滦河流域大型底栖动物生物完整性指数健康评价

生物完整性指数能够综合反映河流健康状况,是管理者制定科学保护恢复策略的有效评价工具。为全面了解滦河流域水生态健康状况,于2016年10—11月在滦河流域布设53个采样点,同时监测环境数据和大型底栖动物物种数据。通过构建底栖动物生物完整性指数(B-IBI)体系,对53个采样点进行生物完整性健康评价。B-IBI计算结果显示,滦河流域53个采样点中,"健康"和"亚健康"等级共有24个,"一般"等级有12个,"差"等级有10个,"极差"等级有7个。"健康"和"亚健康"的采样点多分布在承德市上游和冀东地区的部分干流和支流,而中下游大部分采样点表现为"差"和"极差"的健康状况。非参数检验结果显示,参照点B-IBI要显著高于受损点,表明所构建的B-IBI评价体系适用于在滦河流域开展河流健康评价。     

瓯江源头区龙泉溪底栖大型无脊椎动物多样性和群落特征

源头区溪流是河流生态系统最脆弱的部分,也是淡水底栖大型无脊椎动物(简称底栖动物)集中分布的热点区域,在流域物种库的形成和生态系统的多样性维持过程中具有不可忽视的作用。然而,目前国内对源头区溪流底栖动物多样性的系统调查研究较少。笔者对位于浙江省丽水市瓯江源头区的龙泉溪进行了底栖动物多样性调查研究,分别于2021年丰水期和平水期在覆盖龙泉溪主要山溪河流的18个样点采样,共采集获得底栖动物标本3 700余号。通过联合使用传统形态分类和DNA条形码技术,共鉴定出底栖动物165种,隶属5门、9纲、19目、68科、124属。联合使用DNA条形码可使底栖动物科、种水平的分辨力提升28.3%和34.1%。调查研究表明:龙泉溪底栖动物多样性丰富,物种组成以节肢动物为主(占比高达87.9%,145种),其中水生昆虫占绝大多数(共计8目、48科、140种,占84.8%),主要优势种为鞘翅目的狭溪泥甲属1种Stenelmis sp.1、毛翅目的纹石蛾属Hydorpsyche和短脉纹石蛾属Cheumatopsyche各1种;底栖动物群落多样性丰富,且在丰水期和平水期均维持在较高的水平;海拔和底质类型等微生境条件对底栖动物多样性分布的影响分析显示,底质类型对底栖动物分布密度的影响显著。对水生态状况的生物评估结果显示:Biotic Index污染生物指数更适合龙泉溪流域的水质健康状况评估,龙泉溪流域整体的水生态状况健康,水质属清洁或极清洁。该研究使用传统形态学和DNA条形码技术相结合的鉴定方式,提高了底栖动物物种鉴定的精度,所获得的多样性调查和水质评价结果为瓯江源头区溪流乃至整个流域的生态保护和长期监测提供了本底基础资料。     

印染废水污染对劳动河水生生态系统的影响

根据浮游藻类、浮游动物、底栖动物、水生维管束植物、鱼类几项生物学指标的定性和定量监测结果,评价印染废水污染对劳动河水生生态系统的影响程度,并反映水质污染状况。     

温榆河底栖大型无脊椎动物与水质评价

2006年10月对北京市温榆河12个采样点底栖大型无脊椎动物调查,并设立十三陵水库为对照点.结果表明,温榆河底栖大型无脊椎动物有三大类组成:水栖寡毛类、水生昆虫幼虫和软体动物等13种,水栖寡毛类中的颤蚓科种类和水生昆虫中的羽摇蚊幼虫为优势种,这些均为耐污种类,耐污染指数都在5以上,平均耐污值为8.底栖动物数量也很高,说明温榆河水体受有机污粢较为严重.通过1HB指数评价结果,认为对照点水质为一般水体,温榆河为污染水体到严重污染水体.     

