稀硝酸装置潜在危险性分析与控制

目前,辽阳市的一套稀硝酸装置（11．66万吨／年）是采用法国G．P公司双加压法工艺,由山西华泰设计院和中石油工程设计公司辽阳分公司共同设计,于2004年11月建成投产的。该装置虽然是世界普遍采用的硝酸生产工艺,但仍存在许多危险有害因素（见下表）。为确保其安全运行,必须加强其潜在危险分析,提出相应的控制措施。     

化工过程开发中本质安全化设计策略

本质安全化设计是预防人为失误及设备失效、降低化工过程风险应优先采用的技术。在比较传统设计方法与本质安全化设计方法的基础上,讨论了化工过程开发各阶段实现本质安全的机会,认为在开发初期,实施本质安全化的成本低,难度小;通过分析可行性研究、工艺研究、概念设计、基础设计、工程设计等阶段本质安全化设计的影响因素、设计目标和设计方法,探索化工过程开发中本质安全化设计策略,提出了化工过程本质安全化设计流程。通过工艺过程本质安全设计、工艺流程的简化和优化、不同设计方案的本质安全度评估等措施,可提高化工过程本质安全水平。     

UF-RO膜技术在印染废水回用工程中的应用

在印染废水中水回用中,膜法水处理技术日益得到应用,本文结合圣山集团中水回用工程项目,对采用的UF、RO膜技术应用方面分别从工艺介绍、设计参数、运行情况、经济社会效益等角度作了较详细的阐述,可为膜法水处理系统的使用者和工程设计人员提供参考。     

安全文化与本质安全

目前我们一般传统理念的本质安全就是工艺安全,即从设计安全的角度来预防事故的发生,主要通过采取各种工程手段来达到工艺系统的本质安全。本质安全不仅是硬件工程设计方面的本质安全,还包括软件方面的本质安全．甚至还包括人员方面的本质安全,实际上来说上述各个方面的安全措施的实施就是一个企业安全文化建设的具体体现。     

浅析ABRFS折板气提工艺在铁路中小车站污水处理中的应用

阐述了当前铁路中小车站污水处理新工艺的设计特点、ABRFS工艺的原理及特点,分析了运用该工艺在中试实验中的水质处理效果,从中探讨出该工艺较适宜应用于铁路中小车站污水的处理,供同行专家学者共同探讨。     

塘厦镇石桥头污水处理厂设计的技术要点

介绍了东莞市塘厦镇石桥头污水处理厂工程设计的情况，有关污水处理工艺和污泥处理方案的优化选择过程，以及工程设计中具体措施的技术要点。     

农村生活污水处理工程设计探讨

<正>农村生活污水处理是新农村建设的一项重要内容。做好工程设计的选址和管网设计是农村生活污水处理工程发挥高效的前提条件,厌氧池+人工湿地工艺是比较合适的农村生活污水处理工艺。近年来,国家对"三农"问题的重视程度不断提高,提出了建设生态文明式的新型农村的要求,并将农村生活污水处理作为新农村建设的一项重要内容[1]。然而,我国污水处理的重点一直是在城市污水的处理上,工程设计也以城市污水处理为主,直接套     

危害与可操作性研究在长北项目井丛设计的应用

危害与可操作性分析(HAZOP)是一种危害识别方法,它可以对工程设计进行较为全面的风险评估,找出系统中设备、装置、管道工艺参数的偏离以及故障或者误操作引起的潜在风险,分析偏离、故障产生的原因,根据后果、原因和已设计的保护措施,修改和完善安全设计和操作管理。本文介绍了长北项目井丛危害与可操作性分析(HAZOP)过程,分析了HAZOP分析在天然气开发过程完善安全设计和操作管理的优势。     

