Voluntary agreements in environmental policy: an empirical evaluation for the Chilean case

In this paper the author assesses and discusses the Chilean approach on voluntary environmental agreements. Based on a survey-questionnaire performed in 322 facilities belonging to four industrial sectors, the author evaluated the effectiveness and (static) efficiency of five voluntary agreements (VAs). Using the propensity score method, the study found out that VAs had a significant effect in encouraging the implementation of environmental initiatives, although, most of them represent incremental rather than radical improvements. Moreover, whilst it confirms that VAs can suffer from regulatory capture, it also reveals that capture can coexist with significant environmental improvements in other areas. Regarding the static efficiency impact, it suggests that VAs succeeded in encouraging cost minimization in terms of operational and transaction costs. Furthermore, this research documented that participation in an industrial association is by far the most significant variable associated with voluntary agreements, and that regulatory threats and governmental funding are incentives of secondary importance. Finally, it concludes, by highlighting that the lack of public participation together with several institutional and political factors that subdue the ambitiousness of targets, are the most serious drawbacks, which should be addressed in order to avoid credibility issues of VAs, in the near future.     

不确定性城市生活垃圾管理规划及其应用

通过对城市生活垃圾管理过程中的经济成本和环境影响分析,建立了机会约束区间不确定性线性规划模型(ICILP). 将该模型应用于北京市海淀区城市生活垃圾管理规划,并在不同违反概率下进行求解分析. 结果表明:处理设施容量约束的违反概率越大,焚烧和堆肥在垃圾处理中所占比例越大,但系统成本并未随之增加. 提出了海淀区新的城市生活垃圾处理方案,即在现有填埋处理的基础上增加焚烧和堆肥2种处理设施,使城市生活垃圾流量逐渐由填埋转向焚烧和堆肥. 该模型的优化结果虽然会在一定程度上导致系统成本的增加,但是填埋场的寿命被有效延长,并且达到了减小环境污染的目的,从长远的角度看是可行的.      

Program assessment at the 20 year mark: experiences of Massachusetts companies and communities with the Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) program

The Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) model is widely cited as an effective blend of mandatory and voluntary components, and is considered a model nation-wide and internationally. There is ample documentation of the reductions in toxic chemical use achieved by Massachusetts facilities under TURA. The present study was designed to gather other information about the experience of these facilities. Through an online survey and telephone interviews, the study investigated how these facilities are achieving toxics use reduction, how TURA affects internal company dynamics, what benefits and difficulties facilities experience, and how their experiences in the program have changed over time. Survey results indicate that the benefits experienced most frequently by facilities subject to TURA requirements are increased management attention to environmental practices; improved worker health and safety; and financial savings. Most frequently cited obstacles to TUR implementation are technical feasibility problems; financial costs; concerns about product quality; and customer requirements. Survey results also indicate that the TUR planning process is most useful in the first and second planning cycles, although most respondents indicated that they sometimes identify useful TUR options in subsequent planning cycles as well. Over all, the results indicate that facilities are continuing to experience significant benefits from the TURA program, while they also continue to face some challenges. These results provide a snapshot of the experience of Massachusetts facilities 20 years since the inception of the TURA program. They also provide baseline information that will be useful for later evaluations of the effects of statutory changes to TURA adopted in 2006 and implemented in subsequent years. The study also included a preliminary assessment of the experience of Massachusetts municipal agencies, community organizations, small business associations and others that receive assistance from the TURA program.     

城市环境污染治理设施运营管理的探讨

以哈尔滨市为例,现行管理模式存在资金压力运营能力薄弱、工作质量不佳等问题,阻碍环境污染治理工作有效进行。起步较晚的市场化管理模式能够实现环境污染治理设施的正常运转和污染物达标排放,但还处于较低水平,建议通过加强法制建设、建立激励政策、加强对运营机构的监管和采取双赢机制提高环境污染治理设施运营管理的市场化。     

中国环境管理引进自愿手段的法律基础分析

自愿手段已日益成为环境管理的一项重要手段,其在发达国家的运用取得了良好的效果,中国突出的环境污染问题迫切要求引入自愿手段以弥补传统环境管理手段的不足.通过总结中国现有法律体系中有关自愿手段的规定,分析了中国环境管理引进自愿手段的法律基础,并在此基础上提出了构建自愿手段法律框架的若干建议.     

