analysis of gasifier system showed that the saving was about 13,850 US$ for 3,000 h of baking operation.     

循环流化床脱除氯化氢研究

在直径200mm、高2560mm自制循环流化床上进行了脱除氯化氢的研究。实验结果表明本实验采用的循环流化床尾气净化装置，在士湿两种状况下的净化效率都比周类型装置有较大提高。当喷水活化增湿以后，净化效率可达90％以上，并考察了停留时间、Ca/Cl 当量比、粒径和入口氯 化氢浓度等因素对氯化氢脱除效率的影响。证实延长停留时间、增大Ca/Cl当量比、减 小粒径和增加入口氯化浓度有利于提高氯化氢脱除效率。     

聚离子液体刷接枝改性PVDF膜及其对药物硫酸氢氯吡咯雷分离性能研究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜为底膜,通过浸渍法使多巴胺(DOPA)在膜表面形成聚多巴胺(PDOPA)层,然后由化学反应固定溴代卤化物,并通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)反应在膜表面接枝聚离子液体刷(PBIVm-Br),以制备聚离子液体刷改性PVDF膜,即PVDF-g-PBIVm-Br膜.结果表明,改性PVDF膜的接触角下降至60°以下且显示出良好的荷正电性.改性膜的药物通量和截留率均大于未改性PVDF膜,分离10 mg·L~(-1)的硫酸氢氯吡咯雷时,改性膜(M4)的药物通量可达27.62 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),截留率为89.03%,通量恢复率为95.32%.经过60 h分离实验后,膜M4对硫酸氢氯吡咯雷溶液的分离通量维持在18.05 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),截留率从89.03%上升到92.19%.以上结果表明,聚离子液体刷改性膜在荷正电有机污染物的分离方面具有一定的应用前景.     

吸收液对中空纤维膜接触器回收尿液中氨氮的影响

采用中空纤维膜接触器（Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor, HFMC）回收尿液中的氨氮,系统研究了吸收液类型（H₃PO₄、H₂SO₄和HNO₃）对氨回收效能、水蒸气的跨膜通量和所获液体肥料的影响.结果表明,使用H₂SO₄作为吸收液时氨氮回收效能最优,其次是H₃PO₄和HNO₃.当采用H₂SO₄为吸收液时,氨氮回收率、氨跨膜通量和传质系数分别为84.49%±0.01%、22.92 g·m^-2·h^-1和2.37×10^-6 m·s^-1.HNO₃的挥发性使其从吸收液侧反向跨膜至料液侧,导致氨跨膜传质驱动力变小;此外,NH₃和HNO₃会在膜孔中反应并生成NH₄NO₃气溶胶,增加氨在膜孔中的传质阻力,导致氨氮的回收效能降低.对采用不同吸收液时膜两侧的水的活度差和理论水通量进行了计算,结果表明,随着氨氮的不断跨膜吸收,膜两侧的活度差和水通量逐渐增大,实验结束时水通量分别为7.44×10^-2 kg·m^-2·h^-1（H₃PO₄）、9.06×10^-2 kg·m^-2·h^-1（H₂SO₄）和2.00×10^-2 kg·m^-2·h^-1（HNO₃）.肥料组分分析表明,以H₂SO₄和HNO₃为吸收液可以获得仅含N素的单一液体肥料,以H₃PO₄作吸收液可获得N-P复合肥,（NH₄）₂HPO₄和NH₄H₂PO₄所占的比例分别为88.33%和11.67%.     

Circulating fluidized bed biological reactor for nutrients removal

A new biological nitrogen removal process, which is named herein “The circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBBR)”, was developed for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organic matter. This process was composed of an anaerobic bed (Riser), aerobic bed (Downer) and connecting device. Influent and nitrified liquid from the aerobic bed enters the anaerobic bed from the bottom of the anaerobic bed, completing the removal of nitrogen and organic matter. The system performance under the conditions of different inflow loadings and nitrified liquid recirculation rates ranging from 200% to 600% was examined. From a technical and economic point of view, the optimum nitrified liquid recirculation ratewas 400%. With a shortest total retention time of 2.5 h (0.8 h in the anaerobic bed and 1.5 h in the aerobic bed) and a nitrified liquid recirculation rate of 400% based on the influent flow rate, the average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were found to be 88% and 95%, respectively. The average effluent concentrations of TN and SCOD were 3.5 mg/L and 16 mg/L, respectively. The volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentration, nitrification rate and denitrification rate in the system were less than 1.0 g/L, 0.026-0.1 g NH₄ ⁺-N/g VSS·d, and 0.016–0.074 g NO_x ⁻-N/g VSS·d, respectively. __________ Translated from Environmental Engineering, 2007, 25(6): 2, 7–10 [译自: 环境工程]     

