西南地区某已封场非规范垃圾填埋场垃圾稳定化进程分析

以重庆某非规范填埋场为例,针对西南地区已封场非规范垃圾填埋场的稳定化进程进行了分析。按照场地布局选取4个采样点,在垃圾体上进行钻孔取样,分析不同深度的垃圾样pH值、有机质、含水率、生物可降解度以及垃圾样浸出液和填埋气组成以及各个指标随着填埋深度的变化规律,确定不同深度垃圾体的稳定化程度。结果表明,场内垃圾已呈现矿化垃圾特征;有机质、BDM、浸出液COD以及填埋气CH4含量等4个指标与填埋深度均较好地符合一级降解反应,可以预测垃圾体稳定化临界填埋深度。根据有机质、BDM、浸出液COD以及填埋气CH4含量等4个指标与填埋深度一级降解反应函数预测临界稳定化深度为15 m,与实测值判定的稳定化填埋深度相一致性。在对非规范垃圾填埋场场地利用过程中,需要先对未稳定的上层垃圾进行清理,并在已稳定的底层垃圾体上充填其他稳定介质后利用该地块。     

微生物菌剂对好氧填埋垃圾稳定过程的影响

为加速好氧填埋场的稳定化进程,提出利用生物强化技术加速好氧填埋垃圾的生物降解,通过模拟实验,研究了微生物菌剂对填埋垃圾稳定过程的影响。结果表明:微生物菌剂降低了好氧填埋场的有机污染负荷,使渗滤液COD下降更加明显,整个填埋周期所产渗滤液的COD总量较对照组少20.20%;加速了含氮物质的生物转化,氨氮峰值出现较对照组提前6 d,经历峰值以后,氨氮快速下降,较对照组提前22 d达到国家生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB 16889-2008)所规定的渗滤液氨氮排放标准25 mg/L,并使整个填埋周期氨氮总量减少9.15%;微生物菌剂降低了渗滤液的产量,使整个填埋周期渗滤液累计产量减少8.29%;使垃圾中有机质降解加快并使其降解更加彻底,至实验结束时总有机质含量较对照组低8.82%,干重较对照组减少35.95%;沉降性能优于对照组,至填埋结束时较对照组沉降量提高6.35%。     

Effect of deposit age on adsorption and desorption behaviors of ammonia nitrogen on municipal solid waste

Ammonia nitrogen pollution control is an urgent issue of landfill. This research aims to select an optimal refuse for ammonia nitrogen removal in landfill from the point of view of adsorption and desorption behavior. MSW (municipal solid waste) samples which deposit ages were in the range of 5 to 15 years (named as R₁₅, R₁₁, R₇, and R₅) were collected from real landfill site. The ammonia nitrogen adsorption behaviors of MSW including equilibrium time, adsorption isotherms, and desorption behaviors including equilibrium time were determined. Furthermore, the effects of pH, OM, Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) on adsorption and desorption behavior of ammonia nitrogen were conducted by orthogonal experiment. The equilibrium time of ammonia nitrogen adsorption by each tested MSW was very short, i.e., 20 min, whereas desorption process needed 24 h and the ammonia nitrogen released from refuses was much lesser than that adsorbed, i.e., accounted for 3.20 % (R₁₅), 14.32 % (R₁₁), 20.59 % (R₇), and 20.50 % (R₅) of each adsorption quantity, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity estimated from Langmuir isotherm appeared in R₁₅-KCl, i.e., 25,000 mg kg^?1. The best condition for ammonia nitrogen removal from leachate was pH >7.5, OM 23.58 %, Cu(II) <5 mg L^?1, Zn(II) <10 mg L^?1, and Pb(II) <1 mg L^?1. Ammonia nitrogen in landfill leachate could be quickly and largely absorbed by MSW but slowly and infrequently released. The refuse deposited for 15 years could be a suitable material for ammonia nitrogen removal.     

