因子分析法解析北京市大气颗粒物PM10的来源

2004年10月份在北京市6个采样点采集了大气PM10样品,分析了大气颗粒物的质量浓度、元素组成、离子、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的浓度,并用因子分析模型对颗粒物的来源进行了研究。结果显示,北京市大气颗粒物的来源主要有6类:建筑水泥尘/机动车尾气尘/燃煤尘、土壤风沙尘、二次粒子尘、工业粉尘、生物质燃烧尘和燃油尘。用模型计算得到的各源对PM10的贡献率分别为建筑水泥尘/机动车尾气尘/燃煤尘占36.57%、土壤风沙尘占16.07%、二次粒子尘占12.33%、工业粉尘占10.29%、生物质燃烧尘占6.07%、燃油尘占3.84%、其它占14.84%。其中建筑水泥/机动车尾气尘/燃煤尘、土壤风沙尘、二次粒子尘、工业粉尘是大气颗粒物PM10的主要来源。实验表明,在缺少源成分谱时可以用因子分析模型来分析大气颗粒物的来源及其相对贡献。     

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Dahuofang Reservoir, Northeast China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 24 surface sediments from the Dahuofang Reservoir (DHF), the largest man-made lake in Northeast China, were measured. The results showed that the concentrations of 16 US EPA priority PAHs in the sediments ranged from 323 to 912 ng/g dry weight with a mean concentration of 592?±?139 ng/g. The PAH source contributions were estimated based on positive matrix factorization model. The coal combustion contributed to 31 % of the measured PAHs, followed by residential emissions (22 %), biomass burning (21 %), and traffic-related emissions (10 %). Pyrogenic sources contributed ～84 % of anthropogenic PAHs to the sediments, indicating that energy consumption release was a predominant contribution of PAH pollution in DHF. Compared with the results from the urban atmospheric PAHs in the region, there was a low contribution from traffic-related emissions in the sediments possibly due to the low mobility of the traffic-related derived 5+6-ring PAHs and their rapid deposition close to the urban area.     

北京市大气PM10源解析研究

于2004年在北京市定陵、车公庄、古城、亦庄、房山和奥体中心6个采样点采集大气PM10环境样品,针对北京市颗粒物主要排放源采集土壤尘、建筑水泥尘、燃煤等污染源PM10样品,分别对其中的无机元素、离子、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行测定。采用代表北京市颗粒物主要排放源PM10组分特征的成分谱,利用CMB受体模型对PM10来源进行解析。结果表明,PM10的最大来源为土壤尘,其它贡献源类依次为燃煤排放、机动车/燃油排放、二次粒子(SO42-、NO3-和NH4 )、建筑水泥尘。污染源贡献具有明显的季节变化,并存在一定的地域变化。     

郑州大气及颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征与来源解析

对2012年郑州市大气中气态和颗粒态多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征与来源进行了分析。结果表明,ρ(∑PAHs)(包括气相与颗粒相)为23.27~194.61 ng/m3,气相中∑PAHs高于颗粒相,四环以下的PAHs大都存在于气态中;在夏、春2季,较小分子质量(≤178)的PAHs占比较高,冬季,较大分子质量(≥252)的PAHs占比明显较高;各功能区ρ(PAHs)排序为工业区交通密集区医疗、文化、行政混合区。郑州大气和颗粒物中PAHs可能主要来自煤和液体燃料(汽油柴油)的燃烧。     

基于主成分分析-多元线性回归的松花江水体中多环芳烃源解析

对松花江全流域14个监测断面的16种美国环保局优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)的主要来源及其贡献率应用主成分因子分析-多元线性回归模型(PCA-MLR)进行了来源解析。结果表明:松花江全流域为化石和石油燃料的复合PAHs污染,水体环境中PAHs首要污染源为化石燃料燃烧和交通污染,合计贡献率为63.1%,第二大污染源为工业和民用燃煤污染,合计贡献率为36.9%,沿江的石化、石油基地、大型焦化厂、电厂都是PAHs的主要来源。     

Source apportionment for sediment PAHs using hybrid genetic pattern search treatment of a chemical mass balance receptor model: application to the Pearl River Delta region,China