江苏地表水体大型底栖无脊椎动物生物多样性状况研究

大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构与水体水质和水生态系统健康状况关系密切,其受外界干扰后群落结构的变化趋势可以反映水体受污染的性质和程度。2008年,对江苏省主要饮用水源地,长江、京杭大运河等主要河流及太湖等重点湖泊开展底栖动物调查与评价研究,共设置调查点位154个。江苏主要饮用水源地底栖动物的物种数量为78种,主要河流发现底栖动物96种,主要湖泊底栖动物发现65种。从物种多样性指数评价结果看,主要湖泊的底栖生物多样性状况优于地表水源地和主要河流,丰富和较丰富所占比例合计达58%;主要河流的评价结果最差,丰富和较丰富所占比例合计仅达30.7%,存在11.3%物种多样性极贫乏的点位,且大部分水体底栖动物组成以耐污种为主,优势种为极耐污的霍甫水丝蚓,水质状况劣于饮用水源地和主要湖泊。     

基于底栖动物完整性指数的常州武南区域水生态健康评价

通过2018年对常州市武南区域26个点位的水质和底栖动物的调查及分析,并基于底栖动物完整性指数（B-IBI）对该区域水生态健康状况进行评价。结果表明：武南区域中部及京杭运河以北氮、磷污染严重。该区域共发现底栖动物78种,隶属3门7纲21目36科62属,物种数和个体密度均表现出显著的时空变化性,耐污种霍普水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）为优势种。该区域水生态健康评价等级以一般和中为主。B-IBI与TN、TP存在显著相关性,NH3-N与底栖动物的群落结构显著相关。氮、磷污染是影响底栖动物多样性及水生态健康评价等级提升的重要因素。     

松花江流域大型底栖动物生物完整性指数构建及其适用性

利用生物完整性指数评价河流健康状态,对于水环境管理决策具有重要的实践意义。基于大型底栖动物构建生物完整性指数(B-IBI),并评价松花江流域的水生态系统健康状况。在松花江主要干支流设定37个采样点,分别于2016年6、9月进行环境因子和大型底栖动物调查研究。最终从28个候选参数中确定了种类总数、摇蚊种类数、敏感种百分比、Hilsenhoff指数、Marglef指数作为核心参数构建B-IBI。通过0～10赋分法,计算得到了松花江流域全部采样点的生物完整性评价得分。结果显示,松花江流域内60%区域生物状态存在不同程度的损害。另外,B-IBI能够综合反映松花江大型底栖动物群落多样性、生境质量、理化水质等,具有一定的适用性。     

监测和评价浑江水质的底栖动物指标体系研究

在浑江六个断面采集到底栖动物(4门、6纲、12目、34科、57属)84种,列出了相关名录。通过运用描述对比法、指示生物法、生物指数法对浑江采样水体的水质进行了底栖动物学综合评价。在此基础上建立了监测和评价浑江水质的底栖动物指标体系,并探讨了河流水体污染生态学中的底栖动物与水质状况的相关性和对水质状况的指示性及利用该体系监测评价浑江水质的实用性。     

昌邑海洋生态特别保护区潮间带大型底栖动物时空分布特征

于2011年3、6、8、10、12月在昌邑海洋生态特别保护区内对潮间带大型底栖动物进行采样,共采集到潮间带动物55种,以多毛类、软体动物和甲壳动物为主。各潮带间密度、生物量及多样性指数(H')差异极显著(P0.01),月份间差异均不显著。Bray-Curtis相似性聚类分析显示,该潮间带大型底栖动物可划分为3个群落(P0.01),潮汐与季节是影响大型底栖动物分布的主要因子。     

生物监测在跨界河流中的应用进展

综合分析了生物监测在跨界河流流经国家间的协调管理、生物类群的选择以及监测技术的选择方面所面临的问题;选择欧洲多瑙河、亚洲湄公河以及非洲尼日尔河等跨界河流作为典型案例,对比分析使用不同生物类群(例如底栖动物、浮游藻类以及鱼类)进行跨界河流生物监测的技术方法,阐述了跨界生物监测项目中的资金来源、管理办法和运行机制等;并对未来的跨界河流生物监测提出建议,以期为中国的跨界河流生物监测提供实践依据。     

