沈阳市大气中PM2.5来源解析研究

通过2015年在沈阳市采集PM2.5样品及源类样品,分析样品的质量浓度和化学组成,用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型对该市PM2.5来源进行解析。结果表明:沈阳市大气中PM2.5浓度时空变化特征明显;各主要源类对沈阳市PM2.5的分担率依次为煤烟尘(28.03%)、二次无机离子(22.63%)、机动车尾气尘(17.27%)、城市扬尘(13.28%)、建筑尘(5.94%)、土壤风沙尘(5.82%)、道路尘(3.04%)、生物质燃烧尘(2.74%)和冶金尘(1.25%)。燃煤和机动车的有效控制既能降低本类源的贡献,也能降低二次无机离子,体现了多源类综合治理原则。     

北京市主要PM10排放源成分谱分析

对北京市土壤尘、道路扬尘、城市扬尘、建筑施工尘、钢铁尘、煤烟尘等主要PM10无组织排放源和固定源进行采样、分析,建立相应的成分谱数据库,通过对其化学组分分析,确定各类PM10排放源的化学组分特征和标识元素。土壤尘、建筑施工扬尘、钢铁尘、煤烟尘PM10的标识元素分别为Si、Ca、Fe、Al,道路扬尘显示出明显的土壤尘、建筑施工尘和机动车污染的特征,城市扬尘成分谱与道路尘有很强的共线性,具有明显的道路扬尘特征。     

Chemical Constituents of Fugitive Dust

Wind erosion selectively winnows the fine, most chemically concentrated portions of surface soils and results in the inter-regional transport of fugitive dust containing plant nutrients, trace elements and other soil-borne contaminants. We sampled and analyzed surface soils, sediments in transport over eroding fields, and attic dust from a small area of the Southern High Plains of Texas to characterize the physical nature and chemical constituents of these materials and to investigate techniques that would allow relatively rapid, low cost techniques for estimating the chemical constituents of fugitive dust from an eroding field. From chemical analyses of actively eroding sediments, it would appear that Ca is the only chemical species that is enriched more than others during the process of fugitive dust production. We found surface soil sieved to produce a sub-sample with particle diameters in the range of 53–74 μm to be a reasonably good surrogate for fugitive dust very near the source field, that sieved sub-samples with particle diameters <10 μm have a crustal enrichment factor of approximately 6, and that this factor, multiplied by the chemical contents of source soils, may be a reasonable estimator of fugitive PM₁₀ chemistry from the soils of interest. We also found that dust from tractor air cleaners provided a good surrogate for dust entrained by tillage and harvesting operations if the chemical species resulting from engine wear and exhaust were removed from the data set or scaled back to the average of enrichment factors noted for chemical species with no known anthropogenic sources. Chemical analyses of dust samples collected from attics approximately 4 km from the nearest source fields indicated that anthropogenic sources of several environmentally important nutrient and trace element species are much larger contributors, by up to nearly two orders of magnitude, to atmospheric loading and subsequent deposition than fugitive dust from eroding soils.     

应用化学质量平衡模型解析西宁大气PM2.5的来源

为研究影响西宁市大气环境PM_(2.5)污染水平的主要来源,于2014年采暖季、风沙季和非采暖季依托西宁市大气地面观测网络在11个监测点采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,对其化学组分(元素、离子和碳)进行分析。研究同步采集了4类固定源、14类移动源和4类开放源的PM_(2.5)样品,并构建源排放成分谱。应用化学质量平衡受体模型(CMB)开展源解析研究。源解析结果表明,观测期间西宁市PM_(2.5)主要来源包括城市扬尘(分担率为26.4%)、燃煤尘(14.5%)、机动车尾气(12.8%)、二次硫酸盐(9.0%)、生物质燃烧(6.6%)、二次硝酸盐(5.7%)、钢铁尘(4.7%)、锌冶炼尘(3.4%)、建筑尘(4.4%)、土壤尘(4.4%)、餐饮排放(2.9%)和其他未识别的来源(5.2%)。大力开展城市扬尘为主的开放源污染控制,严格控制本地燃煤、机动车等污染源的PM_(2.5)排放,是改善西宁市空气质量的重要途径。     

