农业技术进步与要素禀赋的耦合协调度测算

要素禀赋条件是农业发展的根本制约,技术进步是实现我国农业发展方式转变的巨大动力,两者间的高度耦合协调是我国农业现代化的必然要求。改革开放以来,我国农业要素禀赋和技术条件都有所变化。本文从耦合关系的视角,利用耦合协调模型,建立相应的指标体系,分析了改革开放以来我国农业技术进步和要素禀赋的耦合协调性,并对各地区间两者的耦合协调关系进行了比较。结果发现:在过去一段时间内,我国农业要素禀赋结构的优化速度滞后于技术进步的步伐;农业技术进步与要素禀赋的耦合性没有发生明显波动,一直处于颉颃阶段,且呈现出"U"型的变化趋势;1981—2011年间,我国农业技术进步和要素禀赋的耦合协调度逐年提高,已由改革开放初的低度耦合协调发展成为高度耦合协调;各地区间农业技术进步和要素禀赋的耦合性存在一定差异,多数地区两者间耦合协调关系属于中度耦合协调型,北京和西藏两地仍处于低水平耦合阶段,仅江苏、山东、河南、广东四省为高度耦合协调型。在农业改革过程中,应着重强调发挥市场在促进农业技术进步和要素禀赋结构升级中的决定性作用,为实现两者的高度耦合创造良好的制度环境。同时,应充分考虑我国各地区农业要素禀赋条件的差异性,选择与当地要素禀赋相适应的技术类型,以期最大限度地发挥生产要素的作用和技术本身的效率。     

主体功能区建设与区域协调发展:促进亦或冒进

当前我国的区域发展不平衡问题日益凸显,国家“十一五”规划中出台的主体功能区战略试图根据一些理想的条件和标准对我国区域空间进行合理的重新划分和建构,从而达到促进我国区域协调发展的目的.决策层对区域协调发展的关注从早期狭义上更多地单纯强调经济发展的人民生活水平差距的逐渐缩小,后来逐渐扩展到广义上的区际实际收入水平和公共服务的均等化过程.根据中国2001-2009年的数据,我们发现无论是狭义上还是广义上,我国区际发展不协调程度都呈现扩大趋势,并且广义的区域不协调程度远超过狭义的区域不协调程度.主体功能区战略是逻辑意义上的以地为本,同时也是对区域过去发展水平的一个事后承认或被动承认,中国区域经济的发展水平与主体功能区的开发顺序和开发重点形成了相互促进的同向递增关系.主体功能区的划分标准有着较大随意性和不严谨性,加上相关配套政策和措施的不完善,主体功能区建设短时期内不会缩小反而可能会加大我国本已不小的区际发展差距.     

皖江区域城市能级与生态环境协调度的测度和发展趋势研究

随着城市能级的不断提高,城市生态环境问题也日益突出,二者间协调发展成为城市发展一致的追求。以皖江区域10个城市作为研究地域单元,构建了城市能级与生态环境的指标体系,并建立了城市能级与生态环境的协调度模型。在此基础上,对皖江区域2002~2011年的城市能级与生态环境协调度进行了测度,研究发现过去10a皖江区域城市能级与生态环境的协调度处于较低水平。根据测定的协调度数据,建立了协调度自回归预测模型,并运用该模型探究了未来10a皖江区域城市能级与生态环境协调度的发展趋势,结果表明皖江区域城市能级与生态环境的协调度发展水平经过拮抗期和基本协调期后不断提高,将于2019年前后趋近高质协调发展阶段,即城市能级与生态环境两个系统有序互动发展的态势。     

新发展格局下长江经济带协调发展：新动能、新挑战与新路径

打造长江经济带协调发展新样板、畅通国内国际双循环主动脉,对于国家高质量发展具有重要意义。在区域发展转型的传统动能基础上,构建新发展格局将从内生性、外源性和激励性三方面为长江经济带协调发展注入新动能,既为实现向高水平、强协调升级提供新的历史机遇,更需直面地区发展分化与要素流动固化、产业升级与基础设施和国土空间格局优化、生态环境协同治理以及跨区域和跨板块协调体制机制创新等新的现实挑战。基于此,应按照“五协五共”的新路径,通过园区设施共建、产业发展协作;空间布局协接、发展机会共享;权利责任共担、生态保护协同;主体利益协商、体制机制共谋;强化区域共同体意识,推动长江经济带实现更高水平协调发展。     

