重庆市景观格局动态变化分析

土地利用/覆盖变化是全球变化研究中的一个重要环节,景观生态学是土地利用/覆盖变化的一个重要的研究手段。以分形理论为指导,利用景观生态学的相关指标,在遥感和地理信息技术的支持下,研究重庆市景观格局的变化。采用1995和2000年Landsat TM/ETM影像为基础数据,提取并建立土地利用空间数据库,应用景观空间格局分形模型,获取景观类型的分形维数和稳定性指数以及景观多样性指数、分离度指数、破碎度指数、均匀度指数和优势度等指标。结果表明：水田、旱地、水域等土地类型的分形维数在研究时间段内有明显上升,有林地、灌木林地和草地等景观要素类型的分形维数降低;景观多样性和破碎度指数以及均匀度略有增加,而优势度指数下降;分形维数和破碎度指数呈极显著正相关。最后为重庆市景观格局的持续发展提出了若干建议。     

鄂西北山区土地利用的地形梯度效应与空间结构特征

地形因素在一定程度上影响着土地利用变化,对区域土地利用格局与空间结构特征有着重要影响。该文以鄂西北山区房县为研究对象,利用DEM提取高程和坡度信息,并生成地形位指数,借助GIS的空间分析功能,采用地形位指数、分布指数和土地利用强度综合指数,系统分析房县土地利用的地形梯度效应;在此基础上,应用分形理论探讨其土地利用的空间结构特征。结果表明:(1)房县各土地利用类型的空间分布具有明显的地形梯度特征,高程、坡度及地形位对房县土地利用格局的形成有着重要影响;(2)水域、交通用地、居民点及工矿用地、耕地的优势分布区间集中在低地形位区间,园地、草地和未利用地的优势分布区间集中在中地形位区间,林地的优势分布区间集中在高地形位区间;(3)房县土地利用强度综合指数随着地形位指数的增加逐渐降低;(4)房县各土地利用类型分布具有明显的分形特征,分维数介于1. 275 3～1. 759 3之间,各类用地的稳定性大小依次为:水域居民点及工矿用地园地林地耕地草地交通用地未利用地。研究结果可为该地区土地利用总体规划及土地资源优化配置提供科学的决策依据。     

基于分形的城市体系经济规模等级研究

利用分形理论进行城市体系的经济规模等级特征分析,推广了规模等级分形理论的应用领域。以长江三角洲地区县级以上行政单位为研究对象,以2009年经济数据为载体,分别从分部门的经济总量、经济密度和第一无标度区3个角度计算了城市体系经济规模的分维,验证了分形理论在城市体系经济规模等级研究中的适用性。结果表明：（1）城市体系中的经济规模等级呈现较好的分形特征,分形维数可以作为城市体系经济规模等级研究的有力工具;（2）长江三角洲地区当前各经济社会部门的规模等级特征差异较大,中心城市垄断性较强;（3）长江三角洲地区经济规模等级层次明显;（4）以无标度区为基础可以将长江三角洲地区划分为核心经济区和经济发展边缘区     

苏南和皖北平原地区乡村聚落分形特征对比分析——以镇江丹阳市和宿州埇桥区为例

聚落规模和空间结构的研究历来是地理学的研究热点,分形理论越来越多地被应用于聚落的定量研究,而相对于城镇体系分形研究,乡村聚落体系的分形研究是一块"短板"。为定量对比分析苏南地区与皖北地区的聚落体系的分形特征,以ArcGIS9.3软件为平台,在县域尺度上选取镇江丹阳市和宿州埇桥区平原地区团聚状聚落体系为研究对象,通过计算豪斯道夫维数对比分析了聚落体系规模分布的分形特征差异,通过计算关联维数和集聚维数,从聚落要素的空间相关性和聚落随机集聚的向心性两方面,分析了聚落体系空间结构的分形特征差异,对聚落体系的空间集聚性的多级分形特征差异作了重点探讨。结果表明:丹阳市和埇桥区规模分布分形的判定系数R2分别为0.966和0.962、空间结构的相关系数R2在0.990左右,表明苏南地区和皖北地区团聚状聚落体系在规模分布和空间结构上都具有比较明显的分形特征,表现出自相似结构,且皖北地区聚落体系处低水平发展阶段;苏南地区和皖北地区团聚状聚落体系的空间集聚性存在多级分形的特征,苏南地区的城市的集聚性强于皖北地区,而镇(乡)和中心村的集聚性(分维数D平均值为2.162和2.029)则明显小于皖北地区(分维数D平均值为1.916和1.592);平原地区聚落体系的分形特征与其城市化阶段密切相关。因此,在以后的工作中可以利用分形思想进行聚落体系规划,有效地利用地理空间资源,优化区域聚落体系结构。     

重庆市不同空间尺度建设用地演进特征与景观格局分析

研究不同空间尺度下城市土地利用的演变过程和变化特征,有助于深入了解和揭示城市土地利用演变时空差异和内在影响机制。以重庆市主城区为例,基于研究区1978~2013年多时序的MSS和Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像数据,利用Arc GIS技术和景观格局分析理论,从研究区整体尺度、区域尺度和各区尺度等3种空间尺度对研究区建设用地演进特征和景观格局动态变化进行分析。结果表明:(1)1978~2013年研究区不同空间尺度建设用地面积变化趋势基本相似,综合扩展程度指数变化特征也存在一定的规律。在2001年之后研究区建设用地演进过程由低缓发展向高速递增阶段过渡,各区尺度建设用地扩展深受地貌、经济、政策、交通等影响因素的干扰;(2)在不同空间尺度新增斑块数目对比中,边缘扩展模式与跳跃扩展模式的主导优势先后发生3次转换,而在新增斑块面积比对比中边缘扩展模式始终保持绝对优势,填充扩展模式分别在新增斑块数目和面积比的比较中均处于弱势;(3)随着时间的变化,就整体尺度上景观指数变化而言,景观破碎度和景观多样性明显增加,斑块形状趋于简单和规则化,斑块之间连通性不断提高,与城市化进程趋于吻合。但区域尺度和各区尺度深受国家政策环境的影响,景观指数变化则相对复杂。研究结论有助于从空间尺度对城市扩展信息进行挖掘和理解,为其城市规划和土地管理提供一定的科学依据。     