基于浮游植物生物完整性的北部湾生态健康评价

应用生物完整性理论和方法,研究基于浮游植物生物完整性指数(Phytoplanktonic Index of Biotic Integrity,P-IBI)在海湾生态评价中的方法构建,通过生境区域划分、评价因子选择、阈值确定等构建适合海湾的P-IBI生态健康评价指标体系,并以北部湾为例开展应用与验证。基于P-IBI的北部湾生态健康评价结果显示:3个水期中枯水期相对较好,丰水期次之,平水期最差,钦州市茅尾海海域内4个采样点在3个水期评价结果大部分为"差"和"较差",其余大部分采样点都在"一般"及以上。Spearman相关性分析显示,P-IBI均与水质类别正相关。研究结果表明P-IBI指数在北部湾生态健康评价应用与验证结果基本符合实际,应用P-IBI能够较好地开展海湾的生态健康评价,可因地制宜应用于近岸海域生态评价。     

Benthic communities of streams related to different land uses in a hydrographic basin in southern Brazil

Different land uses affect the characteristics of a hydrographic basin, reflected in the river water quality, and consequently affecting the aquatic biota. The benthic community closely reflects the alterations caused by different human activities. In this study, the effects of different land uses were evaluated by analysis of the benthic community structure in streams with urban, agricultural and pasturage influences, as well as areas in better-conserved regions. The abiotic parameters showed distinct seasonal variability, which did not occur with the benthic organisms. A degradation gradient was observed among the study sites, in the headwaters-agriculture-pasture-urban direction. By the CCA its possible to observe that the density of organisms tended to increase along this gradient, whereas richness, diversity, evenness, and EPT families decreased. The most intense effects of land use on the benthic community composition, richness, and diversity were observed in urban areas (F (1,4) = 16.0, p = 0.01; F (1,4) = 8.97, p = 0.04; respectively). In conclusion a trend in the benthic community is observed in to predict alterations caused for the different land uses, mainly, when the source point pollution, as the case of urban area.     

基于多时相遥感数据的典型区生态格局变化分析

利用1985、2000、2013年遥感影像提取的土地覆盖数据,通过景观格局指数、动态度计算、转移矩阵等,分析1985—2013年我国典型地区各类型生态系统景观格局及其动态变化特征、生态系统相互转化时空变化特征等,揭示1985—2013年生态环境格局变化的特点和规律:一级分类生态系统综合变化率,赣江、闽江、白龙江和岷江上游流域分别为4.7%、3.9%、3.3%和1.7%,生态系统变化强度1985—2000年较缓,2000—2013年更剧烈。1985—2013年典型区生态系统的主要转化方向具有持续性和双向性特征,岷江、白龙江和赣江上游流域退耕还林还草政策效果明显,出现较高比例的耕地转为森林和草地;面积占67.4%生态系统类型变化与耕地生态系统和人工表面生态系统变化有关;生态系统变化具有明显的区域差异,生态变化主要表现为沿主要河流谷地的线状延伸,主要城镇居民点附近生态系统类型变化较为突出,人类活动是典型地区生态系统类型格局变化的主要驱动力;典型区尤其是敏感区应加大退耕还林还草政策,减少人类经济活动,降低洪水泥石流灾害发生的概率和程度。     

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Guaribas river water (Piauí, Brazil), influenced by anthropogenic action