Household hazardous waste disposal to landfill: using LandSim to model leachate migration

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate contains a number of aquatic pollutants. A specific MSW stream often referred to as household hazardous waste (HHW) can be considered to contribute a large proportion of these pollutants. This paper describes the use of the LandSim (Landfill Performance Simulation) modelling program to assess the environmental consequences of leachate release from a generic MSW landfill in receipt of co-disposed HHW. Heavy metals and organic pollutants were found to migrate into the zones beneath a model landfill site over a 20,000-year period. Arsenic and chromium were found to exceed European Union and US-EPA drinking water standards at the unsaturated zone/aquifer interface, with levels of mercury and cadmium exceeding minimum reporting values (MRVs). The findings demonstrate the pollution potential arising from HHW disposal with MSW.     

间歇式生物反应器填埋结构对渗滤液水质的影响研究

通过2套间歇式生物反应器填埋模拟装置开展实验,对不同填埋结构下垃圾降解前期渗滤液pH值、COD、NH 4＋-N、VFA以及渗滤液产生量的变化规律进行了对比研究。实验结果表明：间歇式生物反应器填埋方式能够有效抑制填埋初期渗滤液pH值的快速下降,渗滤液采取部分回灌能有效降低NH4＋-N浓度的积累,新鲜垃圾与半腐熟垃圾分层并...     

A survey of municipal solid waste landfills in Beijing during 2009–2011

The investigation of municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment in China is rare due to its sensitivity and difficulty in terms of access. We chose Beijing, the capital of China, as an example to identify the characteristics of MSW landfill treatments using a 2-month investigation with 20 participants. MSW landfill treatments account for nearly 70% of the annual MSW disposal in Beijing; the landfill processes are equipped with many kinds of technologies and consume a large amount of energy and produce a variety of contaminants. The cover method (the most obvious difference in landfill tamping) mainly includes high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes with loess and soil alone (i.e., loess or sandy soil). We investigated the actual conditions of landfills and collected data on leachate and landfill gas (LFG) emissions and energy consumption during 2009–2011. The results indicated that the cover method employed by landfills was related to treatment quantity, operation, and especially landfill location. Early large-scale landfills located in plains were covered with HDPE geomembranes, and newly built landfills covered with soil tended to be equipped with HDPE covers. Using HDPE cover also contributed greatly to LFG production due to its impermeability but had no remarkable effect on leachate yield reduction due to the dry climate in Beijing. The potential was reinforced by the potentials of decrement and reuse. The disposal method of LFG can be optimized, and the power generated by the LFG process can meet the landfill demand. The gray water recycled from the leachate could be used in the landfill process.

     

常熟垃圾焚烧飞灰安全填埋场工程设计

介绍了常熟垃圾焚烧飞灰安全填埋工程的设计，包括飞灰预处理系统、填埋库结构、防渗和封场设计以及渗沥液处理等。结合工程设计实践，探讨了飞灰安全填埋场的设计技术和设计原则。     

Biodegradation of organic matters from mixed unshredded municipal solid waste through air convection before landfilling

Landfilling is a dominant municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal method in most developing countries. In China, approximately 85% of the generated MSW is being disposed of in the landfills. The amount of MSW is growing rapidly with the rate of approximately 8-10% annually, which contains a high quantity of moisture and organic matters. The problems of leachate treatment and landfill gas (LFG) emissions are increasing gradually. Reducing the hazard before emplacement, pretreatment of MSW before landfilling has become very important for the conventional landfill. In this study, aerobic pretreatment of mixed MSW was used, and much attention has been given to the natural convection of air in the mixed and unshredded MSW for bioconversion of organic matter (OM). This study is an attempt to investigate aerobic pretreatment suitability for the mixed and unshredded MSW at Beijing. A pilot-scale aerobic pretreatment simulator (APS) was developed at Beishen Shu Landfill in Beijing. To work out the biodegradation of the OM in the APS, fresh and pretreated MSW samples were collected and analyzed for OM, moisture content, temperature, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, lignocelluloses, and biochemical methane potential at various stages of the pretreatment. Furthermore, results of the fresh and pretreated MSW are compared. Significant reduction in the observed parameters of the pretreated waste samples is observed. This work demonstrates that pretreatment is significantly effective in reducing the landfill emissions that is leachate and LFG.     

