静置/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器（SBR）脱氮除磷效果研究

以静置段代替传统厌氧段,采用后置缺氧方式,考察了静置/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器(SBR)(R1)的生物脱氮除磷(BNR)性能,并与传统厌氧/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器(SBR)(R2)进行对比.两反应器进水乙酸钠、氨氮(NH+4-N)及磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)浓度均分别为350 mg·L-1(以COD计)、40 mg·L-1及12 mg·L-1,水力停留时间(HRT)为12 h.研究结果表明,R1长期运行中磷的去除率与R2相当,分别为92.4%和92.1%,而总氮(TN)去除率则较R2高,分别为83.5%和77.0%.R1静置段省去搅拌但仍能起到厌氧段的作用,为好氧快速摄磷奠定了基础,同时R1缺氧段发生反硝化摄磷,使出水磷降至0.91 mg·L-1.好氧段内R1发生了同步硝化-反硝化(SND),贡献了18.0%的TN去除量,R2也存在SND,但脱氮贡献率较少,仅为9.8%.R1和R2后置缺氧反硝化均以糖原驱动,反硝化速率分别为0.98、0.84 mg·g-1·h-1(以每g VSS产生的N(mg)计),出水TN分别为6.62、9.21 mg·L-1.研究表明,静置段代替传统厌氧段后,可获得更好的脱氮效果,且工艺更为简化.     

进水氨氮浓度对静置/好氧/缺氧SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响

在4个序批式反应器(SBR)R1、R2、R3和R4中,以静置段代替传统厌氧段,采用后置缺氧,考察进水氨氮浓度分别为20,30,40,50mg/L对静置/好氧/缺氧SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响.结果表明,R1、R2、R3和R4长期运行中磷去除率分别为82.3%、92.8%、92.6%和89.1%,总氮(TN)去除率分别为97.2%、88.6%、84.5%和72.6%.静置段省却搅拌,但仍起厌氧段作用,仍可实现生物强化除磷.4个反应器好氧段均发生同步硝化-反硝化(SND),分别贡献14.7%、16.6%、17.8%和14.8%的进水后TN量,且后置缺氧段利用糖原驱动反硝化,脱氮效果较好,出水TN分别为0.57,4.43,6.61,13.70mg/L.研究表明,进水氨氮浓度可影响静置释磷、好氧摄磷、反硝化除磷.静置段代替厌氧段的后置缺氧工艺可取得较好脱氮除磷效果,且节约成本,简化工艺.     

生物脱氮系统中无厌氧释磷的生物除磷工艺

采用2个工作容积为6L的SBR反应器(1#和2#)分别进行人工废水的脱氮试验研究,其中1#进水是以醋酸钠为碳源,2#以淀粉为碳源,2个反应器进水的COD、氨氮、磷酸盐和硝氮浓度一致.2个反应器均按缺氧76min-好氧294min交替的模式运行·在COD/NO-3N比为8.76:1(400 mg·L-1:45.67 mg·L-1)和15.03:1(400 mg·L-1:26.61 mg·L-1)2种水质条件下.考察了2个反应器对COD、氮和磷的脱除情况.结果表明.2种碳氮比下,1#反应器为传统的硝化.反硝化生物脱氮.对硝酸盐和COD具有较好的脱除效果,对磷基本不能去除;2#反应器在缺氧段发生反硝化脱氮作用,在好氧时段发生硝化作用,同时伴有明显的磷去除.这种现象稳定持续,致使反应器中污泥浓度明显增加.结合pH、DO等环境因素的分析,判定这是一种新型的非传统生物除磷现象.     

多点交替进水阶式A2/O工艺氮磷去除途径

为分析CMICAO(多点交替进水阶式A2/O)工艺处理实际生活污水时对氮、磷的去除机理,基于物料衡算方程,计算各反应池内污染物质量浓度,并与实测值进行对比,分析氮、磷的去除途径,提出强化工艺脱氮除磷的方法.结果表明,试验条件下,出水中ρ(TP)、ρ(TN)和ρ(氨氮)分别为(0.41±0.08)、(10.24±0.40)和(2.07±0.30)mg/L.除微生物同化作用外,系统中的氮主要通过好氧硝化、缺氧/厌氧反硝化及SND(同步硝化反硝化)途径去除,阶段一3#反应池、阶段二2#反应池和阶段三1#反应池的SND率分别达到37%、52%和58%左右.磷通过聚磷菌厌氧/缺氧释磷、好氧吸磷和反硝化除磷途径去除,阶段一4#池的反硝化吸磷量达到3 mg/L左右.降低好氧池ρ(DO)和改变缺氧池与厌氧池的进水量比例可强化脱氮除磷效果.     