In general, tropical rivers have a great impact on human activities. Bioaccumulation of toxins is a worldwide problem nowadays and has been, historically, overlooked by the supervisory authorities. This study evaluated cytogenotoxic effects of Guaribas river (a Brazilian river) water during dry and rainy seasons of 2014 by using the Allium cepa test system. The toxicogenetic variables, including root growth, mitotic index, and chromosomal aberrations, were analyzed in meristematic cells of A. cepa exposed to water samples taken from the up-, within, and downstream of the city Picos (state: Piauí). The physical-chemical parameters were also analyzed to explain water quality and possible anthropogenic action. Additionally, the presence of heavy metals was also analyzed to explain water quality and possible damaging effects on eukaryotic cells. The results suggest that the river water exerted cytotoxic, mutagenic, and genotoxic effects, regardless of the seasons. In addition, Guaribas river presented physico-chemical values outside the Brazilian laws, which can be a characteristic of human pollution (domestic sewage, industrial, and local agriculture). The genetic damage was positively correlated with higher levels of heavy metals. The pollution of the Guaribas river water may link to the chemical contamination, including the action of heavy metals and their impacts on genetic instability in the aquatic ecosystem. In conclusion, necessary steps should be taken into account for further toxicogenetic studies of the Guaribas river water, as it has an influence in human health of the same region of Brazil.     

Impact of anthropogenic activities on physico-chemical parameters of water and mineral uptake in Catla catla from river Ravi, Pakistan

The river Ravi, while passing through Lahore, the second largest city of Pakistan, gets highly polluted owning heavy loads of untreated municipal sewage and industrial effluents of diverse kinds. The fish, Catla catla sampled in two different seasons from three downstream polluted sites were compared with the samples of the same fish from an upstream, a less polluted site, for their physico-chemical parameters. The data were statistically analysed to study the effect of sites, seasons and their interaction on the physico-chemical parameters of waters and mineral uptake in fish muscles. Significant differences (P?<?0.001) among the sampling sites and seasons were observed. The river appeared to be polluted as indicated by the high values of total suspended solids (909 mg/l) and sulphate (964 mg/l) in comparison to the respective values of 150 and 600 mg/l being suggested as the safer values of drinking water of the National Environmental Quality Standards. Most trace and macro elements in fish muscles were increased with the increasing pollution loads from the upstream to the downstream sites of this river. The remarkable increases in the levels of all the investigated minerals in fish muscles from the polluted sites raise concerns about the long-term health of the river Ravi ecosystem and consequently the fish and its consumer’s health. The results contradict the opinion of the local population that the riverine fish are natural, more health-promoting and precious than the pond fish. Therefore, we strongly argue for the utilization of an effect-based monitoring approach to alleviate the detrimental effects of anthropogenic activities on fish and the fish consumers’ health.     

锦州湾海域生态系统健康状况评价

基于结构功能指标体系评价法,利用层次分析法构建锦州湾海域生态系统健康评价指标体系,并选择2005—2009年8月生态调查数据对其进行初步的定量评价。结果表明,可以通过海洋化学指标、生态学指标和社会经济学指标三大类33个指标来建立锦州湾生态系统健康评价指标体系;2005—2009年8月锦州湾生态系统的整合健康指数依次分别为1.01、1.90、2.00、1.45和1.10,均低于系统健康指数值2,锦州湾海域生态系统连续5年一直处于亚健康状态,且从目前海域的污染现状来看,这一海域的水质、沉积物和生物体污染均比较严重,要修复其生态功能需要投入巨大的物质和能量。     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数的上海苏州河水生态系统健康评价

苏州河横贯上海中心城区，曾是都市污染河流。为从生态学角度揭示苏州河的污染程度，笔者采用鱼类生物完整性指数（F-IBI）评价了苏州河水生态系统的健康状况。分别于2019年6月4—23日（夏季）和9月14—26日（秋季），租用专业渔船在苏州河13个断面采集样本，共采集到10 102尾鱼类，隶属于8目15科37属45种。以大莲湖为参照点，通过判别分析和关联度筛选，从5大类29个初选指标中筛选出10个指标，构建了苏州河F-IBI评价指标体系。分析结果表明：夏季干流上游的5个断面状况为"极好"或"好"，支流3个断面为"好"或"一般"，而干流下游的5个断面则为"差"或"极差"。秋季干流上游5个断面和支流3个断面与夏季的健康状况相似，下游断面则有所改善，仅武宁路桥为"极差"，其余均为"一般"或"差"。研究显示苏州河上游干流的水生态系统已基本恢复，而上游支流和下游干流还未建立健康稳定的水生态系统。建议苏州河环境综合整治第四期工程要更加注重治理岸上的污染源，同步实施干支流水系的污染治理，定期开展城区段淤泥清理，实施岸线的生态化改造。     

