安全科技英语专业设置的可行性探索与研究

国家十分重视安全生产,安全生产已成为国家“十一五”规划的重要内容之一。如何适应安全科技教育发展的新机遇是安全教育工作者所关注的重要课题。笔者通过调查研究,在分析安全科技英语专业设置的必要性和重要意义的基础上,提出了安全科技英语专业人才的培养模式,构建了安全科技英语专业课程体系的基本框架,并就安全科技英语专业特色进行了研究和探索,指出了安全科技英语专业设置应注意的若干问题。     

A few fundamental aspects about ignition and flame propagation in dust clouds

The history of the development of the process industry has been punctuated by a number of hazardous explosions, sometimes very severe. A few of them are still in the memory and certainly contributed to the birth of safety engineering. It has been known for more than one century than combustible dusts suspended in air are responsible for a part of those explosions but contrariwise to gas explosions, the available knowledge and practise seems still contain a significant part of empirism. The work summarised into this paper is an attempt to contribute to a better understanding of the explosion mechanisms of dust clouds. Hopefully, such additional information may help to refine the safety analysis exercise in the future. A specific effort has been devoted to combustion processes in the flame and the results indicate similarities with premixed gaseous flames. Several fundamental questions are addressed such as the incidence of thermal radiation, turbulence,… This information is important to treat ignition aspects. For spark type of ignition, it is shown that an absolute minimum ignition energy should exist for some dust clouds with a similar meaning than for premixed gaseous flames. For hot surface ignition, the standard ignition temperature (Godbert–Greenwald) seems to be reasonably correlated to the size and critical ignition temperature of the heating body. The possible implications of this new information within the scope of industrial safety are addressed in conclusion.     

How to treat expert judgment? With certainty it contains uncertainty!

To be acceptably safe one must identify the risks one is exposed to and decide what risk reducing measures are required. It is uncertain whether the threat really will materialize, but determining the size and probability of the risk is also full of uncertainty. When performing an analysis and preparing for decision making under uncertainty, quite frequently failure rate data, information on consequence severity or on a probability value, yes, even on the possibility that an event can or cannot occur, is lacking. In those cases, a possible way and sometimes the only way to proceed is to revert to expert judgment. Even in case historical data is available, an expert can be asked whether and to what extent such data still hold in the current situation.Anyhow, expert elicitation comes with an uncertainty depending on the expert's reliability, which becomes very visible when two or more experts give different answers or even conflicting answers. This is not a new problem, and very bright minds have thought how to tackle this in a rational and objective way. But so far, however, the topic has not been given much attention in daily process safety and risk assessment practice. Therefore, this paper has a review and applied character and will present various approaches with detailed explanation and examples.     

Instruction of hazard analysis of methods for chemical process safety at the university level

Young practicing chemical engineers must be able to operate safely in an industrial setting. Therefore, chemical process safety education is essential for undergraduate chemical engineers and ABET (the University Accreditation Board) supports this initiative by requiring that university graduates understand the hazards associated with chemical processes. One way to understand the hazards associated with processes is to conduct a process hazard analysis. This analysis can be conducted in an experiential learning environment by collaborating with an industrial partner or by utilizing facilities on the university campus. In this environment students are able to see and interact with the processes under normal operating conditions. Utilizing industrial or research mentors allows students to receive formative feedback as they analyze the process. In addition, these process hazard analyses require students to practice “soft skills” such as teamwork, problem solving, and oral and written communication which are essential work place skills. This paper reviews teaching hazard analysis methods to chemical engineering students at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Covered are examples of how students are introduced to the checklist and bowtie analysis methods, and the conduction of a HAZOP. Examples of the different resources that can be utilized are described. Ultimately, from these experiences, students are more prepared to enter the chemical process industries with first-hand knowledge of how to conduct various hazard analyses before reaching their place of employment.     

