辽阳化纤地区大气容量规划的研究

利用辽阳化纤地区的各污染源的排放资料,对这一地区进行了SO2、NOx、非甲烷烃与苯等大气污染物大气容量的规划,建立了相关的模型,并给出了建设性的意见.结果表明:从大气环境质量方面,根据现有的资料,辽化地区除NOx外,其余污染物,大气还存在一定的容量     

长江三角洲地区人为源大气污染物排放特征研究

在收集整理长江三角洲地区（简称＂长三角＂）各城市人为大气污染源资料的基础上,采用以＂自下而上＂为主的方法建立了2007年长三角地区人为源大气污染物排放清单.清单结果显示,2007年长三角地区的SO2、NOx、CO、PM10、PM2.5、VOCs和NH3等大气污染物排放总量分别达到2391.8、2292.9、6697.1...     

基于修正A值法的西安市大气环境容量与剩余容量估算

以箱模型为基本模型,利用陕西省气象台1961—2008年的气象资料,推导出了大气环境容量宏观总量控制修正A值法,并基于修正A值法估算了西安市各区县大气环境容量,新的国家剩余容量。结果表明:西安市除临潼区A值大于国标A值外,其余各区县A值小于国标A值;在新的国家《空气质量标准》的要求下,西安市SO2、NOx、PM10的环境容量值分别为9.552×104 t/a、6.652×104 t/a、9.546×104 t/a;根据全国第一次污染源普查2010年数据库,计算了西安市各区县SO2和NOx理想容量与中低架源排放量的差值及西安市大气中SO2和NOx的剩余容量,碑林区和莲湖区应注意改善中、低架源SO2的排放;新城区、碑林区、莲湖区、雁塔区、阎良区和高陵县应注意改善中、低架源NOx的排放;西安市SO2和NOx没有剩余容量,总体排放量超过环境容量的值分别为2.279×104 t/a和2.336×104 t/a,因此应对SO2和NOx的排放进行总量控制。该研究可为西安市大气污染物排放的总量控制提供科学依据。     

燃气与燃煤电厂主要污染物排放估算分析

SO2、NOx和CO2是燃气和燃煤电厂排放的主要大气污染物,以三种污染物排放估算方法为基础,比较了几种机组容量下,燃气机组和燃煤机组污染物的排放量。结果表明:燃气电厂因其在环境保护方面的显著优越性,是解决电站环境污染的重要出路。     

茂名市SO2大气环境容量研究

利用高斯扩散模式和单纯形法求解容量，用线性规划模型计算出茂名市不同环境目标值下的大气环境容量值。该研究成果为制定茂名市大气污染物排放标准和从目标总量控制向容量总量控制转变提供了依据。     

基于AERMOD模型的乌鲁木齐机动车排放大气污染物的数值模拟

以乌鲁木齐市主城区为例,将区域机动车排放清单数据作为排放源数据,利用AERMOD模型对乌鲁木齐市主城区域机动车排放的主要大气污染物质量浓度分布情况进行了数值模拟,并探讨了机动车排放的大气污染物对乌鲁木齐市城市空气质量的影响。结果表明:由机动车排放引起的乌鲁木齐市主城区域大气污染物CO、HC、NOx和PM10的质量浓度分布均表现为新市区和米东区高于其他几个区域,最大影响浓度点出现在新市区河南路北侧和米东区,为机动车所排放的大气污染物影响最为显著的区域;模拟得到的各大气污染物年均质量浓度在网格点最高值均低于相关标准浓度限值;显著影响区域范围内,NOx模拟预测浓度占区域环境空气质量浓度的44.12%,是区域环境空气中NOx的较为重要排放源,而可吸入颗粒物(PM10)仅占0.5%,说明机动车颗粒物排放不是乌鲁木齐城市空气中可吸入颗粒物的主要排放源。     

抚顺市大气环境质量状况分析和建议

为改善抚顺市大气环境质量，市政府已相继出台了多项措施，以实现尽早达到国家标准的目标。针对二氧化硫(SO2)、颗粒物、氮氧化物(NOx)等主要污染物污染状况，在分析的基础上提出了产生光化学烟雾是个值得注意的问题。     

中美欧燃煤电厂大气污染物排放标准的比较

科学制定污染物排放标准是治理环境污染问题的重要措施之一,欧美等发达国家分别制定了适合本国国情的污染物排放标准,并进行了多次修订。为借鉴欧美等发达国家在电力行业污染物控制的成功经验和科学制定我国火电大气污染物排放标准,对比分析了中美欧等国家燃煤电厂大气污染物SO2,NOx和颗粒物排放控制历程,当前中美欧现行燃煤电厂排放标准和控制技术水平及我国火电污染物控制现状,提出了科学制定我国燃煤电厂大气污染物排放标准的建议。     

湛江市大气环境承载度与安全研究

研究以SO2、NOx 、PM10为承载对象,通过湛江市大气环境承载度计算和情景分析,结果表明:(1)湛江市2007年现状大气环境容量负荷较小,其中大气环境各构成要素承载度由高到低分别为NOx(0.55)＞SO2(0.43)＞ PM10 (0.21);(2)未来湛江大气污染物将呈大幅度增加趋势.远期高方案和中方案情景下NOx分别超载16 057 t/a和12 621 t/a,说明NOx将成为最主要的大气制约指标;(3)建议旨在提高湛江市大气环境承载力的工作方案中,要重点考虑如何降低NOx的排放量.     

从环境影响角度分析水泥窑除尘器选型的合理性

从水泥窑大气污染物对环境影响的角度，分析了新型干法水泥回转窑窑尾和窑头除尘器选型的合理性，包括投资、运行成本、对污染物治理和工况的适应性、操作和维修性能、可靠性、稳定性、除尘效率以及非正常排放、污染物排放量、大气环境容量、环境质量标准、气候条件等对环境的影响程度。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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