多点突变提高DhaA对芥子气的活性和热稳定性

为提高烷基卤脱卤酶Dha A对芥子气的活性和热稳定性,采用Autodock软件计算Dha A突变前后与芥子气的结合情况,利用重叠延伸PCR和DNA无缝拼接结合的方法,改变Dha A活性空腔进出口通道的大小,构建包含5个位点的Dha A突变体(Ile135Phe+Cys176Tyr+Val245Phe+Leu246Ile+Tyr273Phe);将Dha A及其突变体构建在p ET-28a载体上后,在Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中进行表达,比较纯化后的野生型与突变体在酶学性质方面的变化情况.Autodock分子对接结果显示,突变后的Dha A与芥子气的结合能、结合效率和抑制常数均小于野生酶,突变体对芥子气的比活性提高了1.4倍,对10 mg/m L芥子气的降解率提高了近20%.热稳定性实验发现,Dha A突变体在50℃水浴1 h后残余酶活为76%,比野生型Dha A提高了19%.Dha A突变体的Tm值为56℃,比野生型Dha A提高了6℃.综上表明改变Dha A活性空腔内的进出口通道可以提高Dha A的热稳定性和对芥子气的催化活性.     

提高天冬氨酸β-脱羧酶在酸性环境中催化活力的分子改造

克隆了德阿昆哈假单胞菌(Pseudomonas dacunhae)来源的L-天冬氨酸β-脱羧酶基因(Asd),实现其在Escherichiacoli中的异源表达,但该酶在酸性环境中活性较低,不利于工业生产.为通过定点突变技术提高该酶在酸性环境中的活力,选择底物通道区域内的5个氨基酸残基作为突变位点,构建6个突变体,随后分析突变体的酶学特性.结果表明,相比于野生型Asd,大多数突变体的比酶活显著下降,只有突变体N34D比酶活(71.67 U/mg)比野生型(65.95 U/mg)略高;另外,突变体N34D在3.5 pH 5.5酸性环境中的酶活力与野生型Asd相比均得到了提高,其中pH5.0条件下突变体N34D相对酶活达到82%,而野生型Asd相对酶活只有50%左右;而在pH 5.5-8.5范围内突变体N34D的酶活力与野生型相当.最后将突变体N34D应用于催化合成L-丙氨酸,在最适催化条件(pH 5.5)下,突变体N34D催化合成L-丙氨酸的产量是野生型Asd的1.5倍.本研究通过对德阿昆哈假单胞菌来源的N34位点进行突变,成功提高了天冬氨酸β-脱羧酶在酸性环境中的酶活力,并提高了其合成L-丙氨酸的能力,这对酶法生产L-丙氨酸具有重要的指导意义.     

扩展细胞色素P4502A6对大位阻底物的适应性

细胞色素P450酶(P450)的分子改造及其催化的生物转化是当前的两个研究热点.本研究以扩展P450 2A6的底物适应性为目标,通过尝试对P450 2A6酶进行N-端修饰提高表达量、筛选随机突变库以及点突变改变活性位点重要氨基酸残基等手段,在两个随机突变体中未筛选到功能突变体,但通过点突变重要氨基酸残基获得了新的突变体P450 2A6 (N297Q/I300A).该突变体具有比野生型和已报道的其它突变体更广泛的底物适应性,能够催化氧化大位阻底物6-苄氧基吲哚(6-OBzl-indole)生成蓝绿色物质.该物质经质谱测定为靛蓝类二聚体化合物.实验表明,其中两个氨基酸残基的变化都是关键突变,此结果与最新的P450 2A6突变体晶体结构研究相符.计算机模拟显示,I300A突变导致活性口袋在铁卟啉环的垂直和水平方向都增大,使其能接纳在两个方向都有位阻的底物;而297位的天冬酰胺是一个功能保守的残基,N297Q的变化可能与氢键等弱作用有关.图4表1参29     

