热喷涂高铝含量Zn-Al合金涂层热带岛礁大气环境腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究Zn-Al合金涂层在热带海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为,为低合金钢长效防护涂层的选用提供依据。方法 采用电弧热喷涂和高铝合金丝制备高铝含量Zn-Al合金涂层,通过户外暴露试验,采用目视、扫描电镜及能谱仪、金相显微镜、XRD、电化学交流阻抗谱和动电位极化曲线等方法,对不同暴露周期的涂层宏观、微观表面形貌、成分组成、截面形貌、腐蚀产物组成、电化学性能和腐蚀速率等进行观察、测试。结果Zn-Al合金涂层是以质量比为50%:50%的Zn/Al合金组成。在0～540 d周期内,涂层腐蚀产物主要由碱式锌铝碳酸盐化合物Zn₆Al₂(OH)₁₆CO₃·H₂O和羟基锌铝碳酸盐化合物Zn_0.70Al_0.30(OH)₂(CO₃)_0.15·x H₂O、Zn_0.71Al_0.29(OH)₂(CO_3<...     

典型航空装备用金属材料在不同酸性盐雾环境下的腐蚀效应及机理

目的对比分析硫酸盐雾试验和盐雾/SO2复合试验的环境效应及机理差异。方法针对硫酸盐雾试验和ASTM G85附录A4-X4中的盐雾/SO2复合试验两种酸性盐雾试验方法,选取3种金属试片(4130高强度合金钢镀铬、40CrNiSi合金钢镀镍、2A12铝合金导电氧化)和2种合金钢自锁螺母(30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺母、30CrMnSiA镀锌钝化螺母)作为试验对象,对其开展两种酸性盐雾试验条件下的腐蚀试验,采用扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析研究各试验件表面生成的腐蚀产物形貌及组分特征,对比分析两种试验条件下的环境效应及机理差异,并结合耦合多电极矩阵(CMAS)测试技术,对比分析两种酸性盐雾试验条件下的环境腐蚀性特点及严酷性差异,初步探讨了两种试验条件与外场舰载平台环境的相关性关系。结果盐雾/SO2复合试验条件下CMAS电极的腐蚀深度达到同周期硫酸盐雾试验下的10倍左右。盐雾/SO2复合试验下,试样表面腐蚀产物中均检测出S元素的存在。相比于硫酸盐雾试验,盐雾/SO2复合试验与外场舰载平台环境具有更好的一致性。结论美军现行的盐雾/SO2复合试验方法与外场舰载平台环境具有更好的相符性。     

蒙皮涂层在地中海气候和热带沙漠气候过渡地区的腐蚀行为模拟

目的再现地中海和热带沙漠过渡气候环境下飞机蒙皮涂层的腐蚀特征。方法采用单项试验、组合循环试验等方式对涂层试样开展模拟加速试验,观察涂层的腐蚀形态。采用扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱分析技术研究样品表面的显微形貌及元素含量变化情况。结果盐雾试验、周期浸泡试验和湿热-盐雾-光老化组合循环试验中,样品均出现了起泡现象,这几种试验方法均强化了腐蚀介质Cl?的作用。盐雾试验和湿热-盐雾-光老化组合循环试验中的腐蚀形态与实际使用中出现的腐蚀现象基本一致。周期浸泡试验中,除起泡外,涂层还出现了实际使用过程中未出现的玷污现象。结论盐雾试验的模拟效率最高,蒙皮涂层出现起泡主要是当地大气和地下水中Cl?的作用。     

不同反应物制备NiFe2O4类芬顿催化剂催化性能比较

该文以NiCl₂·6H₂O和FeCl₃·6H₂O、NiCl₂·6H₂O和FeCl₂·4H₂O、NiSO₄·6H₂O和FeSO₄·7H₂O为3组反应物,NaOH为沉淀剂,采用共沉淀法制备催化材料NiFe₂O₄催化剂,比较3组反应物制备出的NiFe₂O₄催化剂对活化SPS降解RhB染料废水的效果,并对材料进行表征。结果显示,以NiCl₂·6H₂O和FeCl₃·6H₂O为反应物制备出的材料催化性能、形貌结构最优。以NiCl₂·6H₂O和FeCl₃·6H₂O为反应物,通过单因...     

