维生素C对除草剂诱发泥鳅红细胞微核率的影响

应用泥鳅外周血红细胞微核试验，研究了维生素Ｃ对３种除草剂诱发泥鳅遗传物质损伤的影响。结果表明，维生素Ｃ和除草剂共同作用时，均能显著降低除草剂诱发的外周血红细胞微核率，说明维生素Ｃ可以抑制除草剂对鱼类的遗传毒性作用。因此，在鱼饲料中添加适量的维生素Ｃ对鱼类具有保护作用。     

长江南京段水体中有机污染物的遗传毒性研究

运用人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验和蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验对长江南京段水体中有机污染物的遗传毒性进行了研究. 结果表明:长江南京段水体中的有机污染物对人外周血淋巴细胞和蚕豆根尖细胞均产生了不同程度的损伤,存在明显的遗传毒性,有机物是导致水体遗传毒性的主要因素. 试验结果与水体的有机污染状况基本一致. 彗星试验结果及趋势与微核试验相吻合,但前者更为敏感. 彗星试验和微核试验的结合使用在水环境的遗传毒性监测方面具有较大的应用价值.      

鱼外周血红细胞微核技术监测滆湖水质研究

应用鱼类外周血红细胞微核技术对滆湖水质进行监测,测定五个点位水样的鱼类外周血红细胞微核千分率(MCN‰),并进行统计分析。结果表明,5个采样点中有4个采样点的微核千分率达到0.20‰左右,与实验室阴性对照的检测结果相比有极显著性差异(P0.01),表明滆湖4个点位的水质受到污染。     

环境医学

究,证实污水的蚕豆根尖细胞徽核率明显高于燕馏水组(P<0.01)。污水鱼外周血红细胞微核出现率较高(0 .2%。~。.9%。)。说明污水中含有细胞遗传毒物质。提示灌概用污水要经过一定的处理过程,以减少和杜绝细胞遗传毒物质进人人群食物链.表4参10X18 9501431煤矿工人职业性噪声聋的流行病学研究/邢娟娟(煤炭工业部职业医学研究所)//工业卫生与职业病/鞍钢劳动卫生研究所一1994,2。(5)一289~293环信R一19 对5个煤矿的噪声危害进行了劳动卫生学调查,又对1502名接触噪声矿工做了健康检查,并做了流行病学分析。观察组听力损害的总检出率为48.2%,是…     

蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术测试石油化工废水的生物毒性

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测石油化工废水遗传毒性,并利用污染指数进行毒性等级的划分,各排口废水均有不同程度的遗传毒性效应.评价其废水的处理效果,经F检验结果表明,处理前后MCN‰有显著性差异.     

创新环境执法:以生物监控敏感项目排水毒性

编者按 江苏省某敏感化工项目曾因超标排污引发跨地区厂群纠纷被责令停产整改.省环保厅创新执法思路,采用生物监测塘强化管理与监督,探索用鱼作为检测评价废水毒性的指示生物,结果表明该项目整改后排水的毒性很低,证实了用生物监测塘强化环境执法的科学性和有效性.该措施可推广应用于全国类似情况,强化对敏感污染源排放的监督和对饮用水源地安全的监控.本文总结了江苏省应用生物监测强化环境执法的具体做法,以供各相关单位借鉴.     

利用鱼外周血红细胞微核技术监测长江江苏段水质污染

应用鱼类外周血红细胞微核技术对长江江苏段水质进行监测,测定江苏7个点位水中的鱼类外周血微核千分率(MCN‰),并进行统计分析.结果表明,7个采样点中有2个采样点的微核千分率达到0.20‰左右,与实验室阴性对照的检测结果相比有极显著性差异(P＜0.01),表明这2个点位的水质受到污染.     

蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术测试石油化工废水的生物毒性

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测石油化工废水遗传毒性，并利用污染指数进行毒性等级的划分，各排口废水均有不同程度的遗传毒性效应。评价其废水的处理效果，经F检验结果表明，处理前后MCN‰有显著性差异。     

