PM10切割器捕集效率评价装置及方法研究

PM₁₀切割器是对大气颗粒物粒径进行分离的重要部件,会影响PM₁₀监测结果的准确性.本研究通过搭建基于静态箱法的切割器捕集效率评价系统,对进口和国产的两款旋风式PM₁₀切割器的捕集效率进行了评价,通过使用标准规定的8种粒径单分散聚苯乙烯微球,测量并拟合了PM₁₀切割器的捕集效率曲线,最终获取D_a50（PM₁₀切割器的捕集效率为50%时对应的空气动力学粒径）及几何标准偏差.评价结果表明,该装置能满足PM₁₀切割器的评价需求,所评价的两个PM₁₀切割器的D_a50分别为10.43 μm和10.44 μm,性能指标均符合标准规定,且进气流量增大时,PM₁₀切割器的D_a50呈减小趋势.该研究结果对于进一步规范切割器的制造及使用具有科学意义.     

PM1切割器的评价及其与PM2.5切割器的切换研究

开展了PM₁切割器的性能评价研究,通过搭建基于静态箱法的评价系统,选用8种粒径的单分散聚苯乙烯微球,结合空气动力学粒径谱仪获取PM₁切割器的捕集效率,最终得出拟合曲线.通过该方法测量得出某台BGI的PM₁切割器在16.67 L·min^-1工作流量下的50%切割粒径分布在(1.0±0.1) μm范围内,几何标准偏差分布在1.2±0.1范围内.同时研究了采样流量对PM₁切割器性能的影响,发现50%切割粒径随流量增大呈现减小趋势,而几何标准偏差一致性较好,偏差不超过1%,尤其当采样流量为6.77 L·min^-1时,PM₁切割器的性能可调整为符合国家标准对PM_2.5切割器的要求,本研究成果为PM₁切割器评价方法及性能指标的确定提供了参考.     

针对工作流量为2 L·min-1的切割器的捕集效率评价研究

为了评价市面上不同工作流量的切割器,本研究搭建了一套基于静态箱法的切割器捕集效率评价系统,可调节切割器的采样流量,结合空气动力学粒径谱仪对不同工作流量的切割器进行捕集效率测量.通过使用8种粒径的单分散聚苯乙烯微球,对多个品牌的工作流量为2、3及16.67 L·min^-1的PM₁、PM_2.5及PM₁₀切割器进行了评价,得到其捕集效率为50%时的空气动力学粒径分别为1.12、2.52和10.39 μm（品牌一）;2.69和10.41 μm（品牌二）;2.56、10.43 μm（型号Dust trak）;1.04、2.51 μm（型号VSCC）.本研究对于评价不同流量、不同原理的切割器的性能、提高颗粒物监测结果的准确性具有一定的科学意义.     

基于AOD数据与GWR模型的2016年新疆地区PM2.5和PM10时空分布特征

PM_2.5与PM₁₀的时空分布特征及其相关性是大气颗粒物研究的主要内容,传统方法是基于监测站点数据进行分析,难以揭示PM_2.5与PM₁₀时空分布的区域特征.为此,本文利用地理加权回归模型估算了2016年新疆地区PM_2.5与PM₁₀的月均浓度,在此基础上对区域尺度的PM_2.5与PM₁₀浓度特征进行分析.结果表明：地理加权回归相较最小二乘回归的拟合精度更高,PM_2.5和PM₁₀的决定系数分别为0.93和0.96,且误差较小;PM_2.5和PM₁₀年均浓度分别为70.88 μg·m^-3和194.53 μg·m^-3,说明大气颗粒物污染严重,且空间分布呈西南高、东北低的特征;PM_2.5和PM₁₀季节浓度均为春季最高,夏季最低;PM_2.5月均浓度2月最高,9月最低,PM₁₀月均浓度3月最高,8月最低;PM_2.5与PM₁₀年均浓度的相关系数r为0.95,相关性较高;PM_2.5/PM₁₀冬季最高为51%,其余季节小于50%,说明冬季PM_2.5对大气颗粒物污染贡献率较高,其余季节则以可吸入颗粒物中的粗颗粒贡献为主.     

