县级生态农业建设规划的编制

本文运用生态经济学、系统工程学和规划论的观点,对如何编制县级生态农业建设规划进行了探讨。提出编制规划的基本思路和应遵循的主要原则,并从现状评价、潜力分析、规划目标、规划方案、重点项目、效益预测和主要措施等方面对规划应包括的主要内容和具体要求进行了系统的阐述。     

资阳市大气污染源排放清单研究

采用实地调研、资料收集等方式获得了2017年资阳市典型污染源的活动水平数据,参照城市大气污染物排放清单编制技术手册建立了基于排放因子法和物料衡算法的资阳市大气污染源排放清单,分析了主要污染物的行业排放特征和空间分布特征。结果表明,2017年资阳市SO₂、NO_X、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、VOCs、NH₃总排放量分别为3.58kt、13.91kt、94.91kt、25.51kt、8.67kt、23.84kt和46.44kt。SO₂排放主要来自工业源;NOX排放主要来自移动源;CO排放主要来自工业过程及移动源;PM₁₀和PM_2.5、排放来自扬尘源和露天秸秆焚烧;VOCs主要来自溶剂使用源;NH₃主要来自农业活动。资阳市主要污染物排放分布在工业点源较为集中的雁江区和安岳县,乐至县污染物排放量相对较小。     

城市污水处理厂恶臭浓度分布规律及其防治措施

城市污水处理厂的主要大气污染物之一为恶臭污染,恶臭问题已经成为环境领域的一个重要研究课题。恶臭污染物的来源主要是初沉池等水流湍动处,其成分主要是含氮化合物、含硫化合物、含氧有机物等。分析了恶臭污染物的来源、成分和浓度分布等,对确定城市污水处理厂的卫生防护距离进行了讨论,并介绍了目前国内外主要恶臭污染防治措施。湿式吸收氧化法和生物过滤法这两种技术是当前发展和应用的方向。     

数字

正4项近日,环境保护部对北京市上半年主要污染物总量减排进行了核定。全市4项主要污染物二氧化硫、氮氧化物、化学需氧量和氨氮排放量上半年分别比去年同期减少5.43%、7.59%、2.22%和5.95%,近百个减排项目建成投运并较好发挥了减排效益,实现了"时间过半、任务过半",各主要污染物排放量保持     

山东省虾类资源与养殖现状研究

从气候、淡水资源和海洋资源等方面简要介绍了山东省的水产资源自然条件，概述了主要淡水虾和海水虾的资源及其分布。从养殖规模和养殖模式两方面总结了主要经济虾类的养殖现状，指出了优质虾苗繁殖困难、病害防治水平低、产品质量差、销售渠道狭窄等制约虾类养殖业发展的主要问题，并据此提出了相应的对策。     

浙江省水运资源现状及其利用建议

水运资源主要包括航道和港口。介绍了杭州、嘉兴、湖州、宁波等主要航区的内河航道现状，分析了浙江省域范围内河口港、海岸港和海岛港3种类型港口的分布情况，以及浙江北部、中部和南部主要港口情况。根据浙江省水运资源的现状，总结归纳了其优缺点。最后，从大水运的角度，提出了合理利用水运资源的建议。     

运用现代教育媒体进行校园环境建设

一、校园文化和校园环境建设概述 校园文化是以学生为主体,以课外文化活动为主要内容、校园为丰要空间、校园精神为主要特征的一种群体文化.它主要包括以青年学生为代表的文化观念以及由此所规范的学生特有的思维特征、行为特征和方式,学牛课余生活中一切以群体形式出现的文化活动如诗社、棋牌俱乐部、书社、文学社等社团活动是校园文化...     

2013年中国主要污染物排放总量全部下降

环境保护部于近日公布了2013年度中国各省、自治区、直辖市和中石油、中石化等八家中央企业主要污染物总量减排情况。当年，化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物四项主要污染物排放量全部同比下降。     

农业面源污染现状及其防治措施

农业面源污染已成为我国农村生态环境恶化的主要原因之一,严重制约了农业和农村经济环境的可持续发展。本文全面阐述了我国农业面源污染现状,指出农业面源污染主要污染源是农药化肥、畜禽养殖、农膜、秸秆和居民生活污水以及固体废弃物,分析了农业面源污染的主要危害,提出了相应的防治措施。     

铬渣的危害与解毒技术

本文介绍了铬渣的产生过程和主要成分,以及我国铬渣的产生和污染现状;介绍了化学处理法、物理/化学法、熔烧法和固化/稳定化处理法等铬渣解毒技术原理;概括了目前国内主要的铬渣综合利用方式.     