In order to solve the collinear problem and improve the estimation accuracy of the chemical mass balance (CMB) model which can be essentially regarded as a constrained optimization process, in this study, a hybrid genetic pattern search algorithm (HGPS) was proposed and applied to apportion the source contributions for sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China. Simulation results with developed synthetic datasets indicated that the estimated source contributions by HGPS were more close to the true values than CMB8.2. Utilizing the HGPS-CMB, residential coal and traffic tunnel were apportioned as the major sources of sediment PAHs in the PRD region. For freshwater surface sediments, the average contribution from residential coal ranged from 32 to 55 %, and traffic tunnel ranged from 13 to 33 %, while the major sources for marine sediments were traffic tunnel (10?~?56 %). These results provide information for developing better PAH pollution control strategies for the PRD.     

Pollution assessment and source identifications of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Yellow River Delta, a newly born wetland in China

The levels and possible sources of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic carbons (PAHs) in the sediments from the Yellow River Delta (YRD) were investigated. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 23.9 to 520.6 microg kg(-1) with a mean value of 150.9 microg kg(-1), indicating low or medium levels compared with reported values of other deltas. The concentrations of the 16 individual PAHs presented varied profiles among different regions. The ecological risk assessment of PAHs showed that adverse effects would rarely occur in the sediments of the YRD based on the effect range-low quotients and the probability risk assessment. The PAH compositions and the principal component analysis (PCA) with multiple linear regression (MLR) uniformly presumed the mixed sources of pyrogenic- and petrogenic-deriving PAHs in the YRD. By PCA with MLR, the contributions of major sources were quantified as 36.4% from oil burning, 33.1% from biomass combustion, and 30.5% from diesel emission sources.     

沈阳市大气中PM2.5来源解析研究

通过2015年在沈阳市采集PM2.5样品及源类样品,分析样品的质量浓度和化学组成,用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型对该市PM2.5来源进行解析。结果表明:沈阳市大气中PM2.5浓度时空变化特征明显;各主要源类对沈阳市PM2.5的分担率依次为煤烟尘(28.03%)、二次无机离子(22.63%)、机动车尾气尘(17.27%)、城市扬尘(13.28%)、建筑尘(5.94%)、土壤风沙尘(5.82%)、道路尘(3.04%)、生物质燃烧尘(2.74%)和冶金尘(1.25%)。燃煤和机动车的有效控制既能降低本类源的贡献,也能降低二次无机离子,体现了多源类综合治理原则。     

杭州市大气PM2.5和PM10污染特征及来源解析

2006年在杭州市两个环境受体点位采集不同季节大气中PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品,同时采集了多种颗粒物源类样品,分析了其质量浓度和多种化学成分,包括21种无机元素、5种无机水溶性离子以及有机碳和元素碳等,并据此构建了杭州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀的源与受体化学成分谱;用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型解析其来源。结果表明,杭州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀污染较严重,其年均浓度分别为77.5μg/m³和111.0μg/m³;各主要源类对PM_2.5的贡献率依次为机动车尾气尘21.6%、硫酸盐18.8%、煤烟尘16.7%、燃油尘10.2%、硝酸盐9.9%、土壤尘8.2%、建筑水泥尘4.0%、海盐粒子1.5%。各主要源类对PM₁₀贡献率依次为土壤尘17.0%、机动车尾气尘16.9%、硫酸盐14.3%、煤烟尘13.9%、硝酸盐粒8.2%、建筑水泥尘8.0%、燃油尘5.5%、海盐粒子3.4%、冶金尘3.2%。     

Composition and source apportionment of PAHs in sediments at river mouths and channel in Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan

Fifty-eight sediment samples were collected in 2009 from the bottom of river mouths near Kaohsiung Harbor (Taiwan) and the harbor channel for the analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Concentrations of total PAHs varied from 39 to 30,521 ng g(-1) (dry weight); samples collected from the mouths of Love River, Canon River, Jen-Gen River, and Salt River showed the highest PAHs concentrations. This indicates that the major sources of sediment PAHs come from those polluted urban rivers and the harbor channel. In samples collected from the Salt River mouth, approximately 43% of the PAHs are identified as PAHs with 2 or 3 rings. However, samples collected from other locations contain predominantly PAHs with 4 rings (32 to 42%) or 5 and 6 rings (36 to 44%). Emissions from traffic-related sources and waste incineration contribute to the majority of PAHs found in most channel and river mouth sediments. However, coal/oil combustion is the main cause of high concentrations of PAHs observed in the Salt River mouth sediments. Principal component analyses with multivariate linear regression (PCA/MLR) have been used to further quantify the source contributions, and the results show that the contributions of coal/oil combustion, traffic-related and waste incineration are 37%, 33% and 30%, respectively.     