山东省旅游产业与区域经济协调度评价与优化

旅游业在区域经济发展中的战略地位日益凸显,旅游产业与区域经济在发展过程中又是相互影响、相互制约的:一方面,旅游产业既可以促进区域经济的发展,增加当地的国民经济收入。同时,在拉动相关产业发展、增加就业机会、增强区域经济发展活力等方面具有突出作用;另一方面,区域经济能为旅游产业的发展提供保障和支撑。本文通过耦合协调发展模型,对山东省17地市的旅游产业与区域经济协调状况进行研究。研究结果表明:青岛、烟台、济南等8市实现了旅游产业与区域经济的协调发展,泰安、日照等4市处于勉强协调或濒临失调阶段,德州、聊城等5市都存在着不同程度的失调现象。从这些城市的旅游业发展状况与区域经济发展速度的对比来看,除青岛市已经达到优质协调状态外,济南、烟台等13市属于旅游产业发展相对滞后型,泰安、日照、威海3市则是区域经济发展相对滞后型。在耦合协调度分析的基础上,进一步运用灰色关联分析探讨旅游产业与区域经济发展的影响因素,从影响旅游经济发展水平的7个主要因素看,国内旅游收入和国内旅游人次2个指标对旅游发展水平影响最大,因此要促进国内旅游内涵式发展,提高旅游产品质量和档次,加大营销宣传力度;对区域经济发展水平的5个重要影响因素排序发现,这些地市需要积极调整产业结构,大力发展第三产业,实行积极稳健的财政政策、积极发展商品零售业。只有实现各地市"旅游促进经济,经济推动旅游"的协调发展模式,才能共同推动山东省由旅游大省向旅游强省的跨越。     

中国省际碳排放极化格局研究

温室气体减排是减缓气候变化的重要途径.由于资源、劳动力、资本和技术等要素的差异,我国社会经济发展不平衡,碳减排的潜力也各不同.文章在计算中国雀际碳排放的基础上,运用基尼系数和空间自相关的方法,刻画了1990年到2007年中国省际碳排放时空分布格局和聚集程度,有利于设立合理的长期减排目标和战略,实现碳排放空间的公平分配,促进区域协调发展.研究表明,碳总量和碳强度都呈现正的空间自相关性,在局部空间上出现了高值的聚集现象.碳强度的极化现象比碳总量更加严重.文章最后根据区域经济发展,资源禀赋,碳排放聚集等,因地制宜地提出了碳排放区划方案.区划结果显示出资源丰裕程度与碳强度的关系,有利于实施差异化的减排战略,实现经济发展与碳排放脱钩.     

山东半岛城市群人居环境质量综合评价

随着中国城市化的高速发展,"城市病"问题日益突出,城市群作为统筹区域协调发展、建设宜居人居环境的重点地区,其人居环境发展状况备受关注。基于此,本文以山东半岛城市群为例,从人文环境、经济环境、社会环境和生态环境4个方面构建人居环境质量综合评价指标体系,利用人居环境质量计算模型和系统协调度模型,对其人居环境质量进行静态定量化评价和动态综合性评价。研究表明:(1)山东半岛城市群人居环境质量与社会环境的关联性最大,经济实力、基础设施水平时空发展不均衡、地域差异大,是制约山东半岛城市群人居环境发展的突出问题。(2)2000—2014年山东半岛城市群人居环境综合水平呈现良好的上升趋势,且增速较稳,增幅较小;各要素间的协调性均达到了中级协调等级;系统层的评价值除人文环境外,均呈现不同程度的波动式上升态势;领域层的评价值差异明显,发展不均衡。(3)城市群内部各城市人居环境综合质量水平逐步提高,且排名相对稳定;各要素间的协调度等级差异较小,但起伏变化较大;人居环境质量时空分异特征明显,呈现东西高、中间低的格局,内部级别差异显著,可分为较好、一般、较差、差4个等级。在今后的发展中,应针对山东半岛不同城市人居环境问题采取因时因地制宜的协调对策,创造整体最优人居环境。不仅要提高城市群的整体经济水平,提升城市群的短板建设,推动人居环境协调发展,还要符合新常态下城市发展与建设的要求,加快山东半岛城市群的区域创新体系构建,科学引领产业转型升级,优化产业结构,加强山东半岛城市规划研究与实施力度,探索"多规合一"模式。     