因子分析法解析北京市大气颗粒物PM10的来源

2004年10月份在北京市6个采样点采集了大气PM10样品,分析了大气颗粒物的质量浓度、元素组成、离子、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的浓度,并用因子分析模型对颗粒物的来源进行了研究。结果显示,北京市大气颗粒物的来源主要有6类:建筑水泥尘/机动车尾气尘/燃煤尘、土壤风沙尘、二次粒子尘、工业粉尘、生物质燃烧尘和燃油尘。用模型计算得到的各源对PM10的贡献率分别为建筑水泥尘/机动车尾气尘/燃煤尘占36.57%、土壤风沙尘占16.07%、二次粒子尘占12.33%、工业粉尘占10.29%、生物质燃烧尘占6.07%、燃油尘占3.84%、其它占14.84%。其中建筑水泥/机动车尾气尘/燃煤尘、土壤风沙尘、二次粒子尘、工业粉尘是大气颗粒物PM10的主要来源。实验表明,在缺少源成分谱时可以用因子分析模型来分析大气颗粒物的来源及其相对贡献。     

辽宁省三城市大气颗粒物来源解析研究

针对辽宁省的沈阳、抚顺、葫芦岛三个城市的大气颗粒物来源,应用CMB化学质量平衡模型和二重源解析技术进行了定性和定量解析。识别各源类及其成分谱的特征,分析、比较大气颗粒物的时空分布特征,并计算三城市各源类在不同季节对城市大气颗粒物污染的贡献率,得到辽宁省城市大气颗粒物来源和季节分布特征的一般规律,说明城市扬尘、土壤风沙尘和煤烟尘是城市颗粒物的主要来源,应作为颗粒物污染治理的重点,而抚顺市特有的钢铁尘,葫芦岛市特有的锌尘等源类的污染也不容忽视。     

南京市建筑扬尘排放清单研究

统计分析了2010年南京市各行政区建筑场地面积和工期，结合扬尘排放因子，建立了南京市建筑扬尘排放清单。研究表明，2010年南京市建筑扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2．5的排放量分别达2．53万t、1．40万t和0．95万t，占工业烟（粉）尘排放量的23％、13％和8．6％。郊区县建筑扬尘排放量较大，约占全市 TSP、PM10、PM2．5排放总量的72％；主城区排放强度较高。对不同建筑工程类型扬尘排放量估算表明，城市建设工程和市政工程是建筑扬尘的主要来源，城市建设工程中又以住宅类建设工程为主。对不同研究获得的建筑扬尘结果比较，发现扬尘排放因子选择和污染源活动水平统计是影响建筑扬尘结果的关键因素。     

杭州市大气PM2.5和PM10污染特征及来源解析

2006年在杭州市两个环境受体点位采集不同季节大气中PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品,同时采集了多种颗粒物源类样品,分析了其质量浓度和多种化学成分,包括21种无机元素、5种无机水溶性离子以及有机碳和元素碳等,并据此构建了杭州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀的源与受体化学成分谱;用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型解析其来源。结果表明,杭州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀污染较严重,其年均浓度分别为77.5μg/m³和111.0μg/m³;各主要源类对PM_2.5的贡献率依次为机动车尾气尘21.6%、硫酸盐18.8%、煤烟尘16.7%、燃油尘10.2%、硝酸盐9.9%、土壤尘8.2%、建筑水泥尘4.0%、海盐粒子1.5%。各主要源类对PM₁₀贡献率依次为土壤尘17.0%、机动车尾气尘16.9%、硫酸盐14.3%、煤烟尘13.9%、硝酸盐粒8.2%、建筑水泥尘8.0%、燃油尘5.5%、海盐粒子3.4%、冶金尘3.2%。     

