杭州市近地面大气臭氧浓度变化特征分析

利用2012~2016年杭州市近地面臭氧(O_3)的连续观测资料以及气象数据,分析了杭州市近地面O_3浓度的变化特征及其与气象要素的关系.结果表明,近年来杭州市O_3年平均浓度较10年前升高10μg/m~3左右,光化学污染形势日趋严重.O_3浓度冬季较低,其余季节均较高,日平均浓度大于100pg/m~3主要分布在4~10月.O_3浓度日变化呈单峰型分布,5:00~7:00出现最低值,14:00出现峰值,超标时段主要出现在11:00~18:00.O_3浓度变化与紫外辐射、温度呈正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系.紫外辐射大于0.02MJ/m~2、气温高于20℃、相对湿度低于70%时,O_3浓度会出现超标情况.风向风速对O_3浓度有一定影响,当风向为北风或偏北风时,O_3浓度较低;当风向为东风或偏东风时,O_3浓度较高,说明影响杭州O_3浓度升高的污染源也主要来自东部,南部和北部地区较少.     

吉林省臭氧污染特征及其与气象要素的关系

采用吉林省国家环境空气自动监测站点的臭氧(O_3)和气象(气压、气温、相对湿度和风速)监测数据,探讨吉林省臭氧时空特征及其与气象要素的关系。结果表明:2017年吉林省O_3最大8 h 90百分位浓度呈现"中间高,两边低"的片状分布;2017年吉林省各季节O_3最大8 h平均浓度从高到低依次为:夏季春季秋季冬季;2017年吉林省O_3浓度月变化和日变化均呈单峰型,月变化中于5月出现峰值,12月出现谷值;日变化中于上午7∶00出现谷值,下午15∶00出现峰值;从臭氧超标率来看,当970 h Pa平均气压≤980 h Pa、平均温度25℃、最高气温30℃、日较差16℃、40%相对湿度≤50%以及3 m/s平均风速≤3.5 m/s时,吉林省易发生臭氧污染。     

徐州市区大气臭氧变化特征及与气象要素的相关性分析研究

根据2016年徐州市区7个自动空气监测子站的臭氧(O_3)与气象要素的连续观测数据,探讨了徐州市区大气中O_3浓度的变化特征及与气象要素的关系。结果表明:2016年徐州市区O_(3-8h)浓度为12~206μg/m~3,年均值为122μg/m~3;O_3浓度呈现夏季春季秋季冬季的季节性变化特征和"单峰型"的日变化特征。O_3浓度与温度呈正相关性,与湿度和气压呈负相关性;当气压1 010 hpa,气温25℃,相对湿度50%时,O_(3-8h)容易出现超标污染。     

2015—2021年广州地区近地面O3浓度污染特征及其与气象因素关系

利用2015—2021年广州地区近地面逐时臭氧（O₃）观测资料及同期地面气象站常规观测数据,分析了广州地区近地面O₃浓度污染特征及其与气象因素的关系.结果表明：2015—2021年广州地区O₃浓度呈缓慢上升趋势,增速为1.9 μg?m^-3?a^-1,2015和2019年O₃浓度超标天数 最多;O₃平均浓度季节变化明显：秋季＞冬季＞夏季＞春季;O₃浓度空间分布不均匀,城郊地区高于中心城区;峰值中心位于城郊地区白云区,低值中心位于中心城区荔湾区.O₃浓度高峰期是7—10月,9月浓度最高,3月浓度最低;四季O₃浓度日变化均呈“单峰型”结构,最低值出现在7：00—8：00,14：00—16：00达到峰值.近地面O₃平均浓度和O₃超标率均与气温呈正比,当气温＞15 ℃开始出现臭氧超标现象.相对湿度＜50%时,O₃超标率与相对湿度呈正比;相对湿度为40%~50%时,O₃超标率达峰值为16.3%.当风速＜2 m?s^-1时,O₃超标率与风速呈正比;当风速＞ 2 m?s^-1时,O₃超标率与风速呈反比.高温、低湿、风小是广州地区产生高浓度O₃的主要气象因子.     

合肥市O3污染时空变化特征及影响因素分析

为掌握合肥市大气环境中O_3的时空变化特征及其影响因素,对合肥市2013—2015年空气质量监测数据和气象参数进行系统的分析.结果表明,合肥市O_3污染在夏、秋季节有逐渐加重的趋势,尤其是城市中心区域,呈显著的季节特征和日单峰性;O_3易在风速小于3.3 m·s-1、相对湿度介于50%~60%、地面气压低于1020 h Pa和日平均气温介于25~28℃的气象条件下出现浓度峰值;合肥市O_3浓度与NO2和VOCs分别存在显著的负相关和正相关关系,其中,烯烃、烷烃、芳香烃和炔烃对O_3生成潜势(OFP)的贡献值依次增大.O_3浓度可通过前一日O_3浓度、相对湿度、平均气温、PM2.5、当日8:00风速、平均气压及NO2等参数建立良好的统计预报模型,非标准化可决系数R2高达0.559.     