Regional and seasonal characteristics of emission sources of fine airborne particulate matter collected in the center and suburbs of Tokyo, Japan as determined by multielement analysis and source receptor models

Airborne particulate matter, suspected to induce adverse effects on human health, have been one of the most important concerns regarding recent air pollution issues in Japan. To characterize regional and seasonal variations in emission sources of fine airborne particulate matter (d < 2 microm), monthly samples (n = 36 for each site) were collected at urban (Tokyo), suburban (Maebashi), and mountainous (Akagi) sites in Japan from April 2003 to March 2006. Multielement analysis of chemical species (Na, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sb, and Pb) was performed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The combined source receptor model, which consists of positive matrix factorization and chemical mass balance, determined the contributions of nine emission sources (local and continental soils, road dust, coal and oil combustion, waste incineration, steel industry, brake wear, and diesel exhaust) to the observed elemental concentrations. Large regional differences were identified in the source contributions among the observational sites. Diesel exhaust was identified as the most significant source (70% of identified contributions) at the urban site. Local and continental soils, coal combustion, and diesel exhaust were intricately assigned (20-30% each) to the suburban site. Continental soil was the predominant source (65%) at the mountainous site. Respective significant source contributions dominated the seasonal variations of total elemental concentrations at each site. These results suggest that a better understanding of the regional and seasonal characteristics of impacting emission sources will be important for improving regional environments.     

Impact of urbanization on the concentrations and distribution of organic contaminants in boreal lake sediments

The main goal of this study was to evaluate the impacts of a middle-sized Finnish urban area on the quality of sediments in an adjacent boreal lake. We investigated the sources and distribution of organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) in the sediments from urban stormwater traps and from Lake Vesijärvi. Grab surface sediment samples were taken from Lake Vesijärvi at various distances (25–2,000 m) from four major stormwater drainage outlets and at 15 urban stormwater traps in areas with different degrees of urbanization. These samples were analysed for 16 PAHs and 28 PCBs with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The concentrations of pollutants in the lake sediments were elevated in the vicinity of the urban shore (∑PAH 3–16, ∑PCB up to 0.02–0.3 mg/kg dw) and decreased as a function of distance (∑PAH 0.1–2.5, ∑PCB 0.01–0.3 mg/kg dw at a distance of more than 500 m from the shore), whereas contamination levels in suburban areas were notably lower (∑PAH 0.1–3, ∑PCB?<?LOQ–0.03 mg/kg dw; did not decline with distance). Possible sources and pathways of contamination were also investigated. The majority of stormwater trap sediments contained predominantly asphalt-derived PAHs due to pulverized pavement. PAHs in lake sediments were of pyrogenic origin, including the combustion of gasoline, diesel and coal. Suggested pathways of lake contamination are urban runoff discharge, boat traffic and atmospheric deposition.     

Receptor modeling for source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere

This study reports source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate depositions on vegetation foliages near highway in the urban environment of Lucknow city (India) using the principal components analysis/absolute principal components scores (PCA/APCS) receptor modeling approach. The multivariate method enables identification of major PAHs sources along with their quantitative contributions with respect to individual PAH. The PCA identified three major sources of PAHs viz. combustion, vehicular emissions, and diesel based activities. The PCA/APCS receptor modeling approach revealed that the combustion sources (natural gas, wood, coal/coke, biomass) contributed 19–97% of various PAHs, vehicular emissions 0–70%, diesel based sources 0–81% and other miscellaneous sources 0–20% of different PAHs. The contributions of major pyrolytic and petrogenic sources to the total PAHs were 56 and 42%, respectively. Further, the combustion related sources contribute major fraction of the carcinogenic PAHs in the study area. High correlation coefficient (R ² > 0.75 for most PAHs) between the measured and predicted concentrations of PAHs suggests for the applicability of the PCA/APCS receptor modeling approach for estimation of source contribution to the PAHs in particulates.     

