Five years' experience of prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in the former U.S.S.R.

From a total of 490 cystic fibrosis (CF) high-risk families under supervision (mostly Russian Slavs from the European part of the country), DNA data including both direct screening for some CF gene(CFTR)mutations(deIF508, G551D and 1677delTA) and allelic polymorphism studies with tightly CF linked DNA markers were collected from 261 families. All full families (129) and 86 CF families with a deceased index child were found to be either fully (42 per cent) or partially (40 per cent) informative for DNA analysis. Prenatal diagnosis (PD) was carried out in 161 CF families. Microvillar enzyme (MVE) assay was applied to all 140 PD at the second trimester either as a single test (88) or in conjunction with DNA analysis (52). The frequency of false-negative results of the MVE assay was 1.3 percent and that of false-positive results, as judged by the albumin meconium test, was 5.0 per cent. Ambiguous results of MVE analysis were found in 30 cases, 12 of which were verified by DNA analysis. Molecular diagnosis of CF at the first trimester was carried out in 21 cases and four pregnancies were terminated. Altogether, 39 pregnancies with a predicted high risk of CF fetuses were terminated. The low average frequency of delF508 in CF chromosomes of Russian Slavs (50 per cent), its remarkable inter-population variation, and the significant proportion of at-risk families without an affected child determine the necessity of combined molecular and biochemical (MVE assay) approaches for efficient prenatal diagnosis of CF in the former U.S.S.R.     

新时期中外高校体育教育思想发展趋势比较分析

本文介绍了德国和俄罗斯学校在体育发展的多方向、多功能的趋势，分析了我国高校体育教育的现状，从体育与健康课程整合的方面，提出高校体育应借鉴国外体育教育强国的思想观念，强调体育教改应重视学生身心的全面成长，贯穿“个体化、专项化、社会化”的思想。     

新时期中外高校体育教育思想发展趋势比较分析

本文介绍了德国和俄罗斯学校在体育发展的多方向、多功能的趋势,分析了我国高校体育教育的现状,从体育与健康课程整合的方面,提出高校体育应借鉴国外体育教育强国的思想观念,强调体育教改应重视学生身心的全面成长,贯穿“个体化、专项化、社会化”的思想。     

美国汉语沉浸式学校教学模式及课程评述

2007年以后,汉语沉浸式学校在美国快速发展,汉语已成为除西班牙语和法语之外的第三大沉浸式外语教学语种。从数量上看,半沉浸式学校占多数;就汉语教学而言,全沉浸式学校的教学效果要优于半沉浸式学校,但两种模式对学生的远期影响尚不明确。文化类课程以美国文化为主,中国文化仅为世界文化教学内容的一部分,其课时数量和教学内容的丰富程度远不及美国文化的教学。     

浅析美国的军事与环境

近年来,人们逐渐认识到军事活动引起的环境污染和生态破坏不仅危及当代人也危及子孙后代的健康成长,并关系到政治、社会的稳定及经济的健康发展.总结了美国的主要军事污染源,浅析了美国军方有关环境保护方面的政策和措施,并对美军在环境政策上的两面性进行了探讨.     

美国环境监测QA/QC的进展及对我们的启示

本文着重介绍质量保证与质量控制在环境监测中(特别是有机物监测中)应用的意义。美国环境保护部门对质量保证与质量控制是如何认识和行动的,我国环境保护部门对质量保证与质量控制的认识,以及本文作者分别就自己的经验谈对QA/QC的体会,和在监测科研中对我国各级环境监测实验室推行QA/QC的建议。      

模拟加速腐蚀专家模拟器软件在美海军飞机腐蚀损伤评估中的应用

介绍了美国海军规划开发的飞机结构腐蚀损伤评估建模和仿真分析系统,预测了由点蚀、应力腐蚀开裂和剥蚀引起的飞机结构腐蚀损伤性能退化趋势,这三种腐蚀类型是海军飞机相关腐蚀故障的主要来源。该系统是通过扩展现有加速腐蚀专家模拟器(ACES)软件产品而获得,软件系统由基于物理数据的程序算法、基于试验数据的经验统计模型和人工智能方法组成。     

Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. II. Meconium ileus in affected fetuses

Meconium ileus was the presenting feature of cystic fibrosis in 46 per cent of the couples which have been referred for prenatal diagnosis. In fetuses which have been aborted on the basis of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes assays, meconium ileus represented the only pathological feature of cystic fibrosis, and was observed in three fourths of the cases. Real-time sonographic examination of fetuses at the time of amniocentesis was able to show an echogenic mass in the abdomen corresponding to the meconium ileus, and thus may afford a complementary means of diagnosis.     

美国的环境标准

介绍了美国环境标准的法律地位与作用以及大气环境标准、水环境标准、固体废物处理场标准,并分析了其特点。      

美国水质交易政策及其在上海的应用分析

水质交易政策被认为是美国在改善水质方面既经济又可靠的方法。介绍了美国水质交易政策的概念和实施。分析了水质交易所必备的环境，经济和技术要素，及其可获得的经济，环境和社会效益。对排污交易政策在上海市的应用进行了分析。指出上海在排污交易方面具有多年的积累，可以借鉴美国在水质交易方面的实践经验，全面实施点源和非点源交易，采用以市场为基础的经济刺激政策来解决由城市和农田径流产生的水污染问题。     

Science-based permitting of geological sequestration of CO2 in brine reservoirs in the U.S.

