污水厂微孔曝气系统工况下充氧性能测试与分析

以无锡芦村污水处理厂四期曝气池为研究背景,采用尾气法测定了微孔曝气头在实际污水厂正常运行工况下的充氧性能参数,与理论清水中该值比较,评价曝气头运行情况.结果表明,在污水处理厂曝气池不同廊道分布的曝气头氧传质性能存在显著差异,同一廊道的曝气头在一天内的氧传质能力变化不大.与清水条件相比,实际工况下曝气池中的微孔曝气头充氧性能下降较大,其中氧传质系数KLa、充氧能力OC和氧利用率Ea分别下降了43%、57%和76%.     

高溶解氧条件下不同曝气量对短程硝化性能及微生物特征的影响

短程硝化过程是短程生物脱氮工艺中的限速步骤,在保证稳定亚硝化率的前提下,提高曝气量能够提高好氧氨氧化菌的活性,进而提高氨氧化速率.本文在序批式反应器中,通过改变曝气量,在高溶解氧条件下,考察不同曝气量对短程硝化的性能及微生物的影响.结果表明,随着曝气量的增大,氨氧化速率不断升高.单位体积曝气量为0.8、1.7、3.3、5.0 L·min^-1·L^-1时,氨氧化率维持在50%左右,亚硝酸盐氮积累率稳定在99%以上,平均氨氧化速率分别为0.88、0.96、1.29和1.32 mg·L^-1·min^-1.高通量测序分析表明,不同曝气量条件下,反应器中好氧氨氧化菌的优势菌属均为Nitrosomonas,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌都被有效抑制,Nitrospira丰度很低.此外,检出Acidovorax、Denitratisoma、Hyphomicrobium、Ignavibacterium等多种反硝化细菌,这些反硝化菌能够与好氧氨氧化菌共同作用,使系统发生少量内源同步硝化反硝化.综合考虑曝气能耗和反应速率,曝气量为3.3 L·min^-1·L^-1时,可实现控制短程硝化工艺的低耗高效运行.     

深水型表面曝气机的模拟计算与构型比较

为了加深氧化沟深度、减少其占地面积、节省污水厂建设投资,研究开发深水型表面曝气机成为氧化沟工艺的一个重要课题。由于上述原因,应用流体力学计算软件Fluent对3种深水型曝气机叶轮的构型进行了模拟计算,并从搅拌深度、推流效果和所需功率等方面对3种叶轮构型进行了比较。又以小试实验进行了初步的验证,证明模拟计算的结果是可靠的。流体力学数值模拟由于其简单易行、成本低、周期短等特点,作为曝气机设计研究的辅助工具可以发挥作用。     

不同曝气量对SBBR短程硝化微生物特性及氮转化的影响

在实验室规模的序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中研究了不同曝气量(7.2、12.0、15.6L·h-1,对应反应器中平均溶解氧浓度分别为0.5、0.8、1.2mg·L-1)下生物膜的生物特性变化及短程硝化过程规律.结果表明:减小曝气量使反应器内溶解氧浓度降低,将导致生物膜的总生物量下降,生物膜中氨氧化菌逐渐成为优势菌,无论数量还是生物活性均高于亚硝酸氧化菌,利于亚硝酸盐积累;在一个反应周期中,生物膜对溶解氧需求的分配是不同的,曝气初期溶解氧主要用于异氧菌对COD的降解,其后用于氨氮转化.根据上述规律,提出在短程硝化过程中采用"梯级递减式曝气"供氧新策略,即在反应初期保持一种较大的曝气量,提高反应器溶解氧浓度,促进COD快速降解,随后保持一种小曝气量使反应器中溶解氧维持较低的浓度,从而促进亚硝酸盐积累及优化供氧效率.     