环保专项资金财务管理研究

为了提高环保专项资金的利用和管理水平,充分发挥资金的使用效率,提出一种基于成本度量和主成分博弈均衡模型的环保专项资金财务管理模型,构建环保专项资金管理的约束参量体系,采用统计性融资决策方法进行环保专项资金利用的风险性评估,结合稳健性检验方法进行专项资金的管理调度,采用自适应主成分博弈均衡方法实现环保专项资金的成本约束控制和监管优化,提高专项资金的使用效率。研究表明,采用该模型进行环保专项资金管理,能提高资金的利用率,降低资源管理风险。     

建设项目竣工环境保护验收中问题分析研究

建设项目竣工环境保护验收的重要性越来越明显,验收监测是环保验收过程中最基础和最关键的一步,此阶段主要考察环保设施建设和运行情况,监测结果是管理部门评判的依据。本文结合工作,从技术层面(生产工况、清净下水和监测点位布设等)和管理层面(资料收集和整理、排污收费依据和时效性等)分析了验收监测中常见问题,对其中部分问题提出建议:部分项目可针对主要生产工段和主要产品进行考核其生产负荷。文中同时介绍了江苏省环境监测中心在环保验收方面的新做法。     

台州市工业危险固废产生及处置情况和对策研究

文章分析了2014年台州市工业危险固废产生情况,介绍了该市现有危险固废处理设施的区域分布情况,同时对主要行业危险固废处理能力进行调查和分析.文章指出现有工业危险固废存在回收体系不完善、处置能力不均衡、二次污染问题日益突出、环境监管能力薄弱等问题,并针对性地提出增强人们环保意识和观念、完善环境保护相关法律法规、加大基础环保设施的投入、进一步加强管理能力、探索和创新更好的处理方式、引进国内外先进的处理方法等解决措施,以期科学合理处置工业危险固废.     

Environmental regulatory and policy framework in China: an overview

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乡镇企业污染治理设施运转分析

由于环境意识差、投资效益低、内部管理水平低技术人员缺乏、工程质量差和监督管理不力等原因，我国乡镇企业存在污染治理设施运转严重不正常的问题。为此，必须强化宣传、推行清洁生产，开展教育培训，提高管理水平，发展高技术产业，建立运营新机制，同时加强监督管理，以促进其运转率的提高。     

涪陵区南沱镇环境保护现状及治理建议研究

南沱镇位于涪陵和丰都交界处,人口密度大,产业污染严重,环保设施薄弱,治理难度大。污染源目前主要受养殖业废物、工业废水、农业面源污染、生活垃圾和农业焚烧等影响。养殖业废物、工业废水和农业面源污染是最重要的几个污染源。在治理上目前主要是采取“无臭”治理的方式,治理设施缺乏科学规划,治理流于形式。养殖和工业污染任意妄为,农业焚烧污染治理缺乏真正意义。文章针对以上现状提出了相应的治理建议：环境治理离不开行政职能的作用,科学制定环保规章制度,加强环境污染惩治力度,制定科学合理的措施把环境保护工作落到实处．加大环保投入。     

The potential of environmental regulation to change managerial perception,environmental management,competitiveness and financial performance

This research presents an overview of where the gaps in the literature exist in relation to the link between environmental regulation and proactive environmental management and competitiveness, and incorporates them in a whole model. Different papers have highlighted only partial aspects of these relationships. Specifically, this research evaluates the relationship between managerial perception and the different styles of environmental regulations – command-and-control versus voluntary norms – the mediator role of environmental management in the link between environmental regulations and competitiveness, the effect of competitiveness on financial performance, and the two-way relationship between proactive environmental management and financial performance. Finally, this paper uses statistical evidence to test and estimate causal relationships through a structural equation modelling of 208 firms affected by IPPC law in Spain. There is a lack of systematic statistical evidence on this topic in the literature, which mainly focuses on case studies. The results show that when environmental regulation stems from command-and-control legislation its influence on managerial perception and proactive environmental management is not significant. However, when environmental regulation stems from voluntary norms, its effects are positive. Moreover, investment in proactive environmental management contributes to increasing the competitiveness of the firm. Cost and differentiation competitive advantage have a positive impact on financial performance. Finally, the link between proactive environmental management and financial performance may follow different paths: (1) neither direct nor single, because it can depend on competitive advantage, and (2) direct, because there is a significant two-way relationship between these variables (proactive environmental management influences financial performance and financial performance influences proactive environmental management).     