The distribution and composition of hydrocarbons in sediments from the Fladen Ground, North Sea, an area of oil production

The distribution and composition of hydrocarbons in sediment from the Fladen Ground oilfield in the northern North Sea have been investigated. The total PAH concentrations (2- to 6-ring parent and alkylated PAHs, including the 16 US EPA PAHs) in sediments were relatively low (<100 microg kg(-1) dry weight). The PAH, the Forties crude and diesel oil equivalent concentrations were generally higher in sediment of fine grain size and higher organic carbon concentration. PAH distributions and concentration ratios indicated a predominantly pyrolytic input, being dominated by the heavier, more persistent, 5- and 6-ring compounds, and with a high proportion of parent PAHs. The n-alkane profiles of a number of the sediments contained small, high boiling point, UCMs, indicative of weathered oil arising from a limited petrogenic input. The geochemical biomarker profiles of the sediments that contained UCMs showed a small bisnorhopane peak and a high proportion of norhopane relative to hopane, indicating that there was contamination from both Middle Eastern and North Sea oils. Therefore contamination was not directly as a result of oil exploration activity in the area. The most likely source of petrogenic contamination was from general shipping activity.     

Concentrations and inventories of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in watershed soils in the Pearl River Delta,China

The concentration levels, source, and inventories of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in 55 surface vegetable soils in the watershed of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) were analyzed and compared with those of the surface sediments in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and northern South China Sea (SCS). The 16 priority PAHs on US EPA list range from 58 to 3,077 microg/kg (average: 315 microg/kg). The concentrations of DDTs and HCHs range from 3.58 to 831 microg/kg (average: 82.1 microg/kg) and from 0.19 to 42.3 microg/kg (average: 4.42 microg/kg). The ratios of DDT/ (DDD+DDE) are higher than 2 in majority of the soil samples, suggesting that DDT contamination still exists. The PAH ratios suggest that the source of PAHs is petroleum, and combustion of fossil fuel, biomass, and coal. The average concentrations of PAHs and the linear regression slope between PAHs and TOC for the soils and the sediments are quite similar. It was estimated that the soil mass inventories at 0-20 cm depth are 1,292 metric tons for PAHs and 356 metric tons for OCPs in the studied region. The average PAHs inventory per unit area for the soil samples investigated in PRD is about 0.86 time that of surface sediments in the Pearl River Estuary, and about 2.43 times that of surface sediments in the northern South China Sea. PAHs in the soils in PRD have similar source to those of the surface sediments in PRE. All of those may suggest that PAHs in PRE and SCS are probably mainly inputted from the soils in PRD via soil erosion and river transport.     

应用化学质量平衡模型解析西宁大气PM2.5的来源

为研究影响西宁市大气环境PM_(2.5)污染水平的主要来源,于2014年采暖季、风沙季和非采暖季依托西宁市大气地面观测网络在11个监测点采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,对其化学组分(元素、离子和碳)进行分析。研究同步采集了4类固定源、14类移动源和4类开放源的PM_(2.5)样品,并构建源排放成分谱。应用化学质量平衡受体模型(CMB)开展源解析研究。源解析结果表明,观测期间西宁市PM_(2.5)主要来源包括城市扬尘(分担率为26.4%)、燃煤尘(14.5%)、机动车尾气(12.8%)、二次硫酸盐(9.0%)、生物质燃烧(6.6%)、二次硝酸盐(5.7%)、钢铁尘(4.7%)、锌冶炼尘(3.4%)、建筑尘(4.4%)、土壤尘(4.4%)、餐饮排放(2.9%)和其他未识别的来源(5.2%)。大力开展城市扬尘为主的开放源污染控制,严格控制本地燃煤、机动车等污染源的PM_(2.5)排放,是改善西宁市空气质量的重要途径。     

南京市城区环境空气中总悬浮颗粒物的源解析

应用受体模式的化学质量平衡法（ＣＭＢ），对南京市城区７个环境监测点环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物（ＴＳＰ）进行污染源的源解析，得出４类主要污染源对ＴＳＰ的平均贡献率，建筑尘３９．８％、煤烟尘２５．７％，土壤尘１９．２％，冶炼尘１．８％，同时，对该市城区的地面尘也进行了源解析，表明地面尘与环境中ＴＳＰ的构成相近。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from drinking water sources of Taihu Lake, China: sources, partitioning and toxicological risk