海外石油项目环境合规性规范体系研究

海外石油项目的环境合规性管理意义重大,环境合规性管理的关键问题是识别合适的规范体系。从法学理论分析,资源国法律及其批准的国际公约、投资开发协议所要求的法律法规、金融机构的融资担保合同中所要求的法律法规、投资母国的法律规范构成了对海外石油项目的硬法约束；国际组织通过约束跨国公司行为的协定指南、企业加入的自愿性承诺、国际行业标准以及被视为最佳实践和惯例的标准导则构成了软法约束。本文结合主要国际石油公司的环境合规性实践分析,认为在实际管理中,可以根据规范来源与效力、企业追求目标等因素将上述规范区分为核心规范和其他规范,其中核心规范进一步区分为必选规范和可选规范。     

Capturing Old-Growth Values for Use in Forest Decision-Making

Old-growth forests have declined significantly across the world. Decisions related to old growth are often mired in challenges of value diversity, conflict, data gaps, and resource pressures. This article describes old-growth values of citizens and groups in Nova Scotia, Canada, for integration in sustainable forest management (SFM) decision-making. The study is based on data from 76 research subjects who participated in nine field trips to forest stands. Research subjects were drawn from Aboriginal groups, environmental organizations, forestry professionals, and rural and urban publics. Diaries, group discussions, and rating sheets were used to elicit information during the field trips. Findings show that different elicitation techniques can influence the articulation of intensity with which some values are held. In addition, certain values are more often associated with old-growth than with other forest-age classes. Some values associated with old-growth are considered more important than others, and some silvicultural treatments are perceived to compromise old-growth values more than others. Demographic characteristics, such as constituency group, gender, and age, are shown to influence value priorities. Ideas on how to incorporate old-growth values into SFM decision-making are highlighted.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Women and natural resource management: Illustrations from India and Nepal

This article attempts to delineate women's roles in natural resource management by highlighting their roles in management of water, agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery. The article is based on the findings of case studies in rural areas of India and Nepal done during 2003 and 2004 by the author as well as by other researchers. Taking women as primary respondents, empirical work used participatory techniques, such as in‐depth surveys, focus group discussions and participant observation. Findings suggest that women clearly outdo men in terms of their involvement in use and management of all the studied sectors, i.e., water, agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery. Yet, they face categorical exclusion and denial of equal sharing of benefits from natural resources. In order to ensure sustainable use of these resources, the article recommends that policy makers, planners and development workers must have a better understanding of the relative and often shifting roles of men and women in natural resource management, including division of labour, access to resources, decision‐making and traditional knowledge and practices. The article concludes with sector‐specific recommendations.     

Seasonal influences on inorganic anion monitoring of the New Calabar River,Nigeria

The inorganic anion pollution of the New Calabar River surface water was investigated. Results showed seasonal variations in the inorganic anion levels. Water parameters such as sulfite, nitrate, phosphate, and alkalinity showed significantly higher values in the rainy season than in the dry season. Dissolved oxygen, pH, sulfide, sulfate, ammonia, and nitrite showed no significant differences between their rainy and dry season levels. Upstream-downstream changes were shown by conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride, salinity, and temperature. Exceptions occurred in the nitrite levels, where the effect was minimal. Although the concentrations of some anions analyzed fell within internationally acceptable limits, the New Calabar River water is, in the main, polluted with inorganic anions and may be unacceptable for potable and industrial uses without treatment.     

Use of off-road vehicles and mitigation of effects in Alaska permafrost environments: A review

Use of off-road vehicles (ORVs) in permafrost-affected terrain of Alaska has increased sharply over the past two decades. Until the early 1960s, most ORV use was by industry or government, which employed heavy vehicles such as industrial tractors and tracked carriers. Smaller, commercial ORVs became available in the 1960s, with the variety and number in use rapidly increasing. Wheeled and tracked ORVs, many used exclusively for recreation or subsistence harvesting by individuals, are now ubiquitous in Alaska. This increased use has led to concern over the cumulative effects of such vehicles on vegetation, soils, and environmental variables including off-site values. Factors affecting impact and subsequent restoration include specific environmental setting; vegetation; presence and ice content of permafrost; microtopography; vehicle design, weight, and ground pressure; traffic frequency; season of traffic; and individual operator practices. Approaches for mitigating adverse effects of ORVs include regulation and zoning, terrain analysis and sensitivity mapping, route selection, surface protection, and operator training. We regret the untimely death of Gunars Abele on August 27, 1989; he was a valued colleague and good friend.     