怀化城市形态的演变特征及形成机制

根据城市规划土地利用现状图、怀化市1〖DK1〗∶10 000地形图、遥感影像图、社会经济统计数据以及其他相关资料,借助ArcGIS 92平台和统计分析软件(SPSS 115),采用空间形态分析、地统计分析、等扇分析、景观测度及分形理论等研究方法,对我国中部铁路枢纽城市怀化的城市形态演变特征及形成机制展开研究。结果表明：城市形态的紧凑度、分维数偏低,形状指数偏大,城市以正东、西南、正北方位的扩展为主,演化轨迹为“据点型”-“散点组团型”-“团城型”-“枝状放射型”-“‘T’字型”;城市形态演变是经济发展、交通设施发展、自然地理条件限制等多重驱动力共同作用的结果.     

武汉市外部空间形态分形特征演变规律研究

城市外部空间形态是城市空间要素自组织演变的外在表现,合理的外部空间形态有利于城市组成要素及其资源环境的稳定发展。空间形态的分维数在不同时间尺度上有其发展演变的规律,分维数的变化与人类活动有着密切的关系。以武汉市建国以来不同时段的城市外部形态为例,在GIS环境下研究外部形态信息图谱,提取各时期的分维数和人口、面积的统计数据,经拟合发现城市规模与外部形态分维数有密切的函数关系,并在此基础上建立“形态描述函数”,提出在城市发展时期,分维数可作为城市面积和人口规模的指示器,来预测城市空间扩展和演变的程度,以及利用分维数与社会经济因素的相关关系可以深入分析城市空间形态的发展机理。     

三峡库区重庆段城市空间扩展及形态时空演变研究

由于时代的局限性以及地理单元的独特性,以往城市空间结构理论的研究热点多集中于经济较为发达的东部地区或特大型城市,对于欠发达西部地区的中小城市关注不够。基于RS与GIS技术,通过1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年5期TM遥感影像提取城市建成区数据,利用城市空间扩展强度和速度指数、紧凑度、分形维数及形状指数对三峡库区重庆段20 a间城市空间扩展及形态演变定量分析。得出以下结论及建议:(1)随着时间增长,城市空间扩展强度及速度总体呈上升趋势,紧凑度持续降低,城市建成区面积逐年递增,城市扩展极不稳定;(2)城市空间形态受重大事件影响易发生"突变",随着时间的沉淀,空间形态再发生"整合";(3)1997年重庆直辖以来,前10 a的移民安置工程为城市形态的"突变"提供了良好契机。2007年之后,在经济发展作为城市空间扩展的核心动力支撑下,研究区城市扩展主流模式侧重于沿一到两个方向扩展,形成"一心两辅"的发展态势;(4)在未来城市发展规划中,应坚持可持续发展理念、合理规划用地布局,优化产业结构,加强环境保护,避免"边发展、边污染"的被动局面,同时结合自身交通运输条件的优势,在各个方向上形成依附在中心城镇周围的腹地并作为未来扩展的基础,构建副中心城市,将城市形态有序沿城市发展中心蔓延,形成"一核多翼"的发展态势。     

长江三角洲都市连绵区城市体系的分形特征

分形研究是现代理论地理的重要内容之一,分形维数是刻画城市体系结构的有效参数。为定量分析长江三角洲都市连绵区城市体系的分形特征,通过计算豪斯道夫维数分析了长江三角洲城市体系规模分布的分形特征,通过计算关联维数和集聚维数,从城市要素的空间相关性和城市随机集聚的向心性两方面,分析了长江三角洲都市连绵区城市体系空间结构的分形特征。测算结果表明：（1）城市体系规模结构符合位序 规模分布类型,但首位城市的垄断性还很强,处于由首位型分布向序列型分布转变的过程之中,中间位序的城市数量偏少,城市之间呈竞争发展态势;（2）城市体系空间结构呈现出均匀分布的特征,城市的空间关联性强,空间相互作用强度大。在上述结论的基础上对长江三角洲都市连绵区城市体系的优化发展提出了建议.     

长江经济带科技创新与绿色发展的耦合协调及其空间关联

绿色发展是长江经济带战略的首要要求,而创新是驱动区域绿色发展的核心要素。通过构建科技创新与绿色发展综合评价指标体系,以长江经济带108个地级及以上城市为研究对象,采用熵权Topsis法,耦合协调度模型和空间马尔科夫链方法,分析2006～2016年长江经济带科技创新与绿色发展的耦合协调水平、时空分布格局以及空间关联性演变。研究结果表明研究期内:(1)长江经济带科技创新和绿色发展指数总体上虽然均有一定的上升,但整体水平较低,2013年开始呈现同步增长的趋势;(2)科技创新与绿色发展的耦合度及协调度指数整体上呈上升趋势,但带内空间分异明显,长三角地区协调度明显高于其他地区;(3)科技创新与绿色发展的协调性呈现集群化现象,且具有"下游中游上游"的梯度化空间分异特征,低水平协调的城市单元可以划分为科技创新领先区、绿色发展领先区和平衡区3种类型;(4)科技创新与绿色发展协调性具有明显的空间溢出效应,长江经济带内相邻城市协调度的变换具有趋同特征。最后,提供了相关政策建议。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.