Aeration optimization through operation at low dissolved oxygen concentrations: Evaluation of oxygen mass transfer dynamics in different activated sludge systems

In wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)using the activated sludge process,two methods are widely used to improve aeration efficiency — use of high-efficiency aeration devices and optimizing the aeration control strategy. Aeration efficiency is closely linked to sludge characteristics(such as concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)and microbial communities)and operating conditions(such as air flow rate and operational dissolved oxygen(DO)concentrations). Moreover,operational DO is closely linked to effluent quality. This study,which is in reference to WWTP discharge class A Chinese standard effluent criteria,determined the growth kinetics parameters of nitrifiers at different DO levels in small-scale tests. Results showed that the activated sludge system could meet effluent criteria when DO was as low as 0.3 mg/L,and that nitrifier communities cultivated under low DO conditions had higher oxygen affinity than those cultivated under high DO conditions,as indicated by the oxygen half-saturation constant and nitrification ability. Based on nitrifier growth kinetics and on the oxygen mass transfer dynamic model(determined using different air flow rate(Q′_(air))and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS)values),theoretical analysis indicated limited potential for energy saving by improving aeration diffuser performance when the activated sludge system had low oxygen consumption; however,operating at low DO and low MLVSS could significantly reduce energy consumption. Finally,a control strategy coupling sludge retention time and MLVSS to minimize the DO level was discussed,which is critical to appropriate setting of the oxygen point and to the operation of low DO treatment technology.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

Influence of aeration intensity on the performance of A/O-type sequencing batch MBR system treating azo dye wastewater

Among the numerous parameters affecting the membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance, the aeration intensity is one of the most important factors. In the present investigation, an anoxic/aerobic-type (A/O-type) sequencing batch MBR system, added anoxic process as a pretreatment to improve the biodegradability of azo dye wastewater, was investigated under different aeration intensities and the impact of the aeration intensity on effluent quantity, sludge properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) amount generated as well as the change of permeation flux were examined. Neither lower nor higher aeration intensities could improve A/O-type sequencing batch MBR performances. The results showed 0.15 m³·h⁻¹ aeration intensity was promising for treatment of azo dye wastewater under the conditions examined. Under this aeration intensity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen and color removal as well as membrane flux amounted to 97.8%, 96.5%, 98.7% and 6.21 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, respectively. The effluent quality, with 25.0 mg·L⁻¹COD, 0.84 mg·L⁻¹ ammonium nitrogen and 8 chroma, could directly meet the reuse standard in China. In the meantime, the sludge relative hydrophobicity, the bound EPS, soluble EPS and EPS amounts contained in the membrane fouling layer were 70.3%, 52.0 mg·g⁻¹VSS, 38.8 mg·g⁻¹VSS and 90.8 mg·g⁻¹VSS, respectively, which showed close relationships to both pollutant removals and membrane flux.     

曝气条件对等温层曝气器充氧性能的影响

分析了等温层曝气器曝气室内气泡—水接触界面的氧传质过程,确定了表征氧传质效果的各项参数,在双膜理论基础上建立了等温层曝气充氧动力学模型及其解析方法.应用本模型预测了美国Prince湖等温层曝气器的充氧效果.根据等温层曝气充氧动力学模型的预测结果,随曝气量的增加和气泡直径的减小,氧总传质系数和氧传质速率均增大;随曝气量和气泡直径的增大,曝气效率下降.在等温层曝气器结构固定的情况下,减小气泡直径和增加水深均有利于改善曝气室的充氧效果,尤其是当气泡直径达到μm级别时;当曝气量超过一定临界值0.06m3/s时,曝气室的充氧效果略有削弱.根据曝气量对氧传质速率、曝气效率和单位时间内曝气室的充氧量的影响特性曲线,可确定等温层曝气器的优化运行条件.     

A2O小试系统与实际工艺单元中OPEs去除的比较

污水处理厂出水是环境中OPEs的重要来源,且污水处理厂的生物处理单元可去除部分OPEs.为了更好的研究污水处理厂工况条件,以达到优化去除宏量有机物和微量有机物的目的,良好的小试装置必不可少.本研究在实验室设计并安装了一套A²O小试装置,根据有机磷酸酯的结构特点,在进水中投加了3种代表性的有机磷酸酯.比较了小试装置中与实际工艺单元中这3种有机磷酸酯的去除规律,发现OPEs在A²O小试中的去除规律与实际工艺单元中相似,磷酸三丁氧酯（TBEP）在两种工况下去除效果均较好,总去除率分别为84.6%与83.6%,磷酸三（1-氯-2-丙基）酯（TCPP）去除效果均较差.在不同处理单元中,由于厌氧池中主要发生水解作用,TCPP在两种工况下的厌氧池中都可去除,且在A²O小试厌氧池中的去除率（57.7%）优于实际工艺（25.5%）.TBEP的去除主要发生在好氧池中,且A²O小试二沉池可以有效去除TBEP（67.9%）,优于实际工艺的二沉池.两种工况下,好氧池曝气强度较大,引入磷酸三（1-氯-2-丙基）酯（TCPP）不易降解,TCPP在好氧池去除效果较差.除此之外,优化了小试装置的OPEs的检测取样量保证检测的准确性.     