基于HAZOP分析的加氢装置工程设计方法

加氢装置属甲类火灾、爆炸危险生产装置。为了在设计阶段尽可能消除或控制潜在风险,本文总结了多套加氢装置HAZOP分析报告中的设备类别及其分析内容,提出了基于危险与可操作性(HAZOP)分析的加氢装置工程设计方法。在传统工程设计方法的基础上增加了参数敏感性工程设计方法,依据分析报告中的设计建议,利用ASPEN软件计算过程参数变化对目标参数的影响程度,确定参数稳定操作区域;建立了数据库管理界面实现了加氢装置工程安全设计经验知识的有序管理。应用基于HAZOP分析的加氢装置工程设计方法,有助于将安全隐患问题在设计阶段消除或加以控制,可为降低石化装置改造成本和提高装置的安全水平提供方法依据。     

西安市高新区第二污水处理厂工艺设计总结分析

西安高新区第二污水厂近期和远期设计规模分别为5×104m3/d和10×104m3/d,采用A2/O-混合反应沉淀-砂滤组合工艺,出水执行标准《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)的一级A标准,同时采用活性氧进行除臭。工程设计中充分考虑来水量的变化,在各处理单元进行合理选择,为相关工程提供了借鉴和参考。     

The integration of HAZOP expert system and piping and instrumentation diagrams

The main purpose of hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis is to identify the potential hazards in the process design which nowadays is generally developed through a computer aided design (CAD) package. Due to the time and effort consuming nature of HAZOP, it is not done in every engineering firm for every design project. To make HAZOP an integral part of process design, an integration framework is proposed in this paper to seamlessly integrate the commercial process design package Smart Plant P&ID (SPPID, Intergraph) with one of the HAZOP expert systems (named as LDGHAZOP) developed by authors. This integration makes it possible to perform HAZOP analysis easily at anytime of the whole lifecycle of a chemical plant as long as the process design is available, which might help the improvement of design quality. One industrial case study is used to illustrate the ability of the integrated system.     

小导管预支护作用机理与效果分析

小导管预支护是隧道施工中常用的一种超前支护技术。对小导管预支护加固机理和作用效应进行分析,通过建立预支护系统的串、并联模型,明确了小导管预支护各单元间的相互关系,采用FLAC三维数值模拟方法对小导管预支护效果进行分析,通过比较不同工况对拱顶竖向位移的影响,表明小导管注浆预支护在控制拱顶沉降、维持围岩稳定上发挥了重要作用。     

烟气消白烟道导流板CFD数值模拟流场设计

Fluent是一款常用CFD软件,在烟气消白工程设计烟道系统过程中增设导流板,采用CFD数值模拟,能优化换热器进口处烟气流场分布,该文通过比较烟道系统中有、无设置导流板流场模拟分析,得出两种不同流场模拟结果,优化后的换热器进口流场不均匀系数为0.085(优化前为0.346),较优化前改善明显,优化后换热器进口处的流场分...     

风险管理在水电工程中的应用

水电工程是一个在建设过程中充满风险的、相当复杂的系统工程,其风险管理伴随着工程建设的全过程.随着我国水电工程建设体制改革的进一步深化,风险管理越来越受到工程界的重视.分析了在水电工程中存在的主要危险有害因素,提出了具体的风险管理和评价方法,并对一些主要的评价方法进行了大致的比较,同时对水电工程的风险管理工作提出了一些改进措施.     

Duct-venting of dust explosions in a 20 L sphere at elevated static activation overpressures