道路扬尘中PM2.5粒度乘数的测定方法及特征

粒度乘数是表征道路扬尘中颗粒物粒径分布特征和计算道路扬尘排放量的重要参数.为实现粒度乘数本地化,采用AP-42法和TRAKER法于2019年3月对保定市城区不同类型的道路进行采样和走航监测,利用校正公式计算得到道路扬尘PM_2.5粒度乘数（K_2.5）,对比了两种方法测定的K_2.5结果,分析了保定市道路扬尘粒度乘数特征.结果表明：①基于AP-42法和TRAKER法获取的保定市道路积尘的K_2.5平均值分别为0.21 g·VKT^-1和0.23 g·VKT^-1.两种方法获得的道路积尘K_2.5具有较高的线性相关性,相关系数约为0.6.分别利用两种方法获得的K_2.5计算道路扬尘PM_2.5排放因子值差异较小.说明利用基于激光传感器的TRAKER法能够满足测量并计算道路扬尘K_2.5的要求.②保定市不同类型道路积尘K_2.5特征按其值大小排序表现为：快速路 < 次干道 < 支路 < 主干道,存在显著差异;③保定市各道路扬尘K_2.5平均值高于0.15 g·VKT^-1,说明若直接借鉴美国环保署的推荐值（K_2.5=0.15 g·VKT^-1）进行排放清单计算,将会低估保定市的道路扬尘排放量,进而增加排放清单的不确定性.保定市K_2.5相对较高,说明保定市道路积尘中微颗粒物含量较多,道路扬尘对城市PM_2.5的贡献可能较大.     

2007年春节期间北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器分昼夜采集了2007年春节前后大气气溶胶中PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品，并采用气相色谱-质谱技术对PM_2.5样品中的多环芳烃进行了检测.春节期间大气颗粒物中PM₁₀和PM_2.5夜间平均质量浓度为232 μg·m^-3和132 μg·m^-3,分别高于白天的PM₁₀(194 μg·m^-3)和PM_2.5(107 μg·m^-3)；除夕后颗粒物日平均质量浓度为252.3 μg·m^-3 (PM₁₀)和123.8 μg·m^-3 (PM_2.5)，分别高于除夕前的166.7 μg·m^-3(PM₁₀)和106.8 μg·m^-3(PM_2.5)；同时夜间PM_2.5中多17种多环芳烃(PAHs)的总浓度都高于相应白天的总浓度，且除夕前多环芳烃日均总浓度为95.9 ng·m^-3，高于除夕后的58.9 ng·m^-3.结果表明，除了受一定的气象条件的影响外，大量燃放烟花爆竹会对大气颗粒物浓度有影响，但对大气中的多环芳烃影响不大，而春节期间工业及交通污染排放的减少削减了排放到大气中的PAHs.根据荧蒽/芘等比值指标判别北京PAHs主要以燃煤为主、交通为次的混合局地源污染.     

京津冀内陆平原区PM2.5浓度时空变化定量模拟

近年来我国京津冀地区霾污染日趋严重,为揭示该地区PM_2.5时空变化特征,以京津冀内陆平原为研究区,以MODIS AOD数据作为主要预测因子,采用混合效应模型建立研究区2013~2014年AOD-PM_2.5逐日变化的关系模型.利用十折交叉验证法对模型拟合进行验证.结果表明,采用混合效应模型对AOD-PM_2.5进行时间上的校准能够提高二者间的相关性,模型拟合的PM_2.5质量浓度与地面实测值间的R²为0.78,经过交叉验证后R²为0.70,RMSE、RPE分别为20.80 μg·m^-3、28.76%.针对研究区冬季AOD有效值非随机性缺失带来的采样偏差,用校正因子对模型预测的2013~2014年间PM_2.5平均浓度进行校正,结果表明研究区内PM_2.5平均浓度均高于75 μg·m^-3,南部和西部地区的PM_2.5浓度相对较高,北部和东部地区PM_2.5浓度相对较低,呈现出"南高北低、西高东低"的分布趋势.研究结果表明混合效应模型能够适用于近地面PM_2.5监测,也为该区域大气颗粒物污染治理提供了科学依据.     

WPSTM-TEOMTM-MOUDITM的对比及大气气溶胶密度研究

通过对2005年夏季上海、北京地区大气气溶胶观测中3种不同原理气溶胶分析及采样仪的对比,考察了颗粒物个数浓度粒径分布仪（WPS^TM）、锥形元件振荡微量天平（TEOM^TMTM）在运行中所得数据的可比性.其中TEOM^TM测量PM_2.5质量浓度与WPS^TM计算PM_2.5质量浓度数据的相关系数分别为0.77和0.79,并发现在粗粒子颗粒物比例较高的时段二者相关性分别提高为0.91和0.84.MOUDI^TM分级质量浓度与WPS^TM计算分级质量浓度数据对比显示,除最小粒径分级外其他分级均有较好相关性（R分布在0.76～0.92）.应用2组不同对比数据推测了上海和北京观测点PM_2.5颗粒物密度,研究发现上海采样点颗粒物密度约为1.70 g·cm^-3,而北京采样点颗粒物密度约为1.50 g·cm^-3.     