Cost-performance analysis of nutrient removal in a full-scale oxidation ditch process based on kinetic modeling

A full-scale oxidation ditch process for treating sewage was simulated with the ASM2d model and optimized for minimal cost with acceptable performance in terms of ammonium and phosphorus removal. A unified index was introduced by integrating operational costs (aeration energy and sludge production) with effluent violations for performance evaluation. Scenario analysis showed that,in comparison with the baseline (all of the 9 aerators activated), the strategy of activating 5 aerators could save aeration energy significantly with an ammonium violation below 10%. Sludge discharge scenario analysis showed that a sludge discharge flow of 250–300 m3/day (solid retention time (SRT), 13–15 days) was appropriate for the enhancement of phosphorus removal without excessive sludge production. The proposed optimal control strategy was: activating 5 rotating disks operated with a mode of "111100100" ( "1"represents activation and "0" represents inactivation) for aeration and sludge discharge flow of 200 m3/day (SRT, 19 days). Compared with the baseline, this strategy could achieve ammonium violation below 10% and TP violation below 30% with substantial reduction of aeration energy cost (46%) and minimal increment of sludge production (< 2%). This study provides a useful approach for the optimization of process operation and control.     

造纸废水曝气池中钙的去除及迁移转化规律研究

针对造纸废水好氧处理中钙离子（Ca²⁺）浓度过高影响生化过程和后续膜处理的问题,在实验室模拟废水曝气,研究Ca²⁺存在对COD去除效果的影响;对厌氧出水进行曝气实验,探究曝气量对钙去除效果的影响;分析表征造纸废水液相中Ca²⁺浓度和固相污泥中钙的形态,探究造纸废水曝气池中钙的迁移转化规律.结果发现：Ca²⁺的存在会影响活性污泥的活性,进而导致曝气过程中COD的去除率从71.76%降至36.94%;厌氧出水曝气初始阶段内曝气量越大,Ca²⁺的去除率越高;Ca²⁺浓度从厌氧出水到二沉池出水过程中逐渐下降,从游离态转变为CaCO₃的结合态而除去.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an airlift intermittent circulation membrane bioreactor

A new airlift intermittent circulation integrated bioreactor was developed for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal of wastewater, in which, circulation of mixed liquid between mixing zone and aeration zone was realized by aeration power, alternately anaerobic/anoxic bio-environment in mixing zone was realized by intermittent circulation and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was obtained through strengthened denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Removal performance of the reactor was investigated and pollutant removal and transfer mechanism in one operation circle was analyzed. The experiment results indicated that under the influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 642.1 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) of 87.4 mg/L and PO₄^3?-P of 12.1 mg/L, average removal efficiencies of COD, TN and PO₄^3?-P reached 96.4%, 83.2% and 90.5%, respectively, with the hydraulic residence time of 22 hr and operation circle time of 185 min. Track studies indicated that the separation of aeration and mixing zones and intermittent circulation of mixed liquid between the two zones provided distinct biological environments spatially and temporally, which ensured the occurrence of multifunctional microbial reactions.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an airlift intermittent circulation membrane bioreactor

A new airlift intermittent circulation integrated bioreactor was developed for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal of wastewater, in which, circulation of mixed liquid between mixing zone and aeration zone was realized by aeration power, alternately anaerobic/anoxic bio-environment in mixing zone was realized by intermittent circulation and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was obtained through strengthened denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Removal performance of the reactor was investigated and pollutant removal and transfer mechanism in one operation circle was analyzed. The experiment results indicated that under the influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 642.1 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) of 87.4 mg/L and PO₄^3--P of 12.1 mg/L, average removal efficiencies of COD, TN and PO₄^3--P reached 96.4%, 83.2% and 90.5%, respectively, with the hydraulic residence time of 22 hr and operation circle time of 185 min. Track studies indicated that the separation of aeration and mixing zones and intermittent circulation of mixed liquid between the two zones provided distinct biological environments spatially and temporally, which ensured the occurrence of multifunctional microbial reactions.     