我国新冠肺炎疫情期间医疗废物收集管理现状分析及对策研究

对全国抗击新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情期间的医疗废物收集与管理现状进行分析,总结其存在的问题主要包括收集设施缺乏环境生物安全控制标准、基层人员对医疗废物管理不规范、医疗废物应急管理体系不完善等问题.为补齐防范重大公共事件中环境生物风险控制的短板,在现有收集技术、管理趋势的基础上进行分析,提出以下建议:①鼓励研究多种可广泛应用于一般生活垃圾、一般医疗垃圾以及高传染医疗废物,并对人类和生态环境无害的分类收集设施,可将生物安全控制技术融合至废物分类设施.②医疗废物合理规范管理是城市、乡村环境管理中的重点,但对于民用防疫废物的收集和处置方面仍有漏洞,应尽快制订新型冠状病毒类传染病重大公共事件的民用医疗废物管理应急标准.③为了对医废管理流程进行实时监管,可参考“工业互联网”“智慧环保”和“互联网+”,与“5G”技术结合构建“数据闭环-及时监管”数据库来提升收集与管理效率.      

我国实施合同环境服务政策的思考

首先介绍了国外实施自愿性环境协议的基本情况与我国实施自愿性能源合同管理的主要经验。在此基础上,论述了我国实施合同环境服务政策的必然性。提出:进行合同环境服务政策的政策研究与设计是实施合同环境服务政策的关键;加大财政支持力度是实施合同环境服务政策的基础;建立合同环境服务政策的运行机制,有关部门与行业协会的作用,是实施合同环境服务政策的保证。     

建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测报告必须阐明的内容

建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测报告是检验建设方落实环保“三同时”制度的技术手段,也是环保部门依法管理的技术支撑和依据,竣工验收监测报告除遵循行业技术规范要求外,建设内容变更、环保设施落实、污染物排放及总量、环境质量影响等成为不可或缺的重要内容,需要逐一阐述明确。     

半生矿开发利用辐射环境管理机制探讨

伴生矿开发利用引起的天然放射性水平升高正受到国内外的广泛关注。通过介绍和分析我国伴生矿辐射环境管理的现状及其存在的问题,认为问题的制度成因主要是监管职责不明确、资金保证制度和废物处置导则的缺失,在此基础上提出以监管机构为主导,开发废物处置示范工程和建立资金保证制度等政策建议,以推进我国伴生矿辐射环境管理的有效实施。     

浅谈中国环境管理的手段及应用

介绍目前环境管理的手段:直接强制性手段,经济手段,技术手段和自愿手段等,分析应用的优缺点,得出几种手段应综合使用,取长补短.举例说明其在中国环境管理中的具体应用.最后,对中国环境管理的发展提出了几点思考建议.     

环保设施现状评价模式的研究

对环保设施运行现状定量评价模式进行探讨。模式从环保设施的整体、细节、管理和环境影响4个方面分析,采用调查、公式计算、插值、专家评分等方式,对环保设施运行的现状进行评分,建立了一个以计权方式定量评分来评价废气、废水处理设施现状的评价模式。     

德国环境政策的实施手段研究

从环境法律与规划手段、环境条例手段、经济手段、志愿协议，以及生态审核等方面分析了德国的环境政策的实施手段，特别论述了德国环境政策在促进资源回收利用、废弃物管理、率先走向循环型经济社会方面所发挥的作用，以期为我国环境管理提供借鉴与参考。     

高速公路附属区生活污水处理设施的管理

将拟建、在建和己建成的高速公路附属区的生活污水处理设施的管理区分为“未安装生活污水处理设施附属区的环境管理”和“已安装生活污水处理设施附属区的环境管理”两种情况，针对目前管理中存在的问题，提出了如何加强管理的办法和建议。