Ducts are often recommended in the design of dust explosion venting in order to discharge materials to safe locations. However, the maximum reduced overpressure increases in a duct-vented vessel rather than in a simply vented vessel. This needs to be studied further for understanding the duct-venting mechanism. Numerous duct-vented dust explosion experiments were conducted, using a 20 L spherical chamber at elevated static activation overpressures, ranging from 1.8 bar to 6 bar. Duct diameters of 15 mm and 28 mm, and duct lengths of 0 m (simply venting), 1 m and 2 m, were selected. Explosion pressures both in the vessel and in the duct were recorded by pressure sensors, with a frequency of 5 kHz. Flame signals in the duct were also obtained by phototransistors. Results indicate that the secondary explosion occurring in the duct increases the maximum reduced overpressure in the vessel. The secondary explosion is greatly affected by the duct diameter and static activation overpressure, and hence influences the amplification of the maximum reduced overpressure. Larger static activation overpressure decreases the severity of the secondary explosion, and hence decreases the increment in the maximum reduced overpressure. The secondary pressure peak is more obvious as the pressure accumulation is easier in a duct with a smaller diameter. However, the increment of the maximum reduced overpressure is smaller because blockage effect, flame front distortion, and turbulent mixing due to secondary explosion are weaker in a narrow duct. The influence of duct length on the maximum reduced overpressure is small at elevated static activation overpressures, ranging from 1.8 bar to 6 bar at 15 mm and 28 mm duct diameters.     

Fire and explosion assessment on oil and gas floating production storage offloading (FPSO): An effective screening and comparison tool

Fires and explosions have been identified as major potential hazards for Oil and Gas Floating Production Storage Offloading (FPSO) installations and pose risk to personnel, assets, and the environment. Current fire and explosion assessment (FEA) tools require physical effect modeling software and follows standards from API, ISO, and engineering practices. However, the tools are not specific to any particular system such as an FPSO, and do not provide comprehensive guidance for safety engineers to perform FEA.This paper discusses the development of a screening and comparison tool for FEA on FPSOs and the incorporation of an expert system into the tool. The results are computerized using MS Excel/VBA to provide a structured and comprehensive assessment on each equipment and module handling natural gas, crude oil, methanol and diesel on FPSO topsides.This tool features built-in calculations for jet and pool fire size estimation for gas/liquid releases, and the ability to perform Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) to specify the personnel and equipment risk for varying leak sizes and process conditions. Control and recovery measures are incorporated as an expert system based on report findings, engineering practices, and relevant standards. Bowtie analysis is applied in the tool to define detailed control and recovery measures for the FPSO based on the incident scenarios. An explosion assessment is performed by incorporating physical effect modeling software results.Unique features provided in the tool include fire and radiation contour mapping on an FPSO layout to help determine personnel and equipment risk more accurately and fire pump sizing that can be used to verify the amount of water deluge system required to mitigate fires and explosions. In addition, flexibility of data input (process data, failure rate data, etc.) and user interfaces assist safety engineers to screen and compare process alternatives, check design quality, and evaluate design options at any design stage.     

煤矿巷道支护动态信息设计法

由于地下工程环境的复杂性和不确定性,采用的静态信息设计方法存在着明显的缺陷。因此,提出巷道支护动态信息设计法,其实施过程为:在地质调查和地质力学测试的基础上,采用数值模拟和工程类比相结合的方法进行初始设计;将初始设计实施于井下,并进行地质资料的现场再收集和工程监测;用监测结果检验和修正初始设计,按修正后的设计进行施工,并进行工程监测,如此不断循环,直至完工。该方法在煤炭行业获得成功,在金属矿山、交通、水利等岩土工程中有重要的推广价值。     

Integration of process safety engineering and fire protection engineering for better safety performance

Since the inception of the process industries, there have been a great number of process incidents causing significant loss of life and property damage. Even the establishment and implementation of a series of rigorous regulations has not prevented the occurrence of process incidents. In order to protect people, property and the environment a more robust safety program is needed and the safety performance of process industries must continue to improve. In this work, the common ground and the unique characteristics of process safety engineering (PSE) and fire protection engineering (FPE) is reviewed to demonstrate the potential benefits of unifying the two fields or improving the coordination between them to create a more robust safety program, thereby enhancing the safety performance of process industries. Recommendations are made to facilitate and encourage continued discussion and efforts toward the integration of process safety engineering and fire protection engineering.