突发事件应急演练的理论思辨与实践探索

针对目前国内应急演练实效性差的问题,从演练实质、演练分类、演练与预案和应急处置实践的一致性、演练评估以及演练系统性5个方面分析国内目前制约应急演练实效性的主要因素,然后通过一个桌面演练策划实施实例,为在国内目前应急管理体制框架下和现有工作基础上如何通过先期策划提高演练效果,提供一些可借鉴的思路。在理论和实例分析基础上,发现将示范性与检验性相结合、加强现场指挥部组建与运行科目演练等措施是目前提高各级各类政府应急演练效果的有效措施。     

基于层次话题模型的煤矿安全事故致因要素研究

为促进安全发展,强化煤矿安全管理的科技支撑,在事故致因理论基础上,利用文本挖掘中的话题模型和创新性构建的层次致因要素话题模型,对我国2000—2015年发生的386起重特大煤矿事故调查报告进行了深入地挖掘、分析和研究。发现事故致因隐含的规律及各类事故之间的关联与共性,并进一步研究发现不同致因要素随时间的演化规律及致灾倾向,为煤矿安全管理找出重点,指导煤矿安全生产管理实践。     

安全工程专业基础课翻转课堂探索应用与研究--以《燃烧学》的翻转课堂教学为例

为了培养本科生的实践能力、创新能力、团队合作等多项工程核心能力,探索性地将翻转课堂教学模式应用于安全工程专业基础课《燃烧学》教学中。结合问卷调查分析学生自主学习、沟通合作能力,教师信息技术素养、课堂管理能力,结果显示:自主学习能力强及参与度高的学生教学效果良好,期末考评中优秀率上升明显。微视频自主学习在翻转课堂课前学习中占重要地位,但并不是学生最习惯采用的自学方式;教师在课堂氛围、讨论质量及节奏把控方面还需针对性强化。     

存在多种化学有害物质作业场所危害性评价

作业场所同时存在多种化学有害物质的情形并不少见，如何对这类作业场所的危害性进行科学合理的综合评价是一个重要的课题。本文针对这类作业场所提出了一种简便可行的危害性评价方法，该方法以危害物质自身的危害特性如毒性、危害器官、吸收途径、致癌性和检测浓度为评价依据，较全面地反应了有害物质的危害性，对同时存在多种化学有害物质的作业场所的危害性评价与职业危害治理具有一定的现实意义。     

Age and contributing factors to unlicensed teen motorcycling

This study aims to examine the initial age when teenagers engage in unlicensed motorcycling in Taiwan and the factors contributing to their unlicensed behavior. Data were collected from the retrospective experience of a cohort of senior high school students and a Cox regression model was applied. The results indicated that an estimated 63.4% of the students had experienced riding before the legal age of 18 years. Contributing factors such as whether the students were in a vocational senior high school, male, and in households with higher motorcycle ownership rates led to an earlier riding age; in contrast, a higher degree of parental monitoring, fewer motorcycles in the household, living in Greater Taipei, and an increase in the bus density in the district delayed the ages of beginning motorcycling. The higher minimum licensing age of 18 in Taiwan has caused a debate about its effectiveness because of the high prevalence of unlicensed teenage riding. Measures such as parental monitoring, power- or speed-limited mopeds, training programs, and no duo-passengers should be carefully examined if a policy is to be made on lowering the age limit of motorcycling.     

Workplace violence intervention effectiveness: A systematic literature review

This is a systematic review of literature published since 1992, to determine the effectiveness of interventions in preventing workplace violence and to suggest interventions that need further evaluation research. The health care industry is the topic of 54% of the papers, the retail industry is the topic of 11% of the papers, and the remaining papers address the workplace in general or other situations. This finding drives the organization of this review: the first group of papers discussed in this review evaluates interventions to prevent workplace violence in the retail industry – mostly to prevent robbery and violence to retail workers. Singly or in combination, environmental designs in the retail industry, such as increased lighting to improve visibility and a limited cash-handling policy, can make workers safer, but more research is needed to overcome the barriers to implementation of environmental designs, especially in small businesses. The second group of papers in this review is about interventions to prevent violence to health care workers – mostly training and techniques of dealing with combative patients. Training health care workers to better cope with violent patients and to avoid injury is becoming standard practice, but research is needed to identify specific aspects of training and patient management programs that are most effective.     

‘Work’ or ‘leisure’? The protestant work ethic and participation in an employee fitness program

Is a company's in-house fitness center perceived as a place to engage in ‘leisure ’activities that are distinct from ‘work’, or as an extension of normal ‘work ’activities? This exploratory study examined the possibility that Protestant Work Ethic (PWE) beliefs might influence the frequency with which employees use their company's exercise programs and facilities. If exercise programs are regarded as ‘leisure’, then PWE endorsers would likely not participate, but the reverse might be true to the extent that such programs are seen as ‘work’. A short survey was completed by 335 employees of a large Canadian corporation which maintained an in-house fitness center that had been in operation for 16 months. The sample was almost evenly divided between users and non-users of the facilities. Results indicated that PWE endorsement was positively related both to the frequency with which respondents visited their company's fitness center, and to the perception that exercise provided work-related benefits, and these findings suggest that on-the-job fitness is regarded more as a component of ‘work ’than of ‘leisure’. ‘A corporate fitness program is the hottest perk since the executive washroom ’(Hoffman and Hobson, 1984, p. 110).     