南京大气臭氧浓度的季节变化及其对主要作物影响的评估

近年来,近地面O_3浓度呈不断上升趋势,高浓度O_3会影响作物的生长导致产量降低.本文利用2014~2016年南京市近地面O_3浓度的连续观测数据,分析了O_3浓度的变化特征及其对冬小麦和水稻产量与经济损失的影响.结果表明,2014~2016年南京市O_3年平均浓度分别为62.9、68.6和69.1μg·m-3,O_3浓度和超标日数均呈现逐年增加的趋势.季节平均的O_3浓度大小的顺序为:夏季、春季、秋季和冬季.四季O_3浓度的日变化均为明显的"单峰型",峰值出现在15:00~16:00,谷值出现在07:00~08:00.2014~2016年冬小麦生长季期间AOT40的数值分别为10.5、14.4和9.4μL·L~(-1)·h,水稻生长季期间AOT40的数值分别为8.5、20.0和25.6μL·L~(-1)·h.近地面O_3对冬小麦的影响要高于水稻,其中,2014~2016年O_3造成冬小麦减产范围为21.4%~32.8%,每年的经济损失达15 076.6~27 799.6万元,造成水稻减产范围为8.1%~24.3%,每年的经济损失达19 747.2~68 075.7万元.     

杭州市臭氧污染特征及影响因素分析

为研究杭州市夏季臭氧(O_3)污染特征及其影响因素,统计分析了2013—2016年杭州市O_3监测数据与杭州市气象数据,并结合AIRS卫星O_3数据探讨了台风天气系统对杭州市近地面O_3浓度的影响.结果表明:2013—2016年,杭州市O_3污染逐年加重,O_3浓度高值持续时间延长.O_3浓度与太阳辐射、温度相关,每年5月和8月太阳辐射强、温度高,O_3污染最严重;全天O_3浓度呈单峰日变化,峰值出现在午后(~14:00)太阳辐射较强、温度最高时.杭州市在日降水为0且12:00—15:00太阳辐射通量均值高于200 W·m~(-2)天气条件下,风向为东、东北或东南风且风速低于3 m·s~(-1)时,O_3浓度相对较高,易出现超标情况.台风天气系统对杭州市近地面O_3浓度有明显影响,以2014年10号台风"麦德姆"为例,台风外围系统影响到杭州时,偏东气流可将杭州以东地区高浓度O_3输送到杭州,同时下沉气流导致污染物在近地层积聚不易扩散,造成近地层O_3浓度升高.     

成都市臭氧污染特征及气象成因研究

为研究成都市臭氧(O3)污染特征及其气象成因,对2014—2016年成都市6个国控环境监测站和同期气象台站逐小时地面观测数据进行了研究分析.结果表明:近4年来成都市O3污染日趋严重,O3年均浓度不断上升,较2013年升高51.2μg·m-3.O3浓度存在明显的季节变化特征:春、夏季较高,秋、冬季则较低,且各季节O3浓度变化具有很强的长期持续性特征.O3浓度日变化特征呈明显的单峰型分布,8:00出现最低值,15:00—16:00出现峰值,超标时段主要出现在13:00—17:00.O3浓度变化与紫外辐射、气温呈正相关关系,与相对湿度、风速呈负相关关系,且当紫外辐射大于12 MJ·m-2、气温高于15℃、相对湿度低于65%、西风或偏东北风控制时,成都市容易发生高浓度O3污染.     

哈尔滨近地面O3浓度特征

伴随着经济发展和城镇化进程的加速,很多城市的臭氧浓度存在超标问题.本文选取2014—2017年哈尔滨城区污染数据及气象要素数据,对哈尔滨近地面层O_3时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关系进行了分析,结果表明:哈尔滨O_3日内单峰分布,最高值出现在下午14:00,最低值在清晨7:00.空间分布东南部最高,其次是南部,城中区较低.日间周末的近地面O_3浓度较高,而夜间工作日的O_3浓度较高.哈尔滨O_3浓度与平均气温正相关,与相对湿度负相关,与低于37 W·m~(-2)的紫外辐射正相关.     

基于GAM模型的四川盆地臭氧时空分布特征及影响因素研究

为研究四川盆地臭氧(O_3)时空分布特征及其气象成因,对四川盆地18个城市2015—2016年国控环境监测站点和气象台站数据进行了研究分析.结果表明:2015—2016年四川盆地O_3污染愈发严重,高值污染区呈扩张态势,污染区主要位于盆地西部成都、德阳、资阳、眉山、内江一带和以广安为中心的周边区域.O_3浓度有明显的季节变化特征:夏季(110.70±41.52)μg·m~(-3)春季(95.24±41.23)μg·m~(-3)秋季(67.58±39.55)μg·m~(-3)冬季(47.17±41.15)μg·m~(-3).基于广义相加模型(GAM)分析发现O_3浓度与气压、气温、相对湿度、风速、日照时数、降水量间均呈非线性关系,其中日照时数、相对湿度以及气温对四川盆地O_3浓度影响较大,而风速、气压以及降水量对O_3浓度影响相对较小.通过构建GAM模型对四川盆地18个城市O_3污染的主导气象因子进行识别,并对2017年O_3浓度进行预测和检验,结果显示GAM模型能较为准确地预测四川盆地各城市O_3浓度的变化趋势.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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