回灌型准好氧填埋场脱氮特性及加速稳定化研究

采用2个模拟填埋生物反应器,1号柱渗滤液简单回灌,2号柱为渗滤液回灌准好氧联合运行方式,研究了渗滤液回灌准好氧生物反应器填埋场的脱氮特性及加速垃圾稳定化特性.研究结果表明:渗滤液回灌准好氧填埋场具有很强的脱氮能力,2号柱由厌氧运行方式改为准好氧条件下,渗滤液中的氨氮和凯式氮浓度分别由最大值的3 198 mg/L和3 345 mg/L降低到第160 d的73 mg/L和81 mg/L,去除率分别为97.7%和97.6%,pH快速升高到8.0左右,COD浓度快速降低.渗滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)分级结果表明,2号柱HA和FA含量的增加明显快于1号柱.2号柱DOM的三维荧光光谱特性发生了较大变化,荧光基团从60 d结构简单的类蛋白物质转变为95 d结构复杂的类胡敏酸和富里酸物质,而l号柱渗滤液DOM荧光基团一直是结构简单的类蛋白物质.结果表明回灌准好氧生物反应器填埋场的稳定化速度远快于简单回灌的生物反应器填埋场.     

垃圾填埋场加速稳定化表征指标的相关性分析

加速稳定化表征指标是生物反应器填埋技术评价的重要内容。通过垃圾填埋室内模拟实验,研究不同运行工况下垃圾挥发性固体(VS)、生物可降解物(BDM)、纤维素(C)和纤维素/木质素(C/L)等组分指标的动态变化规律及其对加速稳定化进程的指示作用,进而探寻各指标之间的相关性,进一步筛选确定垃圾填埋场加速稳定化进程的核心表征指标。结果表明,垃圾组分VS、BDM、C和C/L的衰减符合一级反应动力学,其动态变化能够较为灵敏地指示渗滤液回灌和通风供氧对垃圾稳定化的显著加速作用,可作为垃圾填埋场加速稳定化进程的表征指标。VS、BDM、C和C/L相互之间具有良好的正线性相关性。BDM和C/L适宜作为垃圾填埋场加速稳定化进程的核心表征指标。     

城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术试验研究

对城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术与传统垃圾填埋技术进行了对比试验,由试验结果可知,半好氧生物反应器填埋技术可缩短填埋垃圾产酸时间,净化渗滤液,加速填埋垃圾稳定化进程.城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术是中国中小城市垃圾填埋处理的发展方向.     

填埋结构对渗滤液中氨氮脱除的影响

建立了模拟填埋试验中试装置,研究了准好氧填埋渗滤液NH3-N的变化特性和稳定期垃圾对渗滤液NH3-N的处理效果.结果表明,准好氧填埋结构下渗滤液NH3-N衰减很快,下降率可达99.6%,没有出现传统填埋场累积的现象,为渗滤液后续处理解决了氨氮浓度过高的难题;随着水力负荷的增大,NH3-N的去除率呈下降趋势,去除率由低水力负荷时的99.9%,下降到高水力负荷时的87.7%;准好氧填埋垃圾对低可生化性、高浓度氨氮的渗滤液有很好的处理能力,但反硝化能力不足;较高有机物浓度有利于反硝化作用,使氨氮彻底转化为氮气.     