We present a science-based approach to the regulation and permitting of CO₂ sequestration activities. Any such regulatory scheme should address both operational (or short-term) issues and the long-term goals of geological sequestration of CO₂. In the United States many of the key operational issues, such as permitting injection wells and CO₂ pipelines, are reasonably well addressed in current Federal- and State-based rules and legislation. The long-term, overarching goal of sequestration projects of decreasing the rate of increase in atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ is not addressed by current regulations. We propose a hierarchical approach, in which the State/Federal government is responsible for developing regional assessments that result in broad regions of brine reservoirs being rated as “sequestration ready” (and designated in this paper as general permits). The burden faced by an applicant in permitting an injection site should be considerably less if the general area of the chosen site has been ranked favorably. Such a phased, hierarchical permitting process would be helpful in addressing public and stakeholder concerns related to the impact and safety of geological sequestration operations. It will also build in coordination between neighboring injection sites, where interferences are likely because of the large amount of CO₂ to be injected.     

美国PM2.5监测和治理——科学、法律和行政的变奏曲

在美国,上世纪90年代的科学研究在关于PM2.5细颗粒物对人体健康的影响方面没有现在这样清楚和明确。美国环保局1997年发布PM2.5标准时,引起了一些工业组织和地方政府的挑战,甚至引起了一场旷日持久的官司。     

Occurrence of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in U.S. Oysters

Noroviruses (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are the leading causes of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in shellfish consumers worldwide. This study determined the seasonal and geographical distribution of NoV (genogroups I and II) and HAV in live U.S. market oysters. Samples were analyzed to determine the occurrence and levels of NoV and HAV using RT-qPCR and conventional RT-PCR. NoV and HAV were detected in 3.9 and 4.4%, respectively. NoV genogroups I and II were detected, with genogroup II predominating. Sequencing identified genotypes II.4, II.3, and II.7. The GII.4 strain showed ≥98% similarity with 2006–2007 circulating strains, Minerva and Laurens. HAV sequences from the 5′ non-coding region (NCR) of the genome were from genotypes I, II, or III. The incidence of NoV in oysters harvested from Atlantic Coast states was higher than that in oysters from other regions and its occurrence was greatest during the cooler months (December to February). HAV was detected at a higher frequency in shellfish harvested from the Gulf Coast and also predominated during cooler months. The seasonal occurrence of viruses in this study corresponded to the reported incidence of shellfish-associated viral illnesses. This investigation provides an overview of the occurrence and distribution of NoV and HAV in U.S. market shellfish.     

在美国看水

在中国,各种媒体关于水污染事件的报道屡见不鲜,污染导致的水质性缺水已成为制约我国经济社会发展的瓶颈,甚至是迈向现代化进程中绕不过去的一道坎儿.然而,远在太平洋另一端的美国,情况又是怎样呢?笔者近期的美国之行也许能给人启示.     

美国海洋保护区法律制度探析

本文介绍了美国一些主要的海洋和海岸带法律的基本要求,这些法律制度为美国的海洋环境提供了一定程度的保护,其中多个涉及海洋保护区的建立与管理.但由于美国实行的是多部门分工负责的管理体制,使得法律实施的有效性大打折扣,为此,包括海洋保护区建立与管理等的海洋政策新建议呼之欲出.     

美国密西西比河考察旅行杂记

不久前,在美国新闻媒体的两位朋友艾黎克·斯达芝(ERIC STAATS) 和杰米·考克斯(JEREMY COX)的盛情安排下,同时在常年负责密西西比河疏浚工程的美国陆军工程兵部队 (the U．S．Army Corps of Engineers) 的大力帮助下,笔者有机会在空中和陆地比较详细地考察了密西西比河。其实不用美国东道主介绍,笔者早在上世纪60年代初攻读英美语言文学专业本科的时候就已熟知:19世纪上半期,内河是美国内陆交通的动脉,密西西比河上的蒸汽船则是当时美国南北交通运输的重要工具。1835年生于密苏里州的美国著名作家马克·吐温对密西西比河的航运有过很多描述, 他本人也在密西西比河的蒸汽船上工作过,并自称蒸汽船船员工作是他童年时代当地很多人的理想。这个时期被人们称为是“密西西比河的蒸汽船时代”。     

论新《刑法》的破坏环境资源保护罪

修订后的《中华人民共和国刑法》增加了“破坏环境资源保护罪”。对“破坏环境资源保护罪”的设立、认定以及刑事处罚等方面进行了分析，分析其对保护环境的作用以及存在的不足之处。     

美国大气污染治理的“杀手锏”

空气污染不仅是现阶段中国面临的一个棘手问题,也曾是欧美发达国家历史上一张灰蒙蒙的照片。比如美国就曾经历过严重的大气污染。第二次世界大战以后,美国的工业及交通业迅猛发展,化石能源消耗量激增,但几乎没有相应的环境法规来管控,大气污染十     

垃圾渗沥液中氨氮的电化学氧化

针对目前国内外垃圾渗沥液处理中存在的问题,采用电化学氧化与上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）相结合,研究建立了对香港垃圾渗沥液的二步法处理工艺．本文着重探讨了电化学间接氧化去除渗沥液中氨氮的反应机制及主要影响因素,并通过实验找出了最佳的操作条件：入水初始 pH值为9.0;流速为0.01－0.10cm/s;CI加入量2000mg/L;电流密度 32.3mA/cm²．在此条件下,经过 6h电解后,UASB反应器出水中NH_－N和COD的去除率分别达到100％和87％．对该电化学氧化过程的运行成本进行了评估．     

美国污染物排放标准对制定我国锡工业污染物排放标准的启示

在分析美国污染物排放标准体系和排放标准法制化管理的基础上,提出我国锡工业污染物排放标准制定中应注意的事项。并指出我国污染物排放标准不适合用标准化管理,应借鉴美国的经验,走法制化管理的道路,通过健全的法律机制,保障锡工业污染物排放标准的制定和实施。