镁硼硅晶膜改性技术对镍-磷复合镀层组织性能的影响

目的 通过研究镁硼硅晶膜改性技术对镍-磷复合镀层组织性能的影响,开发并提升工业应用价值较高的非晶态镍-磷镀层.方法 采用镁硼硅晶膜改性处理技术,在45#钢基材上制备Ni-P化学镀层,通过扫描电子显微镜等设备,检测处理后镀层的微观形貌、组织结构和耐磨耐蚀性能,结合镁硼硅水体活化表征,分析镁硼硅晶膜改性技术对镍-磷镀层的强化机理.结果 相比传统的Ni-P镀层,镁硼硅改性晶膜处理的Ni-P镀层表面平整,分布均匀,表面致密度明显提升,摩擦因数减小了约32％,腐蚀电位正移221 mV,腐蚀电流为原来的1/2,腐蚀质量损失速率明显较低,耐腐蚀性能更为优异.经过镁硼硅改性晶膜处理的水体分子团明显减小,活性提升,这说明经过处理后的水体易于溶解来自复合陶瓷中的硅石和硼素等物质,在Ni-P镀层形成致密的晶膜,提高镀层的综合防护性能.结论 经过镁硼硅晶膜改性处理后,Ni-P镀层表面致密度和耐磨耐蚀性能有了明显的提升,具有更为宽广的工业应用价值.     

Cl-作用下AerMet100钢在盐雾环境中的 微区电化学行为

目的对Cl~-作用下AerMet100钢在盐雾环境中的腐蚀和微区电化学行为进行研究。方法通过开展盐雾腐蚀试验,对AerMet100钢的腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物进行研究分析。盐雾试验不同时间后,通过SKP测试,得到试样的表面电位分布,通过Gauss拟合,对试样表面扫描开尔文电位的分布和变化情况进行分析。结果 AerMet100钢在盐雾腐蚀试验过程中的腐蚀行为从点蚀开始,逐渐发展为均匀腐蚀。腐蚀产物分为内外两层,外层疏松,内层致密。由于腐蚀反应过程中生成大量铁的氧化物及羟基氧化物,因此,内外层腐蚀产物中含有大量的Fe、O元素;内外锈层中均含有少量的Cl元素,表明Cl~-参与了腐蚀反应过程;内外锈层中Cr、Co、Ni等合金元素的存在,使得锈层具有离子选择性、致密性,加速了锈层的产生。未腐蚀的试样表面电位分布比较均匀,集中程度较高,即电位差较小,总体电位差为152 mV,有少量表面活性点随机分布,此时试样表面阴极和阳极分布不规则。盐雾试验3天后,试样表面电位正移,分布趋于分散,电位差增大,总体电位差为270m V,产生较为明显的阴极区和阳极区,由于吸附在试样表面活性点附近的Cl~-破坏了表面的氧化膜,腐蚀情况逐渐发生。盐雾试验6天后,试样表面电位进一步升高,分布更为分散,电位差略有减小,总体电位差为180 mV,由于腐蚀产物层的不断扩展,试样表面已经分为明显的较大面积的阴极区和阳极区。结论 Cl~-的侵蚀作用破坏了基体表面的氧化膜,使得AerMet100钢的腐蚀在夹杂物处发生。腐蚀产物能够阻碍Cl~-的渗透,对基体具有保护作用。     

电容式湿度传感器温-湿-盐雾耦合环境损伤效应与机理研究

目的 研究电容式湿度传感器在温-湿-盐雾耦合环境作用下的性能退化规律和失效机理。方法 将电容式湿度传感器放置在三因素循环(85 ℃+85%RH→40 ℃+0.05%NaCl中性盐雾→35 ℃+50%RH干燥)环境下进行加速老化试验,定期取样,分析响应时间和测量精度退化规律,研究温-湿-盐雾对电容式湿度传感器的环境损伤机制。结果 在三因素环境下老化7 d,湿度传感器在标准湿度(>50%RH)环境下感应异常;老化14 d,湿度传感器在每种标准湿度环境下感应异常。测试发现,湿敏电容的电容量偏大,绝缘电阻偏小,损耗角正切偏大,确定湿敏电容失效。湿度传感器在温-湿-盐雾环境下,在盐雾阶段,盐粒子沉积在湿敏材料表面,在干燥阶段水分挥发,最终在湿敏材料表面形成不规整颗粒物,造成湿敏电容绝缘性能降低。在通电测试时,不规整颗粒物在电场作用下易发生尖端发电,使得感湿材料绝缘性能下降,同时伴随有腐蚀和击穿烧蚀,使湿敏电容发生失效。结论 湿度传感器在温-湿-盐雾环境下,盐粒子易附着在感湿材料上,在通电环境下发生击穿烧蚀,造成湿度传感器功能失效。     