北京市大气PM10源解析研究

于2004年在北京市定陵、车公庄、古城、亦庄、房山和奥体中心6个采样点采集大气PM10环境样品,针对北京市颗粒物主要排放源采集土壤尘、建筑水泥尘、燃煤等污染源PM10样品,分别对其中的无机元素、离子、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行测定。采用代表北京市颗粒物主要排放源PM10组分特征的成分谱,利用CMB受体模型对PM10来源进行解析。结果表明,PM10的最大来源为土壤尘,其它贡献源类依次为燃煤排放、机动车/燃油排放、二次粒子(SO42-、NO3-和NH4 )、建筑水泥尘。污染源贡献具有明显的季节变化,并存在一定的地域变化。     

基于无人机的施工扬尘污染源自动监测系统设计与实现

施工扬尘是大气污染物的主要来源和施工环境监测的重点对象,但传统监测手段的效率和效果有限。为此,综合使用无人机和图像识别技术,以HSV特征提取、直方图对比、非零像素点计算为核心,设计了施工扬尘污染源自动监测系统的结构、功能及运行流程,并对运行效果进行了测试。研究和测试表明:该系统可实现监测区航拍、污染源特征提取、污染源存在性检验、污染源种类判定和污染源分布区面积计算;该系统污染源存在性检验正确率为71%,污染源面积计算效率较高,污染源特征比对效果相对稳定,基本满足施工扬尘污染源监测需求。     

A study of diffusion models applied to dust emissions from industrial complexes

Industrial complexes may release dust emissions through several to up to tens of stacks, as well as via fugitive area sources. Several diffusion models for small-scale fugitive dust sources have been developed and combined with a point source model to form a series of models for industrial complexes. The applicable area of these models and the methods for obtaining the main parameters in the models have been tested and verified using measurement data gained from several field experiments. The models developed in this paper can give quite satisfactory results when compared to other current models.     

Externalities of Fugitive Dust

It is known that fugitive dust can cause human health and environmental problems, alone or in combination with other air pollutants. These problems are referred to as ‘external costs’ that have been traditionally ignored. However, there is a growing interest towards quantifying externalities to assist policy and decision-making. With this in mind, the present study aimed at discussing the environmental regulations that deal with fugitive dust, the impact of fugitive dust on human health and global climate system, and the available methods for calculating fugitive dust externalities. The damage cost associated with human health and global environmental problems was predicted based on the environmental strategy priority model. The damage cost estimated by the model ranged from 40 to 374 EUR/kg of emitted fugitive dust with a mean value of 120 EUR/kg of emitted fugitive dust. It was also found that PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ have contributed to about 60% and 36% of the estimated damage cost, respectively. The remaining 4% was attributed to both nitrate and sulfate aerosols.     

Determination of road dust loadings and chemical characteristics using resuspension

The contribution of fugitive dust from traffic to air pollution can no longer be ignored in China. In order to obtain the road dust loadings and to understand the chemical characteristics of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from typical road dust, different paved roads in eight districts of Beijing were selected for dust collection during the four seasons of 2005. Ninety-eight samples from 28 roads were obtained. The samples were resuspended using equipment assembled to simulate the rising process of road dust caused by the wind or wheels in order to obtain the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 filter samples. The average road dust loading was 3.82 g m^− 2, with the highest of 24.22 g m^− 2 being in Hutongs in the rural–urban continuum during winter. The road dust loadings on higher-grade roads were lower than those on lower-grade roads. Attention should be paid to the pollution in the rural–urban continuum areas. The sums of element abundances measured were 16.17% and 18.50% for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust. The average abundances of OC and EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust were 11.52%, 2.01% and 12.50%, 2.06%, respectively. The abundance of elements, water-soluble ions, and OC, EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 resuspended from road dust did not change greatly with seasons and road types. The soil dust, construction dust, dust emitted from burning coal, vehicle exhaust, and deposition of particles in the air were the main sources of road dust in Beijing. Affected by the application of snow-melting agents in Beijing during winter, the amount of Cl⁻ and Na⁺ was much higher during that time than in the other seasons. This will have a certain influence on roads, bridges, vegetations, and groundwater.     