深圳市城区大气颗粒物及主要水溶性无机离子的污染特征

基于2015年深圳市大气颗粒物和主要水溶性无机离子的观测数据,深入分析了大气颗粒物的浓度变化及二次污染特征.结果表明2015年深圳的大气颗粒物（PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁）浓度虽然低,但其中细粒子占比高,PM_2.5/PM₁₀的比值高达0.744,甚至大于广州典型灰霾过程中的粗细粒子比.大气颗粒物浓度季节变化明显,秋冬高,春夏低.其日变化特征明显受到交通高峰的影响,汽车尾气可能是污染来源之一.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺（SNA）质量浓度在PM_2.5中的占比超过1/3（37.7%）,且全年硫转化率都大于0.1,这说明深圳市细颗粒物主要来自于二次转化.深圳大气颗粒物浓度受气象要素影响显著,与气压正相关,与气温、相对湿度、降水及风速负相关;若将风速、气温、气压、相对湿度和降水作为一个整体考虑,这些气象要素对深圳大气颗粒物浓度的影响大小是PM₁ > PM₁₀ > PM_2.5.本工作不仅对深圳的大气环境管理和经济可持续发展有着重要参考价值,还对空气相对清洁地区的大气颗粒物和霾治理具有指导意义.     

成都市冬季相对湿度对颗粒物浓度和大气能见度的影响

利用成都市城区2015年12月的连续在线观测数据,如相对湿度（RH）、能见度、颗粒物（PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM₁）浓度、气态污染物（SO₂和NO₂）浓度以及PM_2.5中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度,探讨RH对颗粒物浓度和大气能见度的影响.结果表明,高颗粒物浓度和高RH协同作用导致低能见度事件.观测阶段,PM_2.5在PM₁₀中的平均比重为64%,表明成都市冬季细颗粒物污染严重;随着RH增加,PM_2.5/PM₁₀显著增加,表明高RH会加重细颗粒物污染.随着PM_2.5浓度增加,能见度呈幂指数下降;在相同PM_2.5浓度下,RH越高,能见度越低.当颗粒物浓度较低时,RH对能见度的影响作用较强;当颗粒物浓度较高时,大气消光主要由PM_2.5浓度控制,RH对能见度的影响减弱.当RH大于70%时,硫氧化率（SOR）和氮氧化率（NOR）的均值分别从0.27和0.11（RH小于40%）增长至0.40和0.19,表明较高RH对二次硫酸盐和硝酸盐的生成有显著的促进作用,二次硫酸盐和硝酸盐单独或协同影响空气质量.     

曝气条件对等温层曝气器充氧性能的影响

分析了等温层曝气器曝气室内气泡—水接触界面的氧传质过程,确定了表征氧传质效果的各项参数,在双膜理论基础上建立了等温层曝气充氧动力学模型及其解析方法.应用本模型预测了美国Prince湖等温层曝气器的充氧效果.根据等温层曝气充氧动力学模型的预测结果,随曝气量的增加和气泡直径的减小,氧总传质系数和氧传质速率均增大;随曝气量和气泡直径的增大,曝气效率下降.在等温层曝气器结构固定的情况下,减小气泡直径和增加水深均有利于改善曝气室的充氧效果,尤其是当气泡直径达到μm级别时;当曝气量超过一定临界值0.06m3/s时,曝气室的充氧效果略有削弱.根据曝气量对氧传质速率、曝气效率和单位时间内曝气室的充氧量的影响特性曲线,可确定等温层曝气器的优化运行条件.     

分体式射流曝气器的试验研究

设计研制了一种新型的射流曝气器(也称分体式射流曝气器),提出了分体式设计的概念,它主要应用于小型和高浓度工业废水的实际处理工程中.在较宽的试验范围内着重研究了3个参数(长径比R₁、喉嘴比R₂和吸嘴比R₃)对吸气量的影响.结果表明:在较宽的喉嘴比范围内,吸气量存在波动,最佳喉嘴比出现的位置与混合管的长度有关;吸嘴比对吸气性能影响不大;长径比对吸气性能影响较大,最佳长径比可以在过渡区中寻找;试验结果同时也证实应用CFD数值仿真进行射流器的设计是可行的,本射流器的吸气量(900～1 100 L/min)和搅动范围均较大.     

曝气条件对等温层曝气器水力性能的影响

等温层曝气器内表观水流速度直接影响等温层曝气的充氧效果,针对表观水流速度难以准确计算的普遍问题,系统分析了曝气室内气水两相流运动所受的驱动能量与损失能量,提出了尾涡和顶部能量损失的无量纲表达式,建立了曝气室内水流的一维水动力学模型,以及基于MATLAB真域算法的模型求解方法.采用美国Prince湖等温层曝气器的实际运行数据,对该模型进行了验证,表观水流速度的预测误差在±8％以内,明显低于现有预测误差±20%.当曝气孔直径为2.6mm、曝气量从0.018m3/h增加到0.063m3/h时,曝气室内表观水流速度随曝气量的增加而增加;当曝气量固定,曝气孔直径从2.6mm减小至0.26mm时,表观水流速度随曝气孔直径的减小而增加,而当曝气孔直径进一步减小至0.026mm时,表观水流速度基本不受影响.计算了不同条件下的驱动能量和各项损失能量,揭示了引起表观水流速度变化的内因.建立的水动力学模型可用于指导等温层曝气器的设计和优化.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.