(AO)3SBR脱氮除磷试验研究

分别以人工配水和实际生活污水为研究对象,采用厌氧、缺氧、好氧多级交替序批式反应器,通过曝气时间、交替次数的调整对该系统的脱氮除磷效果进行了研究,最终将工艺确定为厌氧1.5 h→好氧1 h→缺氧1 h→好氧20 min→缺氧1 h一好氧20 min,即(AO)3SBR.结果表明,该系统无论对于人工配水还是实际生活污水的脱氮除磷效果都很理想,对COD、总氮、总磷的去除率可分别达88%、89%、99%和85%、75%、99.5%.同时发现以人工配水、实际生活污水为进水的系统利用单位质量COD合成PHAs量、释磷量有较大差别,但2个系统缺氧产能效率与其好氧产能效率的比例则很接近,分别为49%和50%.     

AAO-生物膜工艺处理电镀废水的脱氮除磷性能

为提高电镀废水的污染物去除效率,探讨厌氧-缺氧-好氧(AAO)-生物膜耦合工艺的有机物去除和脱氮除磷效能。结果表明:AAO-生物膜工艺处理电镀难降解有机废水运行效果良好,COD去除率稳定在89%左右;脱氮主要途径是好氧硝化,缺氧反硝化,60 d运行中系统脱氮率达到70%~80%;难降解有机物影响NH₄+-N和COD的去除效率,且存在时间差距,在其影响下,NH₄+-N的变化稍滞后于COD。AAO-生物膜工艺的除磷效果经50 d运行后趋于稳定,出水TP浓度低于1 mg/L,去除率>65%,除磷主要依靠厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷过程。     

城镇污水处理厂脱氮除磷好氧污泥颗粒化研究

采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)培养好氧颗粒污泥处理模拟废水,优化好氧颗粒污泥内部好氧-兼氧-厌氧微环境,在反应器的快速启动、稳定运行阶段分别考察不同优化条件下系统的脱氮除磷性能。提出了优化污泥沉降时间、调控曝气方式等好氧污泥快速颗粒化途径,并研究排泥方式对颗粒污泥反应器稳定性的影响,通过强化脱氮除磷功能菌富集,实现氮磷同步高效去除。     

啤酒废水改良Bardenpho工艺除磷脱氮技术研究

Bardenpho工艺内循环和污泥均回流至A1池,使A1池和A2池均含有较多的NO3—N,对高氮的啤酒废水除磷效果有所影响。在Bardenpho工艺缺氧段前增设厌氧池,并分流70%回流污泥至缺氧池,保证了磷的有效释放及好氧段磷的吸收能力,提高了除磷效果。第二缺氧-好氧段延长污泥龄至10～16d,提高了脱氮处理效果。出水的氮磷水质均有明显提高(NH3—N2.15mg/L、TP2.40mg/L)。     

序批式膜生物反应器中反硝化聚磷菌的富集

采用序批式膜生物反应器（SBMBR）对以硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌的富集进行了研究.结果表明,经过厌氧-好氧和厌氧-缺氧-好氧2个阶段的富集,反硝化聚磷菌占全部聚磷菌的比例从19.4%上升到69.6%,每周期缺氧段投加硝酸盐氮120 mg时,SBMBR系统运行最为稳定.稳定运行的SBMBR反硝化强化除磷体系具有良好的强化除磷和反硝化脱氮性能,缺氧段脱氮和除磷效率分别达到100%和84%,膜出水总磷浓度平均低于0.5mg/L,系统除磷率达到96.1%.此外,氨氮去除率保持在92.2%,氨氮被去除的同时并没有发现亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的明显积累.     

进水C/N对A~2/O-BCO工艺反硝化除磷特性的影响

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧与生物接触氧化工艺组成的双污泥系统(A~2/O-BCO)处理实际生活污水.通过投加乙酸钠调节进水碳氮比(C/N=2.44~8.85),考察了系统的反硝化除磷特性.试验结果表明:进水有机物主要是通过改变硝化性能(即缺氧段反硝化负荷)以及聚-β-羟基链烷酸脂(PHA)的贮存和利用,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷效果.当进水C/N为4~5时,COD、TN和PO_4~(3-)-P去除率分别达到88%,80%和96%,实现了有机物、氮和磷的同步高效去除.碳平衡分析表明,A~2/O反应器去除的COD占去除总量的71.86%~77.28%,BCO反应器去除的COD仅占2%~12%,碳源的高效利用是A~2/O-BCO工艺在低C/N条件下实现深度脱氮除磷的重要原因.此外,通过进水C/N与曝气量、硝化液回流比、厌/缺氧反应时间等相关性的分析,提出了系统的优化运行策略.     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a combined A2/O-BAF system with a short aerobic SRT