Evidence of rich microbial communities in the subsoil of a boreal acid sulphate soil conducive to greenhouse gas emissions

The largest areas of acid sulphate (AS) soils in Europe are located in Finland, where 67,000–130,000 ha of AS soils are in agricultural use. In addition to their acidifying effects on waters, AS soils might be a significant source of greenhouse gases. In this pilot research, carbon and nitrogen content and microbial activity were studied in an AS and a non-AS soil. Large carbon and nitrogen stocks (110 Mg C_org ha^?1 and 15 Mg N_tot ha^?1) as well as high substrate induced respiration (33 μg CO₂–C g^?1h^?1) were found in the C horizons of the AS soil but not in the non-AS soil. High microbial activity in these horizons of the AS soil was further confirmed by the measurement of dehydrogenase activity, basal respiration, the numbers of culturable bacterial cells, and the ratio of culturable to total numbers of cells. Still, the denitrifying enzyme activity was very low in the anaerobic horizons of the AS soil, indicating the prevalence of microbes other than denitrifiers. We suspect that the microbial community originated with the genesis of AS soil and has been supported by the large stocks of accumulated carbon and mineral nitrogen in the C horizons. If these permanently water-saturated subsoils are exposed to oxygen and their microbial activity consequently increases, large carbon and nitrogen stocks are likely to be mobilised, resulting in increased emission of greenhouse gases. Additional studies of boreal AS soils are needed to assess their potential contribution to increases in greenhouse gas fluxes at the local, regional, and global scales.     

分期布液生物滴滤床净化H2 S废气性能研究

采用分期布液式生物滴滤床净化H2S废气,以实验室驯化的复合微生物菌群挂膜于滴滤床,考察了挂膜启动及不同负荷运行对H2S的降解性能.结果表明,生物滴滤床在进气浓度110～230 mg.m-3,停留时间30 s的条件下,H2S去除率可达到99%,3 d内即完成挂膜.进气负荷对于滴滤床降解性能和微生物种群都有影响.低进气负荷时,净化效率90%,降解作用主要发生于反应器的前段,占85%以上.前段各种类微生物数量上均多于后段,尤其是硫化氢降解菌;进气负荷较高时,前段微生物数量没有明显变化;后段去除负荷增加明显,由0.04 g.h-1增长到0.67 g.h-1.微生物数量由4.5×107个.g-1增长到5.17×108个.g-1.采用扫描电镜观察填料表面,稳定运行时优势菌主要为短杆菌,高负荷状态下,填料表面被大量的代谢产物覆盖.对运行产物分析发现,大部分H2S被氧化为S,只有小部分彻底氧化分解为SO24-.     

膜生物反应器处理一氧化氮废气研究

采用中空纤维膜生物反应器处理一氧化氮(NO)废气,考察系统长时间运行稳定性、闲置后恢复生物降解情况,研究了进气浓度、停留时间、液体喷淋量及pH对氮氧化物净化效率与传质系数的影响.膜生物反应器实现了100 d长时间高效稳定运行,闲置38 d后能在l周内迅速恢复;膜生物反应器对NO的净化效率最高可达93.8％,适宜运行条件:液体pH值为7.4,气体停留时间为32 s,液体喷淋量为3 mL· min-,其对应的膜传质系数为7.39×10-5 mol·m-2·s-l.膜生物反应器提高系统的NO传质效率,增强了降解效果,具有较好的抗负荷冲击能力,能适应非连续性生产的要求.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from rice based cropping systems: Economic and technologic challenges and opportunities