论机械制造项目竣工环境保护验收监测

按照竣工环境保护验收监测工作流程,分别从收集技术资料、现场勘察、编制验收监测方案、现场监测和编制验收监测报告等方面分析了机械制造项目竣工环境保护验收监测应重点关注的问题。本文指出,机械制造项目竣工环境保护验收监测应重点关注问题包括:第一,收集技术资料阶段,建设项目的基本信息应以项目建成后的实际情况为准;第二,现场勘察阶段,应按照项目环评以及环评批复要求,分别从废气、废水、固废、噪声等方面进行现场检查。对于机械制造项目,重点关注焊接烟尘、打磨粉尘、油漆废气等废气处理设施,以及危险废物处置情况;第三,编制验收监测方案阶段,应注意合理确定验收监测内容和评价标准;第四,现场监测阶段,应特别注意企业生产负荷情况,对于机械制造项目可以考虑通过产品产量来考察;第五,编制验收监测报告阶段,应确保验收监测结果及分析充分反映验收监测期间环境管理检查和现场监测的实际情况。     

盐城市大气污染物致突变性的研究

用蚕豆叶尖细胞、小鼠骨髓细胞及人淋巴细胞微核试验法监测盐城市大气污染物的致突变活性,结果显示,工业区、商业区、生活区大气存在不同程度的污染(大气污染指数或人受累指数均高于1.5),其中工业区污染最严重,最高污染指数为4.48(小鼠微核试验),而教学区无污染(大气污染指数或人受累指数低于1.5)。此外,研究中还发现,大气污染物诱发的人淋巴细胞与蚕豆叶尖细胞及小鼠骨髓细胞的微核效应之间均有良好的正相关性(P<0.005),并且微核试验用于监测大气污染物的致突变活性比化学监测法更灵敏、更加可行。      

利用紫露草微核效应检测工业废水技术的研究

利用紫露草微核技术检测废水微核效应,往往会遇到因废水pH值过高、过低,或由于废水成分复杂、毒性大,难以进行微核检测。为此,作者研究了有关的技术,取得了理想的结果。研究结果表明,调节废水pH值会使废水中金属离子价态发生改变而改变其化学形态,所以在进行微核检测时,以不调pH值的原状态废水为最好。废水在一定剂量范围内对紫露草微核具有诱变作用,所以处理剂量要视废水的毒性、pH值的不同而不同。最好在检测前作好预实验,找出处理紫露草花序的适宜剂量;同时还要以四分体中不出现死细胞为宜。     

彗星试验的改良及其在工业废水监测中的应用

为了探讨彗星试验在工业废水监测中的应用,本文将常规的细胞暴露方式改良为浸泡染毒,既提高了实验的敏感性,又使得该试验直接用于监测工业废水的遗传毒性成为可能．作者用改良彗星试验直接检测了几种工业废水所引起的V79细胞DNA损伤．结果表明,所测的各种工业废水均含有DNA损伤剂,能够诱发培养的V79细胞DNA链断裂,其中以制革厂废水的DNA损伤作用最强．本研究显示出改良彗星试验在综合评价各种废水遗传毒性方面的广阔应用前景．     

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of urban surface waters using freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 and Vicia faba root tip

The freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 test and the Vicia faba root tip test associated with solid-phase extraction were applied for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of organic substances in three rivers, two lakes and effluent flows from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Xi'an, China. Although the most seriously polluted river with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) showed high cytotoxicity (expressed as TII₅₀, the toxicity impact index) and genotoxicity (expressed as RMCN, the relative frequency of micronucleus), no correlative relation was found between the ecotoxicity and organic content of the water samples. However, there was a linear correlative relation between TII₅₀ and RMCN for most water samples except that from the Zaohe River, which receives discharge from WWTP and untreated industrial wastewaters. The ecotoxicity of the organic toxicants in the Chanhe River and Zaohe River indicated that cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were related to the pollutant source. The TII₅₀ and RMCN were also found to correlate roughly to the dissolved oxygen concentration of the water. Sufficient dissolved oxygen in surface water is thus proved to be an indicator of a healthy water environmental condition.     

遗传毒性检测技术在海洋环境监测中的应用

介绍了几种常用的遗传毒性检测技术,即Ames试验、微核试验和彗星试验等;概述了国内外在海洋环境的遗传毒性检测领域所取得的成果及研究进展;通过与常规化学监测做比较,阐明遗传毒性检测在海洋环境监测中的重要性;最后探讨了开展海洋环境遗传毒性检测可能存在的问题,为把遗传毒性检测技术应用于我国海洋环境监测提供思路。     

Coking wastewater increases micronucleus frequency in mouse in vivo via oxidative stress

Coking wastewater has caused serious health risk in coal-producing areas of China, however its toxic effects have not been well understood. The genotoxicity induced by coking wastewater on mice in vivo and its possible oxidative mechanisms were investigated via observing the induction of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of mouse bone marrow, and subsequently determining the antioxidative enzyme activities （superoxide dismutase Cu, Zn-SOD, Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase, and catalase）, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance contents and protein carbonyl levels in brains and livers of mice. Results showed that the tested coking wastewater caused a significant increase of micronucleus frequencies in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, the sample increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation levels, which was accompanied by changes in antioxidative status. Interestingly, pre-treatment with an antioxidant （vitamin C） led to a statistical reduction in the micronucleus frequency caused by coking wastewater. This implies that coking wastewater induces evident genetic damage in mammalian cells, and exposure to polluted areas might pose a potential genotoxic risk to human beings; in the process, oxidative stress played a crucial role.     