Antimony speciation in soil samples along two Austrian motorways by HPLC-ID-ICP-MS

Distribution of antimony and its inorganic species in soil samples along two traffic routes (A14, Rankweil and S36, Knittelfeld) in Austria was determined, since vehicle emissions are an important anthropogenic source of Sb in soil. The samples were taken along three parallel lines at about 0.2, 2 and 10 m distances from the edge of the road and in two depths range (0-5 and 5-10 cm from the soil surface). The optimized extraction was carried out using 100 mmol L(-1) citric acid at pH 2.08 applying an ultrasonic bath for 45 min at room temperature. Speciation analyses were done using on-line isotope dilution after a chromatographic separation of Sb species. Results of the two traffic routes confirmed significant accumulations of Sb at surface (0-5 cm depth) exceeding the natural background values by more than ten times at the S36 or four times at the A14. Concentrations of the extractable inorganic species decreased to natural background levels within a few meters from the edge of the traffic lane. The predominant Sb species was Sb(V). The Sb(III) concentrations at 5-10 cm depths range are nearly constant with distance from the edges of the two roads. Magnetic susceptibility data of all soil samples show the same distribution pattern as Sb and Sb(V) concentrations along the two traffic roads with an excellent correlation. This is an evidence for an anthropogenic source of Sb such as abrasions of motor vehicles surfaces or braking linings. The input of Sb and its inorganic species at one of the sampling sites (Knittelfeld) in samples taken in 2002 and in those taken recently (2005) was monitored. An increase in Sb (>or=30%), Sb(v)(>or=51%) and Sb(iii)(>or=10%) concentrations was only observed near the edge (相似文献   

Diurnal trends in coarse particulate matter composition in the Los Angeles Basin

To investigate the diurnal profile of the concentration and composition of ambient coarse particles, three sampling sites were set up in the Los Angeles Basin to collect coarse particulate matter (CPM) in four different time periods of the day (morning, midday, afternoon and overnight) in summer and winter. The samples were analyzed for total and water-soluble elements, inorganic ions and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). In summer, highest concentrations of CPM gravimetric mass, mineral and road dust, and WSOC were observed in midday and afternoon, when the prevailing onshore wind was stronger. In general, atmospheric dilution was lower in winter, contributing to the accumulation of air pollutants during stagnation conditions. Turbulences induced by traffic become a significant particle re-suspension mechanism, particularly during winter night time, when mixing height was lowest. This is evident by the high levels of CPM mass, mineral and road dust in winter overnight at the near-freeway sites located in urban Los Angeles, and to a lesser extent in Riverside. WSOC levels were higher in summer, with a similar diurnal profile with mineral and road dust, indicating that they either share common sources, or that WSOC may be adsorbed or absorbed onto the surfaces of these dust particles. In general, the contribution of inorganic ions to CPM mass was greater in the overnight sampling period at all sampling sites, suggesting that the prevailing meteorological conditions (lower temperature and higher relative humidity) favor the formation of these ions in the coarse mode. Nitrate, the most abundant CPM-bound inorganic species in this basin, is found to be predominantly formed by reactions with sea salt particles in summer. When the sea salt concentrations were low, the reaction with mineral dust particles and the condensation of ammonium nitrate on CPM surfaces also contributes to the formation of nitrate in the coarse mode.     

深度学习在裸地扬尘源监测中的应用研究

裸地是扬尘的重要来源,施工建设过程中形成的裸地极易在大风天气作用下造成扬尘污染。因此,快速、有效地定位裸地位置,并确认其管控措施落实情况,对于开展裸地扬尘源监管具有重要意义。基于高分辨率遥感监测数据,结合人工解译裸地扬尘源数据集,以北京市大兴区为例,利用深度学习方法对裸地和防尘网覆盖裸地进行分类识别。同时,利用颜色匹配法对大兴区防尘网覆盖裸地进行识别,横向评估深度学习方法的识别精度。结果显示：深度学习方法对防尘网覆盖裸地的识别精度达97%,对裸地的识别精度达61%;颜色匹配法对防尘网覆盖裸地的识别精度达85%。防尘网覆盖裸地的颜色特征鲜明,深度学习方法和颜色匹配法对防尘网覆盖裸地的识别精度都在85%以上。深度学习方法对于面积大于2 000 m²的图斑有着较好的识别精度。深度学习方法可以提高裸地遥感解译的效率,实现规范化图像识别,可以作为人工判读的辅助手段。在实际应用中,可通过进一步积累样本来增强模型性能。深度学习方法适用于裸地扬尘源线索快速发现、工地防尘网措施落实情况快速检测等场景。     

