成渝地区《大气污染防治行动计划》实施的成本效益评估

本文基于大气污染导致的疾病负担模型和投入产出模型，利用成渝地区环境统计基表以及《大气污染防治行动计划》（以下简称"大气十条"）自查报告的详细数据，对成渝地区"大气十条"实施的大气污染治理成本、健康效益和社会经济影响进行全面评估，得出如下结论：①成渝地区"大气十条"实施的环境健康效益大于其治理成本，成渝地区"大气十条"实施成本为376.3亿元，环境健康效益为670亿元，环境健康效益比实施成本高78%。②重点工业行业是成渝地区"大气十条"治理的重点，其治理成本为309.3亿元；其次是机动车治理成本，为50.1亿元。③成渝地区"大气十条"实施的环保投资为746亿元，对GDP拉动效应为1004.7亿元，增加就业5.24万人，有一定的社会经济拉动效益。④成渝地区PM_2.5降低1μg/m³需花费8.2亿元，其中，四川省PM_2.5降低1μg/m³成本为10.4亿元，重庆市为6.0亿元。     

国家“十二五”环保产业预测及政策分析

基于最近10年我国环保产业的发展状况,结合环境保护"十二五"规划战略研究,预测了"十二五"全国环境保护投资和环保产业的需求,识别了重点环保产业发展领域的投资需求和技术需求。预测表明,我国"十二五"环保投资约为3.1万亿元,占同期GDP的1.35%,环保产业产值为4.92万亿元,带动治理设施运行服务费用1.05万亿元,环保产业就业512万人。最后提出了"十二五"期间建议重点突破影响环保产业发展"瓶颈"的若干政策。     

环保投资不是为了“保增长”

<正>最近,关于环保投资的报道一派喜气。先是有报道说,"气十条"已经带来了1.7万亿人民币的投资,现又有报道说,"水十条"将在全国范围内拉动2万亿人民币的投资规模。还有报道说,今年年底有望出台的"土十条"将为土壤修复吸引约10万亿人民币的投资。在眼下经济低迷的情况下,各路专家似乎看到了"保增长"的新途径,信心满满地预测说,大气、水和土壤治污的三大战役将为中国经济带来新的增长点。有的已经精确地计算出,这些投资     

我们看好“水十条”

<正>近期我们每天接到的询问在不断提高,曝气管、微孔曝气管、曝气风机的使用量也在增加。在这个春暖花开的季节,污水处理项目开展得如火如荼。这说明,姗姗来迟后,"水十条"将促进环境产业梦想成为现实。在新时代下,环境产业有4驾马车将拉动产业快速发展。这四驾马车分别是需求拉动、结构性调整拉动、投资拉动以及出口拉动。在"水十条"的背景下,4驾马车将聚焦环境产业,拉动相关GDP的增长,促进国家稳增长战略。     

《大气污染防治行动计划》实施的投融资需求及影响评估

当前我国大气污染形势严峻,严重损害人民群众身体健康,影响社会和谐稳定。为切实改善空气质量,国务院于2013年9月印发了《大气污染防治行动计划》(简称《行动计划》)。本研究测算了实施该行动计划所需投入资金,并定量评估了可能给中国带来的社会、经济、健康等影响。结果表明,《大气污染防治行动计划》直接投资共计需要资金约1.84万亿元,其中优化能源结构、移动源污染防治、工业企业污染治理、面源污染治理的投资需求约分别为2844亿元、14 067.66亿元、915.44亿元和615.72亿元;2017年全国因实施《大气污染防治行动计划》而减少的慢性死亡人数平均约为11.06万人,占人口总数的0.15‰,各地损失寿命年限均有所下降,即寿命有延长趋势;带来的社会经济影响为正效应,在2013—2017年,计划的实施将拉动我国GDP增长约20 403.01亿元,增加就业岗位约291.13万个。本研究对政策评估研究及未来大气污染治理发展方向具有重要参考价值。     

以改革的视角看三个“环保十条”专访中科院科技政策与管理科学研究所所长王毅

4月16日,国务院发布《水污染防治行动计划》(以下简称"水十条")。这是继2013年9月出台的《大气污染防治行动计划》(以下简称"大气十条")之后,国务院出台的第二个环保行动计划,是新一届政府的第二个环保行动计划纲领。同时,《土壤污染治理行动计划》近日已由环保部提交至国务院审议,预计今年年内或明年初将会出台。站在"十二五"的收官之年,我们应当如何从深化改革的角度评价已经出台的"大气十条"和"水     

抢占科技创新制高点打造国际一流环保企业——访福建龙净环保股份有限公司CEO吴京荣

福建龙净环保股份有限公司（以下简称龙净）是我国环保大气污染治理行业的龙头企业,是我国环保除尘行业首家上市公司,专注于大气污染控制领域环保产品的开发与拓展。该公司现拥有全资或控股子公司25家,资产总额60亿元,在上海、武汉、西安、天津、宿迁、厦门等地建立了多个研发与产业基地。龙净上市十年,走出了一条成功的发展道路,创造了令业内惊叹的不俗业绩。前不久,《中国环保产业》杂志记者专访了该公司的首席执行官吴京荣先生。     

“土十条”弄不好会成一场投资游戏

<正>"防治土壤污染需要海量资金,但在污染家底不清的情况下开展大规模治理,有可能沦为环保产业的一场投资盛宴或游戏。"公众与环境研究中心主任马军说。据环保部8月3日消息,继"大气十条""水十条"相继发布后,被称为"土十条"的《土壤污染防治行动计划》即将出台。今年中央下达重金属专项资金36亿元,支持30个地市重点区域重金属治理和37个重金属土壤污染治理与修复示范工程。治理空气、水、土壤污染被称做中国环境保护事业     

“十大对策”是推动我国环保工作的基本纲领

世界环发大会之后,经党中央和国务院批准,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅转发了外交部、国家环保局《关于出席联合国环境与发展大会的情况及有关对策的报告》。该《报告》提出了我国环境与发展的十个方面对策(简称十大对策),这《十大对策》是在充分分析了国内外经济与环境发展形势,认真总结了我国二十年环保工作经验与教训的基础上提出来的。它是新形势下,继续推进我国环保工作的基本纲领,不仅有现实意义,也有深远的历史意义,它标志着我国环保工作不论是在国内实现持续发展上,还是在国际发挥环境大国的作用上,都将进入一个新阶段,树立起新的里程碑。只要我们深入学习、领会和认真贯彻执行《十大对策》,我国环保工作必将登上一个新台阶,为我国社会主义建设和保护地球生态做出新的更大的贡献、《十大对策》包括的思想和内容很丰富、很广泛、也很全面。本文仅从几个方面,     

多措并举支持企业复工复产——浙江省生态环境部门线上线下服务企业促发展

正疫情发生以来,浙江坚持防疫阻击战、发展总体战"两手硬""两战赢",印发实施《关于支持企业复工复产服务稳企业稳经济稳发展的意见》,全面推进加强疫情防控环境监管服务、实施环保审批绿色通道、开展环保服务企业示范行动等十条措施,全力支持企业复工复产。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.