金属盐(SO42-/Cl-)固体酸催化剂在污泥制生物柴油中的应用

研究NaHSO₄·H₂O（布朗斯特酸位为主）和AlCl₃·6H₂O（路易斯酸位为主）两类金属盐固体酸催化剂在污泥制取生物柴油过程中的催化性能.结果表明,经过130℃脱水的NaHSO₄·H₂O较AlCl₃·6H₂O表现更为优异,两种催化剂的最优催化条件为催化剂投加量1.2g/10g冷冻干燥污泥、反应温度130℃、反应时间4h.虽然对粗脂肪的酯化率NaHSO₄·H₂O低于AlCl₃·6H₂O,分别为（63.4±2.6）％和（68.9±1.4）％（对应的生物柴油产率分别为9.73%~10.69％和10.80%~11.39％（污泥干基））,但经过GC-MS分析发现NaHSO₄·H₂O催化的生物柴油纯度更高,品质更好;两种催化剂的重复使用性<3~5次.两种催化剂均可实现低成本、高性能且环境友好的催化污泥制备生物柴油.     

湿热盐雾大气环境印制电路板防护棚下试验研究

目的 试验研究不同防护工艺的印制电路板在湿热盐雾大气环境下的适应性。方法 结合无防护试件,在严苛的濒海棚下环境开展4种印制电路板防护工艺的暴露试验,通过观察电路板外观,测量计算绝缘电阻、介质耐压、品质因数,以及扫描电镜、能谱分析等技术手段评价印制电路板防护工艺的性能。结果 濒海棚下环境中,无防护印制电路板腐蚀严重,电气性能显著下降。改性硅、有机硅三防漆防护的印制电路板在整个试验周期内腐蚀程度轻微,电气性能较好,表面涂层仅存在轻微起泡现象。丙烯酸三防漆防护印制电路板防护性能不稳定,印制电路板出现腐蚀现象,品质因数总体低于改性硅、有机硅三防漆防护。聚氨酯三防漆防护印制电路板在电气测试性能中表现良好,但涂层出现太多破损、起泡等缺陷,铜导线出现异常生锈现象。在介质耐压测试中,多周期呈现击穿状态。结论 在濒海区域棚下湿热盐雾环境中,涂覆有机硅、改性硅三防漆的印制电路板防护状态最好,可优先选择作为防护手段。     

盐沉积方式对TC11钛合金热盐腐蚀行为的影响

目的 对比研究人工涂盐方法和盐雾试验方法沉积盐膜对TC11钛合金热腐蚀行为的影响规律。方法 对人工涂盐和盐雾试验沉积盐膜的TC11钛合金试样500℃高温热盐腐蚀形貌、腐蚀动力学和腐蚀机理进行对比分析。结果 2种不同盐膜沉积方式的TC11钛合金试样表面盐分的分布形态存在明显的区别,盐雾腐蚀试样表面的盐分存在局部聚集现象,人工涂盐试样盐分分布较为均匀。2种方式沉积盐分试样热盐腐蚀试验后,从腐蚀较严重面积S大小角度对比,人工涂盐试样>盐雾试验试样;从局部腐蚀最大深度D看,盐雾试验试样盐分集中区域>人工涂盐试样>盐雾试验试样盐分较少区域。腐蚀动力学均遵从抛物线规律,盐雾试验试样和人工涂盐试样的热盐腐蚀抛物线速率常数分别比未沉积盐试样氧化抛物线速率常数提高了26倍和63倍。2类盐沉积试样的热盐腐蚀机理相同,失效模式相近。结论 人工涂盐方法可以代替盐雾试验进行钛合金热盐腐蚀实验室加速试验,但需要注意腐蚀形态特征上存在一定的差异性。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.