Odorous emission reduction from a waste landfill with an optimal protection system based on fuzzy logic

Effective landfill management and operation require an accurate evaluation of the occurrence and extent of odour emission events, which are among the main causes of resident complaints and concerns, in particular in densely urbanised areas. This paper proposes a fuzzy optimal protection system (FOPS) based on fuzzy logic to manage odour production from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. The case study is a MSW landfill in an old quarry site located 6 km north-west of Naples city centre (Italy). The aim is to reduce the odour nuisance in the area surrounding the landfill where there are several sensitive receptors. FOPS is based on logical relationships between local atmospheric dynamics, number and intensity of odour pollution events detected by certain fixed receptors and odour emission rate via an optimal fuzzy approach. Such system allows to start, in real time, established mitigation actions required to further reduce the odorous emissions from the landfill itself (e.g. spraying of perfumed substances and activation of extraction wells), especially when weather conditions might not be favourable and cause by causing a higher odour perception. The fuzzy system was coupled with the air pollutant transport software CALPUFF to simulate the odour dispersion in the considered area taking into account both different odour emission rates and local weather conditions. FOPS results show that this approach can be very useful as, by measuring the odour concentrations, a significant reduction of the odour exceedances over the thresholds fixed, to minimise the olfactory harassment, was observed in the whole area studied.

     

厌氧陈腐垃圾模拟柱对渗滤液COD和NH_3-N的处理特性

通过实地钻取阿苏卫填埋场陈腐垃圾,真实模拟填埋场压实工艺,制作2种不同压实密度的陈腐垃圾模拟柱,对比研究其对渗滤液COD、NH3-N处理效果。结果表明,当模拟柱压实密度为1.09 t/m3时,渗滤液垂直运动明显;回灌此模拟柱水力负荷分别为18.6、28、37.2和46.5 L/t时,COD去除效果稳定,平均去除率达82.4%,最高去除率可达90.1%;出水NH3-N浓度均值为549.3 mg/L,且介于415～700 mg/L间变化。自循环回灌COD去除率最高仅为11.5%,NH3-N去除率最高仅为11.8%,两者去除效果不明显。因此,北方平原型填埋场进一步完善填埋工艺,使填埋场垂直方向渗透系数分布均匀,充分利用陈腐垃圾堆体的自降解能力,才是处理渗滤液污染的关键。     

Leaching characteristics of PCDDs/DFs and dioxin-like PCBs from landfills containing municipal solid waste and incineration residues

To investigate the leaching characteristic of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as non-ortho and mono-ortho substituted chlorobiphebyls (dioxin-like PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/DFs), in leachate from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill sites containing incineration residues, raw leachate samples were collected twice from 12 selected MSW landfill sites. The samples were divided into their liquid and solid phases using GF/B (pore size 1.0 microm), and the concentrations of POPs then determined. The concentrations of PCDDs/DFs ranged from 0.65 to 5.88 pg-TEQ/l (average 2.86 pg-TEQ/l), and those of dioxin-like PCBs from 0.05 to 0.32 pg-TEQ/l (average 0.18 pg-TEQ/l). The major congeners of leached PCDDs/DFs and dioxin-like PCBs in liquid and solid phases were OCDD (about 60%), 2,3',4,4',5-PeCBs (about 30%), and 2,3,4,4',5-PeCBs (about 54%). The relationship between landfill age and the leaching concentration of PCDDs/DFs, and effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the leaching of PCDDs/DFs are also discussed. Finally, a leaching prediction model of PCDDs/DFs from MSW landfills has been suggested using parameters, such as hydrophobic neutral organic carbons, total dissolved solid, and the ratio of non-biodegradable wastes in landfill sites.     

白泥对填埋场垃圾降解的影响实验研究

在4个相同的密封聚乙烯塑料罐中,分别装填相同组分和重量的青岛市居民区的生活垃圾,并且在4个罐中按不同比例添加白泥,与垃圾混合均匀。实验模拟填埋场的环境条件。定期监测4个罐渗滤液的水质变化,分析比较白泥的添加及添加量的多少对渗滤液的衰减的影响。实验结果表明,白泥的添加能够向反应系统提供一定数量的碱度,可以防止反应系统因出现酸过度累积而受到抑制,在一定程度上加快了垃圾的降解进程。这不仅对于减轻渗滤液处理设施的负荷、加速填埋场的稳定化起着积极作用,而且可以为白泥的资源化利用提供一个可行的途径。     