电子设备的安全性设计

本电子设备安全性设计的目的就是通过识别、分析、评价系统中存在的危险性,预计事故对人员、设备和环境的破坏的可能性和严重性,根据其结果调整工艺、设备、操作、管理、生产周期和投资等因素,提出消除、减少、控制危险及危险事件的措施,以便使事故在发生之前得到控制,降低系统运行的风险。     

USING TECHNICAL ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT TO IMPROVE DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR URBAN INSTREAM STRUCTURES1

ABSTRACT: Adaptive management is a heuristic approach to treating stream restoration projects as continuous, cyclic experiments, yielding results to be incorporated into future decisions. This comprehensive assessment views failures as surprises that are valuable lessons. Monitoring, evaluation of data, and communication of results are critical; the monitoring results trigger feedback mechanisms to invoke adaptation to the newly acquired information and communication of new hypotheses, treatments, or policies. The principles of adaptive management were applied to a monitoring study of three urban stream restoration sites in Maryland. Data were collected and evaluated for various restoration techniques, including vanes, cross vanes, step pools, root wads, imbricated riprap walls, and coir fiber rolls. Improvements to the existing Maryland design guidelines and policies were developed as the feedback mechanism. With the increasing application of adaptive management in stream restoration efforts, it is likely that repeated failures will be prevented and future restoration projects will be more successful in achieving their goals.     

Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Riparian Zones: Potential for Improved Water Quality Management1

Vidon, Philippe, Craig Allan, Douglas Burns, Tim P. Duval, Noel Gurwick, Shreeram Inamdar, Richard Lowrance, Judy Okay, Durelle Scott, and Steve Sebestyen, 2010. Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Riparian Zones: Potential for Improved Water Quality Management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):278-298. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00420.x Abstract: Biogeochemical and hydrological processes in riparian zones regulate contaminant movement to receiving waters and often mitigate the impact of upland sources of contaminants on water quality. These heterogeneous processes have recently been conceptualized as “hot spots and moments” of retention, degradation, or production. Nevertheless, studies investigating the importance of hot phenomena (spots and moments) in riparian zones have thus far largely focused on nitrogen (N) despite compelling evidence that a variety of elements, chemicals, and particulate contaminant cycles are subject to the influence of both biogeochemical and transport hot spots and moments. In addition to N, this review summarizes current knowledge for phosphorus, organic matter, pesticides, and mercury across riparian zones, identifies variables controlling the occurrence and magnitude of hot phenomena in riparian zones for these contaminants, and discusses the implications for riparian zone management of recognizing the importance of hot phenomena in annual solute budgets at the watershed scale. Examples are presented to show that biogeochemical process-driven hot spots and moments occur along the stream/riparian zone/upland interface for a wide variety of constituents. A basic understanding of the possible co-occurrence of hot spots and moments for a variety of contaminants in riparian systems will increase our understanding of the influence of riparian zones on water quality and guide management strategies to enhance nutrient or pollutant removal at the landscape scale.     

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SMALL STREAMS: SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTION1

ABSTRACT: Throughout the United States, land managers are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of small streams for a wide range of resource benefits. Where channel morphology is modified or structural features are added, stream dynamics and energy dissipation need to be considered. Unit stream power, defined here as the time-rate loss of potential energy per unit mass of water, can be reduced by adding stream obstructions, increasing channel sinuosity, or increasing flow resistance with large roughness elements such as woody root systems, logs, boulders, or bedrock. Notable morphological features of small streams are pools, riffles, bed material, and channel banks. Pools, which vary in size, shape, and causative factors, are important rearing habitat for fish. Riffles represent storage locations for bed material and are generally utilized for spawning. The particle sizes and distributions of bed material influence channel characteristics, bedload transport, food supplies for fish, spawning conditions, cover, and rearing habitat. Riparian vegetation helps stabilize channel banks and contributes in various ways to fish productivity. Understanding each stream feature individually and in relation to all others is essential for proper stream management. Although engineered structures for modifying habitat may alter stream characteristics, channel morphology must ultimately be matched to the hydraulic, geologic, and (especially) vegetative constraints of a particular location.