A bench-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process-biological aerated filter （A^2/O-BAF） combined system was carded out to treat wastewater with lower C/N and C/P ratios. The A^2/O process was operated in a short aerobic sludge retention time （SRT） for organic pollutants and phosphorus removal, and denitrification. The subsequent BAF process was mainly used for nitrification. The BAF effluent was partially returned to anoxic zone of the A^2/O process to provide electron acceptors for denitrification and anoxic P uptake. This unique system formed an environment for reproducing the denitdfying phosphate-accumulating organisms （DPAOs）. The ratio of DPAOs to phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） could be maintained at 28% by optimizing the organic loads in the anaerobic zone and the nitrate loads into the anoxic zone in the A^2/O process. The aerobic phosphorus over-uptake and discharge of excess activated sludge was the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the combined system. The aerobic SRT of the A^2/O process should meet the demands for the development of aerobic PAOs and the restraint on the nitrifiers growth, and the contact time in the aerobic zone of the A^2/O process should be longer than 30 min, which ensured efficient phosphorus removal in the combined system. The adequate BAF effluent return rates should be controlled with 1--4 mg/L nitrate nitrogen in the anoxic zone effluent of A^2/O process to achieve the optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.     

Advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in A2O-BAF system treating low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater

A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process (A²O) with a small aerobic zone and a bigger anoxic zone and biologic aerated filter (A²O-BAF) system was operated to treat low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater. The A²O process was employed mainly for organic matter and phosphorus removal, and for denitrification. The BAF was only used for nitrification which coupled with a settling tank Compared with a conventional A²O process, the suspended activated sludge in this A²O-BAF process contained small quantities of nitrifier, but nitrification overwhelmingly conducted in BAF. So the system successfully avoided the contradiction in sludge retention time (SRT) between nitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs) played an important role in removing up to 91% of phosphorus along with nitrogen, which indicated that the suspended activated sludge process presented a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. The average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and NH₄⁺-N were 85.56%, 92.07%, 81.24% and 98.7% respectively. The effluent quality consistently satisfied the national first level A effluent discharge standard of China. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 85.4 mL·g⁻¹ additionally, the volume ratio of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zone in A²O process was also investigated, and the results demonstrated that the optimum value was 1:6:2.     

污泥龄对A/A/O工艺反硝化除磷的影响

以实际生活污水培养驯化污泥的小试规模A/A/O工艺为研究对象,进行了污泥龄（SRT）为8、10、12和15 d时对反硝化除磷的影响研究.结果表明,随着污泥龄的延长,反硝化除磷对系统除磷所起的作用越大,反硝化聚磷菌缺氧利用单位PHAs的反硝化数量和吸磷量也迅速增加,聚磷菌好氧利用单位PHAs的吸磷量并没有受到影响,以SRT为12 d时反硝化除磷和系统脱氮除磷效果为最好.结果还表明,去除单位氮所需COD数量随污泥龄的延长呈减少趋势,而去除单位磷所需COD数量呈增大趋势.对于我国典型的城市污水而言,SRT为12 d和15 d时去除单位氮和磷所需的外碳源数量较8 d时要低,从而使反硝化除磷作用可真正地达到节省碳源和能源的目的.     

亚硝酸盐对A2O系统脱氮除磷的影响

在A2O系统中,通过分别向缺氧区和好氧区投加亚硝酸盐的方式,考察和分析了亚硝酸盐的存在对系统脱氮除磷性能的影响.结果表明,系统的硝化、反硝化及除磷性能均对亚硝酸盐的存在比较敏感.亚硝酸盐存在于好氧段时对硝化性能的影响较大,当好氧段亚硝酸盐浓度达到25mg/L时,系统硝化速率仅有5.26mg/(L·h).亚硝酸盐存在于缺氧段时对反硝化性能的抑制作用较大,且当亚硝酸盐长期存在于缺氧段时,系统的反硝化速率降低至11.83mg/(L·h),与正常情况相比下降了60%;亚硝酸盐存在于好氧段时会严重抑制聚磷菌的吸磷能力,系统磷去除率仅有22%.当亚硝酸盐存在于缺氧段时,会引发系统的污泥膨胀问题,导致聚磷菌流失,聚磷菌数量减少到2.02%左右,继而引发系统除磷效果严重恶化.     