费氏中华根瘤菌15142的cysDN基因克隆及其相关功能

为确定cysDN操纵子的功能及对根瘤菌结瘤的影响,通过三亲本接合,将质粒转座子pTnMod-RKm′随机插入费氏中华根瘤菌15142中,建成随机插入突变体库,随后通过含有不同硫源的MM培养基的筛选得到一株不能利用硫酸盐但能够利用半胱氨酸的突变体.进一步克隆和测序分析后发现该操纵子与已报道的Sinorhizobium sp.strain BR816的cysDN在核苷酸水平上有92%的相似性,在氨基酸水平上有96%的相似性.用自杀质粒pK18mob分别构建含有cysD部分片段和cysN部分片段的重组质粒,通过三亲本接合导入出发菌株15142中,经过同源单交换,分别获得cysD的pK18mob正反向插入突变株cysDF/15142以及cysDR/15142和cysN的pK18mob正反向插入突变株cysNF/15142与cysNR/15142.用广谱宿主质粒pLAFRJ载体连接完整操纵子cysDN构建互补质粒cysDN+pLAFRJ,将该质粒通过三亲本接合导入突变株中,获得互补菌株.用不同硫源的液体MM培养基培养,发现互补菌株能够补回突变菌株不能利用硫酸盐作为唯一硫源的缺陷,说明cysDN操纵子确实与硫酸盐同化途径有关;植株试验表明突变株比出发菌株推迟结瘤1~2 d,固氮酶活也比出发菌株稍低;竞争结瘤试验表明突变菌株占瘤率较差,但在平均瘤数、平均瘤重、平均植株干重上则无差异.     

重组植酸酶appAM8的异源表达与性质比较

为比较在不同宿主中表达的大肠杆菌植酸酶突变体app AM8的性质,将app AM8基因分别在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)和毕赤酵母GS115中进行表达,对纯化后的植酸酶进行酶学性质分析与比较.结果显示:(1)在大肠杆菌中表达的app AM8(E-app AM8)和酵母中表达的app AM8(P-app AM8)的最适p H值均为4.5,最适反应温度均为65℃,与野生型的app A的最适p H无明显区别,比app A的最适温度高了5℃;(2)经SDS-PAGE检测,E-app AM8分子量(Mr)大小为47×103,而P-app AM8为53×103左右,由于在酵母中的糖基化修饰电泳显示为两条带;(3)在60-80℃之间,E-app AM8的热稳定性性明显下降,而且在70℃处理15 min后,E-app AM8残余活性仅为4%,而P-app AM8仍保留50%的残余活性,表明酵母表达的植酸酶经过糖基化修饰后提高了酶的热稳定性.(4)E-app AM8的Km=0.245 mmol/L,Vmax=3196 U/mg,P-app AM8的Km=0.36 mmol/L,Vmax=3333 U/mg.本研究表明,糖基化修饰对植酸酶app AM8的热稳定性起着重要作用,8个位点的突变对该植酸酶的稳定性也起到了一定作用.     

费氏中华根瘤菌HN01的putA基因克隆

从快生型大豆根瘤菌费氏中华根瘤菌HN01的基因组文库中克隆到一个putA(脯氨酸脱氢酶)基因,该基因与已报道的苜蓿中华根瘤菌1021中putA基因在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上分别有82%和86%相似性.利用自杀性质粒pK18mob构建含有putA基因部分片段的重组质粒,通过三亲本结合导入出发菌株HN01中,获得正向插入的极性突变体GXHNPA和反向插入非极性突变体GXHNPB.将putA基因完整的ORF连接到广宿主载体pLAFRJ上,获得用于互补的质粒pGXHN37,通过三亲接合,将pLAFRJ导入GXHNPA和GXHNPB获得互补菌株GXHNPHA和GXHNPHB.对出发菌株、突变菌株、互补菌株进一步的研究发现,以脯氨酸为唯一C、N源的MM培养基中培养时,突变体均不能生长,互补菌株和野生型HN01没有差异,而在完全培养基YMB中培养时,突变菌株生长不受影响.植株实验发现,突变体均能有效结瘤,但是固氮酶活与出发菌株相比有所下降,结瘤时间延迟1d,竞争结瘤能力下降,而互补菌株与野生型HN01没有明显的差异.     