THE EFFECTS OF URBAN AREAS ON BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN TWO COLORADO PLAINS RIVERS

Water demands in arid and semi-arid areas, coupled with increased human populations and concomitant changes in land use, can greatly alter aquatic ecosystems. A good example of this type of system occurs along the eastern slope of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Long-term macroinvertebrate metric data from the Big Thompson and Cache la Poudre Rivers, Colorado, were collected at one site above, and three sites in and downstream from urban areas. These data were compared both with regional reference and single reference sites in the respective rivers. Using the surrogate variables of potential urban impact (population and housing units), and the environmental gradient represented primarily by chemical factors, it was determined that there was an effect of urban land use that was reflected in the macroinvertebrate assemblages in both rivers. The most robust results were usually seen when regional reference data were used. However, even using only the upstream reference site in either river indicated some negative impacts from the urban areas. The long-term data, particularly in the Cache la Poudre River, showed that water quality has not been getting worse and there is some evidence of a slight improvement in downstream reaches, even with increased urban development.     

基于着生硅藻多参数指标评价赤水河生态状况

随着人类活动的加剧,赤水河生态状况受到越来越多的关注,全面了解赤水河的生态状况,识别影响生态状况的主要环境胁迫因子对于赤水河的管理十分重要。笔者分别于2016年春季(4月)和秋季(9月)对赤水河干流着生硅藻及主要环境指标展开系统调查,春季以曲壳藻属相对丰度、高需氧物种、高磷物种、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为核心参数,秋季以低需氧物种、物种丰富度、高营养物种为核心参数,构建了着生硅藻多参数指标(D-MMIs)。对赤水河干流生态状况进行评估。结果表明:调查期间,赤水河干流中上游样点水体状况优于下游样点,并且春、秋季赤水河生态状况存在差异。D-MMIs与环境因子的回归分析结果显示:影响春季赤水河生态状况的环境因子为COD,影响秋季赤水河生态状况的环境因子为NH4_+~-N。构建的赤水河D-MMIs,能够较好地指示环境胁迫因子对赤水河生态状况的影响,对于指导赤水河的管理实践具有参考价值。     

Morphological deformities of benthic foraminifera in response to nearshore pollution of the Red Sea,Egypt

The Red Sea encompasses a wide range of tropical marine habitats that are stressed due to anthropogenic activities. The main anthropogenic activities are hydrocarbon exploration and important trading harbors. This work aims to assess the influence of the Red Sea coastal heavy metal contamination on the marine meiofauna along three sites (Ras Gharib, Safaga, and Quseir). Eight heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, and Mn) contents are considered in four benthic foraminiferal species (Elphidium striatopunctatum, Amphistegina lobifera, Amphisorus hemprichii, and Ammonia beccarii). Quseir Harbor showed the highest level of pollution followed by Safaga and Ras Gharib sites. The analyzed benthic foraminiferal tests displayed noteworthy high concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Pb in Quseir Harbor which could be attributed to the anthropogenic activities in the nearshore areas. Some foraminiferal tests exhibited abnormalities in their apertures, coiling, and shape of chambers. A comparison between normal and deformed foraminiferal tests revealed that the deformed ones are highly contaminated with elevated heavy metal contents such as Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cd. Statistics in addition to geo-accumulation and pollution load indices reveal a whistling alarm for the Quseir harbor. The present data are necessary to improve conservation and management of the Red Sea ecosystem in the near future.