山东县域社会经济协调发展格局及对策研究

县域作为一个相对独立的区域,在制定发展战略、寻求经济增长途径时,必须处理好经济发展与社会进步的关系.本文运用发展函数模型,根据区域协调发展的内涵,构建评价县域社会和经济协调发展的指标体系.对山东省91个县市(不包括地级市市区)的数据运用综合指数和协调发展函数等方法进行定量分析,得到县域社会和经济综合指数、协调度、发展度和协调发展度.研究表明:山东省91个县域的社会、经济综合指数存在由东部沿海向西部内陆递减、由鲁中向南北递减的特征,大多数县市经济发展明显滞后于社会发展；91个县市总体的协调水平较高,表现在绝对数值相差不大,所属类别相对集中,但大多县市是一种低水平的协调；根据协调发展度的大小,将山东省91个县域划分为3大类8亚类,3大类为协调发展类、亚协调发展类和失败衰退类.最后基于91个县市所属的协调发展类型提出不同类型县域社会和经济协调发展的相应对策.     

基于“三线一单”的长江经济带经济-资源-环境协调发展研究

以"共抓大保护、不搞大开发"为导向推动长江经济带发展是新时代实施区域协调发展战略的重要内容,加强资源环境管控是现阶段长江经济带绿色发展的重点任务。文章以"三线一单"为依据,构建管控政策影响下的长江经济带经济-资源-环境系统动力学模型,设置资源利用上限、环境污染底线、环境负面清单以及生态保护红线四类政策情景,剖析系统间的内在联系以及资源环境管控政策的外部冲击,并运用耦合协调度模型,测算与比较不同资源环境管控强度下的长江经济带协调发展水平,得出以下结论:(1)长江经济带经济-资源-环境间此消彼长的矛盾仍然存在,若不加以管控,经济规模扩张带来的资源耗用和环境污染的上升,将使区域面临资源承载力超载、环境质量下降的风险。(2)资源利用上限、环境污染底线、环境负面清单以及生态保护红线的管控对实现各自政策目标具有正向作用,能够通过结构调整、环保节能投资增加、生态红线增补等路径达到2030年的目标值,且政策间存在着联动互补效应。构建长江经济带"三线一单"管控体系,实施全面的资源环境管控具有重要意义。(3)资源环境管控能够有效提升长江经济带经济-资源-环境的协调发展水平,中等强度的约束对于协调发展的促进性作用最为显著,而过高或过低强度的约束政策均会损害长江经济带协调发展的长期增长动力,选择适当的约束强度是实施区域资源环境管控的关键。并依据结果,针对"三线一单"限制指标与管控强度选择问题提出相关建议。     

一般持续发展论 上

本文比较全面地论述了持续发展的由来、概念、目标和战略要素。作者指出,持续发展的提出反映了人类对自身与环境关系的认识进入新阶段;是既满足当代人和局部需要又不危害后代人和全球满足需要能力的发展,包括一般持续发展论、全球持续性、区域持续性和部门持续性。作者认为,社会福利既包括人造产品也包括自然资本,持续发展的目标在于促进社会福利的增长与公平分配,以及生态系统的持续性;而达到持续发展目标的战略要素则包括经济结构的生态现代化、实行以预防为主的环境政策、经济机制的生态现代化、实行有控制的人口转变以及反贫困。在目标和战略要素的论述中,作者提出了发达和发展中国家(地区)应分别实行强持续性和弱持续性。     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式，经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题，作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析，指出当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”，更表明了我国当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义；再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析；最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.     

Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: Current updates and prospective

Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metallic element, is a dreadful health hazard to millions of people across the globe. Arsenic is present in low amount in the environment and originates from anthropogenic impact and geogenic sources. The presence of As in groundwater used for irrigation is a worldwide problem as it affects crop productivity, accumulates to different tissues and contaminates food chain. The consumption of As contaminated water or food products leads to several diseases and even death. Recently, studies have been carried out to explore the biochemical and molecular mechanisms which contribute to As toxicity, accumulation, detoxification and tolerance acquisition in plants. This information has led to the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated As tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. This review aims to provide current updates about the biochemical and molecular networks involved in As uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of functional genomics in terms of developing As tolerant and low As accumulating plants.