株洲市某交通干道夏季细颗粒物分布特征及相关因素

2014年夏季采用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪,选取株洲市某交通干道附近,对其环境细颗粒物进行连续测量,并统计干道的车流量。实验结果表明:环境中的细颗粒物数浓度呈双峰分布,峰值一般出现在9.47~17.5、98.2~121.9 nm粒径段,晴天和雨天不同粒径段的细颗粒物数浓度的波动性不一致,降水过程对细颗粒有一定的去除作用。结合所观测的机动车流量和所排放的细颗粒物粒径谱,分析其与细颗粒物浓度之间的关系,可初步判断该环境中爱根核模态的细颗粒物来源于机动车排放。     

新疆三地区总悬浮颗粒(TSP)中单颗粒的微观形貌特征

用扫描电镜/X射线衍射能谱(SEM/EDX)对喀什地区、乌鲁木齐市米东区、和田地区的总悬浮颗粒(TSP)的单个颗粒进行了形貌观察。经分析得出:喀什地区颗粒物无规则形为34%,片状为54%;和田地区的颗粒物片状为80%,球形为12%;乌鲁木齐市米东区的颗粒物均匀球形蜂窝聚集态为90%。对此作来源解析可以认为:乌鲁木齐市米东区的TSP主要来源是燃烧排放的飞灰及在大气中形成的二次粒子居多,而喀什地区及和田地区的TSP主要来源为土壤及矿物颗粒灰尘。     

Dynamics and origin of PM2.5 during a three-year sampling period in Beijing, China

Systematic sampling and analysis were performed to investigate the dynamics and the origin of suspended particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM(2.5)), in Beijing, China from 2005 to 2008. Identifying the source of PM(2.5) was the main goal of this project, which was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The concentrations of 19 elements, black carbon (BC) and the total mass in 158 weekly PM(2.5) samples were measured. The statistical evaluation of the data from factor analysis (FA) identifies four main sources responsible for PM(2.5) in Beijing: (1) a combination of long-range transport geogenic soil particles, geogenic-like particles from construction sites and the anthropogenic emissions from steel factories; (2) road traffic, industry emissions and domestic heating; (3) local re-suspended soil particles; (4) re-suspended particles from refuse disposal/landfills and uncontrolled dumped waste. Special attention has been paid to seven high concentration "episodes", which were further analyzed by FA, enrichment factor analysis (EF), elemental signatures and backward-trajectory analysis. These results suggest that long-range transport soil particles contribute much to the high concentration of PM(2.5) during dust days. This is supported by mineral analysis which showed a clear imprint of component in PM(2.5). Furthermore, the ratios of Mg/Al have been proved to be a good signature to trace back different source areas. The Pb/Ti ratio allows the distinction between periods of predominant anthropogenic and geogenic sources during high concentration episodes. Backward-trajectory analysis clearly shows the origins of these episodes, which partly corroborate the FA and EF results. This study is only a small contribution to the understanding of the meteorological and source driven dynamics of PM(2.5) concentrations.     

对应分析在大气颗粒物源解析中的应用研究

采用对应分析方法定性研究龙岩市大气颗粒物来源问题。结果表明:龙岩市4个监测点位中龙岩市环境监测站的主要污染源为高岭土矿和土壤风沙尘;龙岩学院与闽西职业技术学院的主要污染源为机动车尾气尘、燃煤尘和土壤风沙尘;龙岩师专的主要污染源为燃煤尘、小煤炉尘、水泥成品、水泥厂除尘器集尘和钢铁厂除尘器集尘。该方法能将R型因子分析和Q型因子分析结合起来,综合体现样品和元素之间的关系,为大气颗粒物源解析提供了一种新的途径。