中试规模微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能评估

运行中试规模微气泡曝气生物膜反应器处理校园生活污水,对其运行性能进行评估,并与传统生物处理工艺比较.结果表明,采用中试系统处理校园生活污水原水时,平均COD去除率和去除负荷分别为57.0%和2.68 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均氨氮去除率和去除负荷分别为17.4%和0.17 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均TN去除率和去除负荷分别为15.8%和0.21 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均氧利用率达到100%.采用中试系统处理可生化性较差的生物接触氧化池出水,平均COD去除率和去除负荷分别为46.0%和1.53 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均氨氮去除率和去除负荷分别为17.1%和0.32 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均TN去除率和去除负荷分别为14.1%和0.28 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均氧利用率高于50%.由于微气泡曝气能够加速氧传质过程并提高氧利用率,因此相同进水条件下,中试系统污染物去除能力显著优于传统生物接触氧化工艺和传统曝气生物滤池工艺.     

不同曝气位点对微氧强化硫酸盐还原-反硝化脱硫效果及群落结构的影响

微氧强化硫酸盐还原-反硝化脱硫(SR-DSR)工艺因具有同步处理废水中COD、NO~-_3、SO■生成S~0且运行成本低、流程短的优势而受到关注.但因不同曝气方式而在反应器中形成的不同微氧区的位置对反应器运行效能、S~0转化率和群落结构的影响尚不明确.因此,本文以5 mL·min~(-1)·L~(-1)曝气速率、10.4 mmol·L~(-1)硫酸钠、31 mmol·L~(-1)乳酸钠和8 mmol·L~(-1)硝酸钾连续运行膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器,对比研究了回流槽中(底部)曝气(微氧区位于反应器下部)和反应区上部曝气(微氧区分别位于反应器上部和下部但DO更低)运行稳定后,反应器的运行效能、S~0转化率和功能微生物的演替规律.结果表明,上部曝气时乳酸盐去除率为100%,出水中乙酸盐浓度为9.1 mmol·L~(-1),丙酸盐浓度为3.7 mmol·L~(-1),NO~-_3去除率为100%,出水中NO~-_2浓度为0.35 mmol·L~(-1),SO■去除率为84%,出水中S~(2-)浓度为2.6 mmol·L~(-1),S~0转化率为59%.与底部曝气相比,上部曝气时出水中乙酸盐和丙酸盐浓度分别升高2.2和1.9 mmol·L~(-1),NO~-_2浓度下降0.15 mmol·L~(-1),S~(2-)浓度降低0.5 mmol·L~(-1),SO■去除率和S~0转化率分别下降6%和1%.上部曝气时,反应器下部和上部均存在相对减弱的微氧环境,使得反应器中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)Desulfomicrobium和Desulfobulbus的总丰度分别增加9%和5%,硫氧化反硝化菌(soNRB)Halothiobacillaceae和Sulfurovum的丰度均减小3.1%,异养反硝化菌(hNRB)Comamonas的丰度升高0.2%,互营菌Synergistaceae的丰度减少37%.其中,反应器下部的SRB和soNRB总丰度分别升高28%和3%,为SO■还原和S~0转化提供了充分条件,而反应器上部的微氧环境又减弱了SO■还原过程,从而降低了反应器出水中的S~(2-).因此,在碳源充足的条件下,可以采取反应器上部曝气的方式创造微氧环境,既可以保证较高的S~0转化率,又可以减少出水中S~(2-)和NO~-_2的浓度.     

Biological nutrient removal by internal circulation upflow sludge blanket reactor after landfill leachate pretreatment