支撑气膜法脱除／回收垃圾渗滤液中氨氮

利用由微孔疏水性聚丙烯中空纤维制成的工业级膜组件对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮进行支撑气膜法脱除研究，考察了泡沫分离．石灰絮凝等预处理技术对垃圾渗滤液表面张力及COD值的处理效果，在此基础上研究了物料因素和操作因素对膜传质性能的影响，并对该工艺的长期操作稳定性进行了研究。实验结果表明该预处理技术不仅可显著提高垃圾渗滤液的表面张力，还可大大降低其色度和COD值。当进料流量为100L／h、进料氨氮浓度为1000～3000mg／L、硫酸吸收液流量为200L／h、硫酸浓度为6％～10％、温度为20～30℃时，支撑气膜过程（两级膜组件串联）可有效脱除垃圾渗滤液中99％以上的氨氮，同时得到含10％～15％硫酸铵的水溶液作为副产品。工业级支撑气膜组件在连续运行的2个月内保持了良好的传质稳定性。     

Long-term characterization, lagoon treatment and migration potential of landfill leachate: a case study in an active Italian landfill

The elaboration of 10 years of monitoring of leachate quality and quantity, leachate treatment and degree of contamination of soil and surface waters at the Tre Monti site--an active, 4-million-m(3) landfill in Northern Italy--is presented in this study. A hydrological model of leachate production is applied, with a good match of the experimental data. The concentrations of all leachate components except sulfate are characterized by fluctuations over a constant or increasing value. Different ways of interpreting leachate quality data are discussed; the elaboration indicates that the pollutant load on the leachate treatment facility will remain basically constant as long as waste will be added to the landfill. The analysis of the data relative to 10 years of leachate pre-treatment in the adjoining, non-aerated lagoon system indicates that a significant removal is achieved for most leachate components; the operational conditions of the plant are described, and the removal mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the potential for contamination of soil and surface waters is examined by analyzing long-term quality trends of the sub-superficial waters sampled near the lagoons and by means of an analytical campaign conducted on clay cores sampled near and underneath the treatment ponds. The experimental values indicate that the clay layer located under the entire site offers an effective barrier to the migration of leachate contaminants.     

Greenhouse Gas Dynamics of Municipal Solid Waste Alternatives

ABSTRACT

Previous greenhouse gas studies comparing landfilling with combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) are limited to examinations of the emissions weighted by their relative radiative activity. This paper adds another dimension by analyzing the atmospheric response to these emissions. The heart of the analysis is a time-dependent model using a perturbation analysis of the IS92a results of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Using as inputs the emissions from the two technologies, the model calculates atmospheric concentration histories. Scenarios for a landfill and a combustor envision each accepting 1000 Mg refuse/day for a 30-year operating period followed by a 70-year postclosure period. The baseline scenario examines the basic greenhouse impact of each technology. The other scenario adds active gas collection at the landfill and energy offset credits for avoided power plant carbon emissions. For both scenarios, CH₄ and trace gases from the landfill persist in the atmosphere, and they are relatively potent at forcing IR heating. The combination of these features place the landfill much higher than previously expected on the greenhouse impact scale. For the baseline scenario, the time-integrated radiative forcing from landfilling is 115 times that of combustion, and this ratio is 45 for the second scenario.     

垃圾渗滤液烟气脱硫体系的实验研究

利用垃圾渗滤液中较高的碱度吸收二氧化硫是垃圾渗滤液湿法烟气脱硫工艺的第一阶段。试验证明 ,垃圾渗滤液可高效吸收二氧化硫 (去除率可达 90 %以上 ) ;同时垃圾渗滤液中氨氮浓度由 133mmol L降至 78mmol L。实验结果证实了所建立的垃圾渗滤液烟气脱硫体系的互补性