Recent market slump in rice, less rainfall during monsoon, high temperature and scarcity of water during dry season leads to lower grain yield and less profit from rice cultivation in India. Farmers’ grow upland crops like chickpea (Cicer arietinum), greengram (Vigna radiate), mustard (Brassica nigra), corn (Zea maize), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), potato (Solanum tuberosum), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) etc. along with rice (Oryza sativa) during the dry season. However, knowledge of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from these rice based cropping systems is very limited. In the present study four rice based cropping systems was studied along with rice-rice rotation system as control in respect of GHG emission, yield potential and economic feasibility. Conventional plantation and fertilizer application methodology was followed for each crop. Methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) flux from field plots were studied with conventional closed chamber method using gas chromatograph. CH₄ flux was recorded highest from rice-rice rotation plots (304.25 kg ha⁻¹). N₂O flux was recorded 1.02 kg ha⁻¹ from rice-rice rotation system during wet season. However, during wet season, higher N₂O flux (1.93 kg ha⁻¹) was recorded from rice-potato-sesame rotation plots. Annual N₂O flux was also recorded significantly low (3.42 kg ha⁻¹) from rice-rice rotation plots and high (6.19 kg ha⁻¹) from rice-chickpea-greengram rotation plots. Significantly lower annual grain yield was recorded from rice-rice rotation plots (9.25 Mg ha⁻¹) whereas it was 18.84 Mg rice eq ha⁻¹ from rice-potato-sesame rotation system. The global warming potential (GWP) of rice-rice rotation system was recorded significantly high (8.62 Mg CO₂ ha⁻¹) compare to plots with different rice based cropping systems. Computing all C-emission from cradle-to-grave, highest total C-cost was recorded from the rice-rice rotation system ($62.00 ha⁻¹). We have made an attempt to calculate the C-credit of different rice based cropping systems by considering the difference of C-cost with control. The study suggests that the rice-potato-sesame is most sustainable among different cropping system studied in terms of economic profit ($62.00 ha⁻¹). We have made an attempt to calculate the C-credit of different rice based cropping systems by considering the difference of C-cost with control. The study suggests that the rice-potato-sesame is most sustainable among different cropping system studied in terms of economic profit (1248.21 ha⁻¹) and C-credit ($38.60 ha⁻¹). The result of the study may be limited to the study region; however, the study has potential use in respect to the development of agriculture practice for adaptation to climate change.     

可见光驱动微生物光电化学池处理剩余污泥同步产氢

氢气是一种理想的清洁能源.太阳能驱动的微生物光电化学池(Microbial photoelectrochemical cell, MPEC)因可同时实现废物处理与自发产氢而受到人们的关注.本文以剩余污泥为底物,构建了一种由无定型硫化钼改性硅纳米线(MoS_3/SiNWs)光阴极和生物阳极组成的MPEC系统,研究了3组MPEC在不同的酸性阴极液pH和外加电压条件下的产氢及污泥减量效果.研究结果表明,MPEC在阴极液pH为1和3的条件下均能在无外加电压下自发产氢;pH=1的MPEC-1实验中平均产氢速率为(0.66±0.02) mL·h~(-1),约是pH=3的MPEC-2实验平均产氢速率的1.5倍,但阴极过酸的条件限制了其实际应用; pH为3、外加0.2 V电压的MPEC-3与MPEC-2相比,产氢周期由15 h增加到40 h,平均产氢速率由(0.44±0.05) mL·h~(-1)提高到(0.52±0.04) mL·h~(-1),污泥TCOD、SCOD、TSS、VSS的降解率分别可达53.96%、70.18%、38.21%和61.76%.可见本文构建的MPEC系统是一种有前景的利用太阳能进行废物处理和资源化的新技术.     

基于流态化作用的吸附反应动力学和穿透特征

基于流态化作用的吸附反应动力学和穿透特征研究还鲜见报道.以苯酚为吸附质、活性炭为吸附剂,探讨了不同流态化紊流强度对基于流态化作用的吸附效率、吸附动力学特性、吸附反应穿透曲线和饱和吸附量的影响,并与相同条件的固定床吸附反应器进行了对比研究.结果表明,表观流速为8 mm·s-1和13 mm·s-1时,基于流态化和固定态的活性炭在5 min内的吸附效率均达到93%以上,吸附反应均符合经典二级动力学方程,且其相关系数大于0.999.穿透实验结果表明,表观流速为6 mm·s-1和8 mm·s-1时,基于流态化的活性炭对苯酚的吸附总量分别较固定态高8.77 mg·g-1和24.70 mg·g-1.可见,基于流态化吸附反应器与基于固定态吸附反应器相比,具有吸附反应效率高,吸附总量大的特征.