The removal of biological nutrient from mature landfill leachate with a high nitrogen load by an internal circulation upflow sludge blanket （ICUSB） reactor was studied. The reactor is a set of anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic （A^2/O） bioreactors, developed on the basis of an expended granular sludge blanket （EGSB）, granular sequencing batch reactor （GSBR） and intermittent cycle extended aeration system （ICEAS）. Leachate was subjected to stripping by agitation process and poly ferric sulfate coagulation as a pretreatment process, in order to reduce both ammonia toxicity to microorganisms and the organic contents. The reactor was operated under three different operating systems, consisting of recycling sludge with air （A^2/O）, recycling sludge without air （low oxygen） and a combination of both （A^2/O and low oxygen）. The lowest effluent nutrient levels were realised by the combined system of A^2/O and low oxygen, which resulted in effluent of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH3-N and biological oxygen demand （BOD5） concentrations of 98.20, 13.50 and 22.50 mg/L. The optimal operating conditions for the efficient removal of biological nutrient using the ICUSB reactor were examined to evaluate the influence of the parameters on its performance. The results showed that average removal efflciencies of COD and NH3- N of 96.49% and 99.39%, respectively were achieved under the condition of a hydraulic retention time of 12 hr, including 4 hr of pumping air into the reactor, with dissolved oxygen at an rate of 4 mg/L and an upflow velocity 2 m/hr. These combined processes were successfully employed and effectively decreased pollutant loading.     

微气泡曝气生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化研究

同步硝化反硝化(SND)是废水处理中的新型生物脱氮工艺,和传统生物脱氮工艺相比具有显著的应用优势.本研究采用微气泡曝气固定床生物膜反应器,研究了SND过程中污染物去除效果并检测了生物膜功能菌群的变化情况.结果表明,在微气泡曝气固定床生物膜反应器内可以实现同步硝化反硝化,通过提高进水COD负荷和C∶N比,降低溶解氧(DO)浓度,同时增加填料床层孔隙率,可以改善SND效果.当进水COD负荷和总氮(TN)负荷为0.86 kg·(m3·d)-1和0.10 kg·(m3·d)-1,且填料床层孔隙率为81%时,COD和TN的去除率分别为97.6%和70.2%,实现了COD和TN的同步高效去除;同时,微气泡曝气对氧传质的强化作用使得氧利用率高达91.8%.此外,生物膜活性和硝化及反硝化功能菌群的变化,与反应器COD、氨氮和TN去除能力的变化基本一致.     

污水处理厂刚玉曝气器堵塞原因及清洗效果研究

以无锡市某污水处理厂刚玉曝气器为研究对象,论述了刚玉曝气器堵塞原因及堵塞特征,同时对刚玉曝气器进行酸洗实验,以保证污水处理厂曝气系统稳定运行。结果表明:新旧曝气头混合使用的曝气系统有效运行时间仅为160 d,远低于全新曝气头的曝气系统（840 d）,表明运行中的曝气系统曝气头容易堵塞,需及时清洗维护。微生物对刚玉曝气器的堵塞程度基本没有影响,但对判断刚玉曝气器的堵塞状态具有指示作用。刚玉曝气器堵塞程度与有机物、无机物的含量相关,且与总铁含量呈现正相关。酸清洗对恢复刚玉曝气器性能具有较好的提升效果,15% HCl溶液酸洗20 min能使刚玉曝气头氧传质系数由刮泥后的0.5 min-1左右恢复到0.7 min-1左右,接近于全新曝气头氧传质系数,清洗效果良好。     

总溶解性固体及表面活性剂对微孔曝气氧传质过程影响的中试研究

污水中总溶解性固体(TDS)与表面活性剂的浓度是影响微孔曝气性能的两个重要的因素.本研究以中试为基础,分别研究了TDS及表面活性剂浓度变化对微孔曝气氧传质过程中氧转移系数(KLa)的影响.当TDS浓度在0～1000mg·L-1变化时,氧转移系数KLa变化甚微;当TDS浓度从2000mg·L-1增加到8000mg·L-1时,KLa明显增大;当TDS浓度高于8000mg·L-1时,KLa趋于平缓.当表面活性剂(十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS))的浓度在0～20mg·L-1变化时,KLa先减小,后增大.     

基于降维状态观测器的曝气量最优控制仿真研究

为降低污水处理厂曝气过程的能耗,对曝气系统的优化控制进行了研究.首先,建立了基于活性污泥模型ASM1的曝气系统的简化模型;然后,利用降维状态观测器重构在线不可测状态,提出了基于降维状态观测器的曝气量最优控制策略;最后,将该优化控制策略应用于污水处理基准仿真模型BSM1,仿真采用晴天进水数据.结果表明,与溶解氧的PID控制相比,最优控制在保证出水氨氮浓度和化学需氧量等水质的情况下,降低了曝气量和出水总氮浓度,同时曝气能耗相比PID控制可下降5%以上,并且改善了出水指数.