室内空气高浓度苯系物的蚕豆根尖遗传毒性研究

蚕豆根尖微核(micronucleus,MCN)检测技术是一项检测水环境致突性因素的成熟技术,该研究采用敏感的松滋青皮蚕豆为材料,在密闭容器中模拟室内空气的高浓度苯系物污染,对蚕豆根尖进行染毒,然后用显微镜观察蚕豆根尖细胞中的微核.通过对实验结果进行污染指数(PI)和t检验分析表明:在所有实验浓度下,苯、甲苯和二甲苯都对蚕豆根尖细胞产生了遗传毒害效应;对受试物质量浓度和微核率进行一元线性回归分析后得到线性方程,表明二者间存在线性关系.该实验结果还表明,利用蚕豆根尖微核检测技术检测室内空气中较高浓度的苯系物污染是完全可行的.      

二氧化氯消毒前后污水毒性的变化及消毒条件的影响

采用发光细菌试验和umu试验,分别考察了二氧化氯投加量和反应时间对污水二氧化氯消毒后急性毒性和遗传毒性变化的影响.结果表明,随着二氧化氯消毒剂投加量的增加,消毒后水样的急性毒性不断增大,但遗传毒性逐渐减小后趋于稳定.随着反应时间的延长,二氧化氯的消耗量不断增大,消毒后水样的急性毒性先增大后减小,遗传毒性逐渐减小后趋于稳定.由于消毒条件对污水急性毒性和遗传毒性有着不同的影响,说明污水中产生急性毒性和产生遗传毒性的物质不同,对于某一种污水,通过控制消毒条件可以使消毒后污水的急性毒性和遗传毒性都较低.     

Characterisation of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress posed by textile effluent on zebrafish

Textile industries are important sources of toxic discharges and contribute enormously to water deterioration, while little attention has been paid to the toxicity of textile effluents in discharge regulation. Bioassays with zebrafish were employed to evaluate the toxicity of wastewater samples collected from different stages at a textile factory and sewage treatment plants (STPs). Physico-chemical parameters, acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed. The wastewater samples from bleaching, rinsing and soaping of the textile factory exhibited high acute toxicity and genotoxicity. The coexisting components of dye compounds, as assistants and oxidants, seemed to cause some effect on the toxic response. After treatment employing the anoxic-oxic (A/O) process in STPs, the color and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were reduced by 40% and 84%, respectively, falling within the criteria of the Chinese Sewage Discharge Standard. In contrast, increases in acute toxicity and genotoxicity were observed in the anaerobic tank, indicating the formation of toxic intermediates. The genotoxicity of the effluent of the STP was not significantly different from that of the influent, suggesting the wastewater treatment processes were not effective in removing the genotoxicity of the dye wastewater. Results indicated that the effluent contains pro-oxidants since the activities of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC) were all elevated. In addition, decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) activities observed can be interpreted as a cytotoxicity sign due to an over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of the present study suggest that the STPs were not capable of reducing the toxicity of wastewater sufficiently. Further treatment is needed to remove the potential risks posed by textile effluent to ecosystems and human health, and employing a toxicity index is necessary for discharge regulation.     

浅析环评中重金属第一类污染物源强计算——以电镀企业为例

以电镀企业为例,解读相关标准、规范要求,剖析当前环评工作中重金属第一类污染物排放源强计算存在的问题并探索解决方案。研究发现,由于废水分质分类处理,环评中第一类污染物源强分析节点出现了困难,同时验收监测又常以总排口为节点,导致监测排放量大于环评预测的允许排放量。分析认为,除了有更严格的地方法规,第一类污染物排放源强应以车间或生产设施排放口为监控节点,为克服车间排放口监控位置选取的困难,环评中可根据物料衡算法推算更严格的排放标准,在总排1：7实施实际监控。环评和验收监测的相关计算方法要实现统一,以便环境管理。