Sources, partitioning and toxicological risk of 15 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from drinking water sources of Taihu Lake, with an area of 2428 km(2) located in the most developed and populated area of China, were studied, and the results were compared with those in other lakes of China and the USA. Concentrations of the 15 PAHs in sediments ranged from 436.6 to 1334.9 ng g(-1) (dw). Gasoline combustion, coal combustion, diesel combustion from shipping and spillage of petroleum were apportioned to be the main sources of PAHs in this area by principal component analysis, which contributed 35.19%, 26.43%, 25.41% and 12.97% to the PAH sources estimated by further multiple linear regression. Levels of PAHs in sediments were negatively correlated with contents of clay and fine silt (<16 μm), while positively with contents of medium silt, coarse silt and sand (>16 μm). Humin with size larger than 16 μm contained the largest part of the burden of PAHs in sediments, but the specific partitioning domain (bound humic acid, lipid or insoluble residue) depended on properties of organic matter reflected by optical absorbance at 465 and 665 nm. Total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (TEQ(carc)) of the carcinogenic PAHs in sediments varied from 31.8 to 209.3 ngTEQ(carc) g(-1). Benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene contributed 45.36 and 25.31% to total TEQ(carc), posing high toxicological risk to this area.     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a sediment core from a maar lake, Northeast China: evidence in historical atmospheric deposition

A maar lake is an excellent ecosystem to study the atmospheric deposition of pollutants, as its contaminants are primarily by atmospheric deposition. In this study, a sediment core from Sihailongwan Maar Lake, Northeast China, was collected and the historical atmospherically deposited polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The concentrations of TPAHs (the sum of the US EPA proposed 16 priority PAHs, excluding naphthalene and pyrene) ranged from 473.9 to 2289 ng g(-1) with a slow increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments. The input rate of TPAHs, especially that of PAH(9) (the sum of fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)anthrathene, and benzo(ghi)perylene), correlated well to the Chinese historical socioeconomic data. This indicates that sediment PAHs were mainly derived from human activities and PAH(9) can be regarded as a better indicator of the local socioeconomic development. Source identification suggested that PAHs were originated primarily from mixed sources (e.g., coal and biomass burning and petroleum combustion), except for perylene which was mostly of diagenetic origin. In addition, the down-core PAHs profile clearly illustrated that PAHs sources in Northeast China experienced a transformation from low- and moderate temperature to high-temperature combustion processes, especially after the late 1980s. Additionally, an ecological risk assessment using two redefined biological thresholds (TEQ(ERL) and TEQ(ERM)) indicated that most of the PAHs measured in the present sediment core would not cause an immediate toxic effect; only FLU and PHEN are a potential source of concern for biological impairment.     

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tree-rings of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) from two industrial sites in the Pearl River Delta, south China

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined and potential sources of PAHs were identified from the dated tree-rings of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) near two industrial sites (Danshuikeng, DSK and Xiqiaoshan, XQS) in the Pearl River Delta of south China. Total concentrations of PAHs (∑PAHs) were revealed with similar patterns of temporal trends in the tree-rings at both sites, suggesting tree-rings recorded the historical variation in atmospheric PAHs. The differences of individual PAHs and of ∑PAHs detected in the tree-rings between the two sites reflected the historical differences of airborne PAHs. Regional changes in industrial activities might contribute to the site-specific and period-specific patterns of the tree-ring PAHs. The diagnostic PAH ratios of Ant/(Ant + PA), FL/(FL + Pyr), and BaA/(BaA + Chr)) revealed that PAHs in the tree-rings at both sites mainly stemmed from the combustion process (pyrogenic sources). Principal component analysis further confirmed that wood burning, coal combustion, diesel, and gasoline-powered vehicular emissions were the dominant contributors of PAHs sources at DSK, while diesel combustion, gasoline and natural gas combustion, and incomplete coal combustion were responsible for the main origins of PAHs at XQS. Tree-ring analysis of PAHs was indicative of PAHs from a mixture of sources of combustion, thus minimizing the bias of short-term active air sampling.