电网应急演练方案编制规范化过程及评估方法研究

电网应急演练方案编制过程的不规范,对演练评估的不重视,严重影响应急演练的效果。根据电网应急演练工作实情,从演练目标的确定、演练的情景设计、演练过程设计、演练评估方案设计、演练方案文件的编写五个环节分析应急演练方案编制规范化过程的要点。以初始场景、主事件、详细事件三个层次设计演练情景,引进情景构建思想,采用“情景-任务-能力”路线开展演练评估,并以大面积停电事件为例进行示范应用,为电网应急演练方案编制规范化建设及评估提供思路。     

The importance of near miss reporting to further improve safety performance

Dealing with accidents implies that such events have in common the potential to affect people and the environment in a significant way. Therefore, all parties involved in industrial risk management processes, i.e. industry, regulatory authorities, public as well as scientific and technical institutions, are well aware of the importance of considering and analysing such type of events for the purposes of accident prevention. Also, the methods of Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) have large experience in numerically expressing the various degrees of risk related to accidents. On the other hand, the topic of including `near misses' (i.e. any event which could have escalated to an accident) in safety management systems with the aim to prevent major accidents and the occurrence of similar events in the future is relatively new. Although its importance has more and more been recognised in the last few years, it is not yet a commonly accepted fact that near miss reporting and investigation of near misses should be an integral part of a safety management system in industrial facilities. In the European Council's new `Seveso II Directive' 96/82/EC, there is—in addition to the mandatory requirements of major accident reporting—an explicit recommendation to report near misses to the Commission's Major Accident Reporting System (MARS) on a voluntary basis. In this paper, examples of current experience in the chemical industry with the collection and analysis of data on near misses are presented and discussed with regard to industry-wide conclusions. In addition to this more qualitative discussion, quantitative arguments are put forward regarding the impact of near misses on risk estimates derived from QRA.     

Investigation of oil vapor emission and its evaluation methods

In oil operations such as storage, loading, and unloading, there are many chances for oil vapor to be emitted from tanks, tankers or truck tanks into the air. Oil vapor emission (OVE), having serious harmful effects on people and the environment, is always an important research topic for scientists, engineers or managers engaged in the fields of oil production and transportation, fire prevention, and environmental protection. As the second greatest oil consuming country in the world, China has particular interests in investigating ways to better methods to realize and then control the OVE. In this paper, three evaluation methods for the OVE are introduced and summed up. In particular, a set of self-founded OVE’s appraisement methods, which work by theoretical deduced equations integrated with both a software PELES-2.0 and a simple correction method, was systematically investigated. This appraisement system can conveniently and accurately be applied to evaluate the OVE, and further it can also provide base references and/or guides for the law makers, enterprise managers and equipment developers in controlling OVEs.     

Dimensions,antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: a conceptual integration and extension

While the concept of workaholism has received a good deal of attention in the popular press, theoretical and empirical research have lagged behind. In part, the lack of a formal, agreed upon definition of the construct and its dimensions has hampered research on this topic. The purpose of this review is to offer a cohesive definition of workaholism, discuss its underlying dimensions, and identify its key antecedents and consequences. Measurement issues, directions for future research, and implications for management practice are discussed as well. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高校突发事件中密集学生群恐慌特征及风险研究

随着我国高等教育政策的调整,各个高校招收学生的数量明显增加.由于学校的教学设施和生活设施的改善速度不能满足目前学生增长的速度,在各个高等学校的教学大楼、实验大楼、公寓大楼和其他学习生活密集区域内都构成了密集学生群.如遇突发事件(爆炸、火灾、恐怖)需要紧急疏散时,学生极易互相拥挤,互相践踏跌倒,发生重大伤亡事故.本文对密集学生群、当代大学生心理特征状态(紧张、焦虑、忧郁、沮丧、愤怒、敌意、有力、好动、疲劳、惰性、困惑、迷茫、不安、恐慌等)以及行为特征状态(吸引、参与、倾向、凑兴、印象、效应、压力、逆反、好奇、兴趣、刺激、恐慌等)进行了分析,并对某高等学校教学大楼中密集学生群、密集时间、密集区域及恐慌特征进行了实际统计研究.在分析密集学生群风险的基础上,建立密集学生群风险模型,对某高校教学大楼密集学生群的风险进行了实例计算,提出了合理可行的对策措施,同时为各个高校制定突发事件(爆炸、火灾、恐怖)应急救援预案提供了科学依据.     