Elucidating the removal mechanism of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate in an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic activated sludge system

N,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate （DMDTC） is a typical precursor of N-nitrosodimethylamine （NDMA）. Based on separate hydrolysis, sorption and biodegradation studies of DMDTC, a laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic （AAO） system was established to investigate the removal mechanism of DMDTC in this nutrient removal biological treatment system. DMDTC hydrolyzed easily in water solution under either acidic conditions or strong alkaline conditions, and dimethylamine （DMA） was the main hydrolysate. Under anaerobic, anoxic or oxic conditions, DMDTC was biodegraded and completely mineralized. Furthermore, DMA was the main intermediate in DMDTC biodegradation. In the AAO system, the optimal conditions for both nutrient and DMDTC removal were hydraulic retention time 8 hr, sludge retention time 20 day, mixed-liquor return ratio 3：1 and sludge return ratio 1：1. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency of DMDTC reached 99.5%; the removal efficiencies of chemical organic demand, ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 90%, 98%, 81% and 93%, respectively. Biodegradation is the dominant mechanism for DMDTC removal in the AAO system, which was elucidated as consisting of two steps： first, DMDTC is transformed to DMA in the anaerobic and anoxic units, and then DMA is mineralized to CO2 and NH3 in the anoxic and oxic units. The mineralization of DMDTC in the biological treatment system can effectively avoid the formation of NDMA during subsequent disinfection processes.     

同步脱氮除磷颗粒污泥硝化反硝化特性试验研究

在厌氧/好氧交替运行的SBR反应器中,以成熟的脱氮除磷颗粒污泥为研究对象,对其硝化及反硝化特性进行研究.结果表明,静态试验中颗粒污泥的最大硝化速率为14.13 mg·(g·h)-1,最大反硝化速率为34.89 mg·(g·h)-1,最大缺氧吸磷反硝化速率为13.11 mg·(g·h)-1,污泥具有较好的硝化、反硝化性能;反应器中污泥最大硝化速率为4.60 mg·(g·h)-1,最大反硝化速率为1.43 mg·(g·h)-1;通过N的物料平衡得到,同步硝化反硝化反应去除N约为232.5 mg·d-1,占N去除总量的54.3%;另外,颗粒污泥对P和N的去除率分别在95%和90%左右,反应器具有较好的同步脱氮除磷效果.     

Influence of carbon sources on nutrient removal in A~2/O-MBRs:Availability assessment of internal carbon source

Both internal carbon source and some external carbon sources were used to improve the nutrient removal in Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic-Membrane Bioreactor(A~2/O-MBRs), and their technical and cost analysis was investigated. The experimental results showed that the nutrient removals were improved by all the carbon source additions. The total nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency were higher in the experiments with external carbon source additions than that with internal carbon source addition. It was found that pathways of nitrogen and phosphorus transform were different dependent on different carbon source additions by the mass balance analysis. With external carbon source addition, the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred in aerobic zone, and the P-uptake in aerobic phase was evident. Therefore, with addition of C-MHP(internal carbon source produced from sludge pretreatment by microwave-H_2O_2 process), the denitrification and phosphorus-uptake in anoxic zone was notable. Cost analysis showed that the unit nitrogen removal costs were 57.13 CNY/kgN of C-acetate addition and 54.48 CNY/kgN of C-MHP addition, respectively. The results indicated that the C-MHP has a good technical and economic feasibility to substitute external carbon sources partially for nutrient removal.     

生物流化床法处理污泥回流液的影响因素研究

将生物流化床工艺与活性污泥工艺相结合,以市政污水处理厂污泥回流液为研究对像。以0.3～0.45mm活性炭颗粒为载体对生物流化床中微生物进行培养、驯化,挂膜成功后,分别对生物流化床厌氧段和好氧段进行了单因素试验,得出进水的最佳pH值介于7.0～7.5,生物流化床厌氧段的最佳水力停留时间4.4h、最佳碳源为蔗糖,;缺氧段及好氧段的最佳水力停留时间2.69h、8.06h,曝气量0.5mL/min。在最佳工艺参数条件下进行污泥回流液脱氮除磷试验得出,此工艺可使总氮浓度为150.0mg/L,总磷浓度为59.0mg/L的污泥回流液的总氮浓度降低至65.19mg/L,此时的总氮去除率为56.54%;总磷的去除率较低。试验结果表明,该工艺对处理污泥回流液中氮磷具有一定的效果。