拟南芥体内水杨酸对砷积累的影响

采用拟南芥野生型和水杨酸合成缺失突变体sid2,对砷的积累进行了实验研究.发现两种拟南芥地上部对砷的积累都随着砷暴露浓度的提高和暴露时间的延长而增加,但突变体sid2体内的水杨酸含量低于野生型,其体内积累的砷浓度明显低于野生型;并且野生型体内水杨酸含量与砷浓度存在显著的线型关系（R2=0.76）.可能是由于水杨酸参与了...     

费氏中华根瘤菌lrp基因的克隆、突变与功能

通过分子克隆技术,从费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii)HN01基因组文库中克降到一个lrp基因.该基因与已报道的苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)1021的lrp基因在核苷酸水平上有89%相似性,在氨基酸水平上有99%相似性.利用自杀质粒pK18mob构建含有lrp基因部分片段的重组质粒,通过三亲本结合后导入原始菌株HN01中,经过同源单交换,获得发生正向插入突变的突变株GXHNLTA和反向插入突变的突变株GXHNLTB.将lrp基因ORF连接到载体pLAFR3上,获得用于互补的质粒pGXHNL100,将该质粒通过三亲本接合导入突变株中,获得互补株GXHNWA、GXHNWB.对野生型菌株、突变株、互补株进一步研究发现,在以脯氨酸、亮氨酸、丝氨酸等氨基酸为唯一碳、氮源的MM培养基中培养时,突变体GXHNLTA、GXHNLTB的生长均滞后于出发菌株HN01.植株试验表明,突变菌株GXHNLTA、GXHNLB比野生菌株HN01开始结瘤的时间提前1 d,在结瘤效率、单株瘤数、瘤重、固氮酶活性方面并无显著差别.     

短小芽孢杆菌碱性蛋白酶基因的随机突变

碱性蛋白酶(DHAP)属于丝氨酸蛋白酶家族(S8A),是由275个氨基酸残基组成的单链多肽,没有二硫键,以Asp32、His64、Ser221作为活性中心.采用易错PCR方法,对短小芽孢杆菌碱性蛋白酶基因(GenBank登录号:AY458140)进行随机突变.在大肠杆菌中建立随机突变文库,然后转化枯草芽孢杆菌WB600,构建枯草芽孢杆菌突变文库,筛选出酶活性提高或最适反应温度和pH值有所降低的突变体.通过3轮的随机突变和筛选,获得2个阳性突变体pP43AP-M166和pP43AP-M375.其中pP43AP-M166在不同的温度和pH条件下,与出发菌株相比,酶活都有不同程度提高,特别是当反应温度为50℃、pH为10时,突变蛋白酶酶活性提高1.23倍,表现出很好的热稳定性.测序结果表明,该突变体含有一个氨基酸置换,位于碱性蛋白酶催化三联体活性中心His64旁,与其只有一个氨基酸残基相隔.     

盐胁迫下外源硅对硅突变体与野生型水稻种子萌发的影响(Effects of Silicon on the Germination of Si Mutant Rice and Wild Rice Seeds under Salt Stress)

为深入了解盐胁迫下外源硅(Si)对水稻种子萌发的作用,采用溶液培养法研究了外源Si对盐胁迫下野生型和硅突变体水稻(不能正常吸收Si)种子萌发各指标的影响.结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的提高(0～150mmol·L-1),两种水稻的芽长、发芽势、发芽率均不断降低.在150mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,野生型和硅突变体水稻的芽长分别为0.33cm和0.55cm,仅为对照的8.0%和11.1%;发芽率仅为对照的29.7%和53.7%;发芽势则分别降低至0%和2%.外源Si可以提高盐胁迫下两种水稻的发芽指标,且对硅突变体水稻的影响显著大于野生型水稻.2mmol·L-1Si浸种+2mmol·L-1Si处理可使野生型水稻芽长、芽重和发芽率分别比对照增加127.27%、169.23%和55.17%,发芽势则由对照时的0%提高至23.33%;硅突变体水稻芽长、芽重和发芽率分别比对照增加307.27%、285.71%和80.29%,发芽势则由对照时的2%提高至82.22%.     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.