What can be learned from incidents in chemistry labs

Students of chemistry should achieve certain safety competencies. Among other things they should be able to learn from undesirable events that happen during their work. In order to facilitate this we decided to analyze, together with our students, the specific causes of a few undesirable events which have happened in our school laboratories. We applied an approach based on root cause analysis and on the classification of four levels of safety assurance. Our examples showed the effectiveness of this approach, leading us at once not only to the identification of errors committed by students, but to those of teachers as well. This enabled us to compile a set of recommendations for the possible prevention of such incidents. Above all, our analysis strongly reinforced the conviction that this approach – learning from actual incidents – is more than just a cause analysis technique. It is a pattern of behavior, a cultural pattern. A technique may be analyzed and taught, but the most effective way to pass on a behavioral pattern is to set an example. The best way to show students how to learn from their own errors is for teachers to demonstrate how they have learned from their own experiences. Work in chemistry labs provides ample opportunities for this.     

The impact of a large‐scale traumatic event on individual and organizational outcomes: exploring employee and company reactions to September 11, 2001

Much of the literature on stress and organizational outcomes has focused on organizational factors and has ignored extraorganizational stressors that lead to perceived stress. However, research in other fields and recent studies in management suggests that acute‐extraorganizational stressors, such as traumatic events, may have potentially negative and costly implications for organizations. This study tests a theoretical model of traumatic stress and considers the relationship between strain from an acute‐extraorganizational stressor, the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, and absenteeism. Using a sample of 108 MBA and MPA students, this study suggests that strain caused by an acute‐extraorganizational stressor can have important consequences for organizations. Namely, employees who report more strain from a traumatic life event are more likely to be absent from work in the weeks following the event. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Process analysis of an industrial waste-to-energy plant: Theory and experiments

Thermal conversion is fundamental in an integrated waste management system due to the capability of reducing mass and volume of waste and recovering energy content from unrecyclable materials. Indeed, power generation from industrial solid wastes (ISW) is a topic of great interest for its appeal in the field of renewable energy production as well as for an increasing public concern related to its emissions. This paper is based on the process engineering and optimization analysis, commissioned to the University Campus-Biomedico of Rome by the MIDA Tecnologie Ambientali S.r.l. enterprise, ended up in the construction of an ISW thermo-conversion plant in Crotone (Southern Italy), where it is nowadays operating. The scientific approach to the process analysis is founded on a novel cascade numerical simulation of each plant section and it has been used initially in the process design step and after to simulate the performances of the industrial plant. In this paper, the plant process scheme is described together with the values of main operating parameters monitored during the experimental test runs. The thermodynamic and kinetic basics of the mathematical model for the simulation of the energy recovery and flue gas treatment sections are presented. Moreover, the simulation results, together with the implemented parameters, are given and compared to the experimental data for 10 specific plant test runs. It was found that the model is capable to predict the process performances in the energy production as well as in the gas treatment sections with high accuracy by knowing a set of measurable input variables. In the paper fundamental plant variables have been considered such as steam temperature, steam flow rate, power generated as well as temperature, flow rate and composition of the resulting flue gas; therefore, the mathematical model can be simply implemented as a reliable and efficient tool for management optimization of this kind of plants.     

突发生产事故应急演练设计

针对当前突发事件应急演练存在的策划方面尚无统一标准、组织实施缺失执行规范等问题,在综合考察国内外演练设计相关成果基础上,从应急处置实际出发提出以突发事件情景构建、“责任人—资源—措施—事故应对”匹配、演练其他相关问题为要点的突发生产事故应急演练准备模式,并借助石化企业二甲苯泄漏模拟处置实例建立了以桌面推演、模拟测试及过程评估为核心的突发生产事故应急演练实施方法。廓清了突发生产事故应急演练的思路、方法和步骤,对企业组织开展应急演练和有效处置突发事件具有重要借鉴价值。