Detailed in-furnace measurements with reburning of superfine pulverized coal in high CO2 concentration

This paper presents detailed measurements of gaseous species during the reburning process with high CO₂ concentration in a bench-scale furnace. Superfine pulverized coal, with the average particle size below or around 20 μm, is used as the reburning fuel. The data of flue gas concentration (NO_x, HCN, NH₃, CH₄, O₂, CO, CO₂ etc.) is obtained in order to reveal the intrinsic connection between NO_x emissions and other influential gaseous species at different positions of the furnace. The finding concludes that the advantage of superfine pulverized coal with regard to NO reduction is more efficient in homogeneous stage rather than heterogeneous stage. Meanwhile, the evolution of HCN and CH₄ agrees well with each stage of NO reduction, which indicates that these gaseous species are favorable for NO abatement. Eventually, oxygen consumption rate for superfine pulverized coal is relatively faster, conducive to strengthen both homogeneous and heterogeneous NO reduction under CO₂ reburning condition.     

Investigation of PM2.5 pollution during COVID-19 pandemic in Guangzhou, China

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness about various environmental issues, including PM_2.5 pollution. Here, PM_2.5 pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown was traced and analyzed to clarify the sources and factors influencing PM_2.5 in Guangzhou, with an emphasis on heavy pollution. The lockdown led to large reductions in industrial and traffic emissions, which significantly reduced PM_2.5 concentrations in Guangzhou. Interestingly, the trend of PM_2.5 concentrations was not consistent with traffic and industrial emissions, as minimum concentrations were observed in the fourth period (3/01-3/31, 22.45 μg/m³) of the lockdown. However, the concentrations of other gaseous pollutants, e.g., SO₂, NO₂ and CO, were correlated with industrial and traffic emissions, and the lowest values were noticed in the second period (1/24-2/03) of the lockdown. Meteorological correlation analysis revealed that the decreased PM_2.5 concentrations during COVID-19 can be mainly attributed to decreased industrial and traffic emissions rather than meteorological conditions. When meteorological factors were included in the PM_2.5 composition and backward trajectory analyses, we found that long-distance transportation and secondary pollution offset the reduction of primary emissions in the second and third stages of the pandemic. Notably, industrial PM_2.5 emissions from western, southern and southeastern Guangzhou play an important role in the formation of heavy pollution events. Our results not only verify the importance of controlling traffic and industrial emissions, but also provide targets for further improvements in PM_2.5 pollution.     

Characterization of the aerosol chemical composition during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Suzhou in the Yangtze River Delta, China

To control the spread of COVID-19, rigorous restrictions have been implemented in China, resulting in a great reduction in pollutant emissions. In this study, we evaluated the air quality in the Yangtze River Delta during the COVID-19 lockdown period using satellite and ground-based data, including particle matter (PM), trace gases, water-soluble ions (WSIs) and black carbon (BC). We found that the impacts of lockdown policy on air quality cannot be accurately assessed using MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) data, whereas the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) vertical column density can well reflect the influences of these restrictions on human activities. Compared to the pre-COVID period, the PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, carbon monoxide (CO), BC and WSIs during the lockdown in Suzhou were observed to decrease by 37.2%, 38.3%, 64.5%, 26.1%, 53.3% and 58.6%, respectively, while the sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and ozone (O₃) increased by 1.5% and 104.7%. The WSIs ranked in the order of NO₃^? > NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Cl^? > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ during the lockdown period. By comparisons with the ion concentrations during the pre-COVID period, we found that the ions NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, SO₄^2?, Cl^?, Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ decreased by 66.3%, 48.8%, 52.9%, 56.9%, 57.9% and 76.3%, respectively, during the lockdown, in contrast to Mg²⁺, which increased by 30.2%. The lockdown policy was found to have great impacts on the diurnal variations of Cl^?, SO₄^2?, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺.     

Decomposition and decoupling analysis of carbon dioxide emissions in African countries during 1984‒2014

The potential for mitigating climate change is growing worldwide, with an increasing emphasis on reducing CO₂ emissions and minimising the impact on the environment. African continent is faced with the unique challenge of climate change whilst coping with extreme poverty, explosive population growth and economic difficulties. CO₂ emission patterns in Africa are analysed in this study to understand primary CO₂ sources and underlying driving forces further. Data are examined using gravity model, logarithmic mean divisia index and Tapio's decoupling indicator of CO₂ emissions from economic development in 20 selected African countries during 1984?2014. Results reveal that CO₂ emissions increased by 2.11% (453.73 million ton) over the research period. Gravity centre for African CO₂ emissions had shifted towards the northeast direction. Population and economic growth were primary driving forces of CO₂ emissions. Industrial structure and emission efficiency effects partially offset the growth of CO₂ emissions. The economic growth effect was an offset factor in central African countries and Zimbabwe due to political instability and economic mismanagement. Industrial structure and emission efficiency were insufficient to decouple economic development from CO₂ emissions and relieve the pressure of population explosion on CO₂ emissions in Africa. Thus, future efforts in reducing CO₂ emissions should focus on scale-up energy-efficient technologies, renewable energy update, emission pricing and long-term green development towards sustainable development goals by 2030.     

Integrated biological–physical process for biogas purification effluent treatment

Biogas purification via water scrubbing produces effluent containing dissolved CH₄, H₂S, and CO₂, which should be removed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase its potential for water regeneration. In this study, a reactor built with air supplies at the top and bottom was utilized for the treatment of biogas purification effluent through biological oxidation and physical stripping processes. Up to 98% of CH₄ was removed through biological treatment at a hydraulic retention time of 2 hr and an upper airflow rate of 2.02?L/day. Additionally, a minimum CH₄ concentration of 0.04% with no trace of H₂S gas was detected in the off gas. Meanwhile, a white precipitate was captured on the carrier showing the formation of sulfur. According to the developed mathematical model, an upper airflow rate of greater than 2.02?L/day showed a small deterioration in CH₄ removal performance after reaching the maximum value, whereas a 50?L/day bottom airflow rate was required to strip the CO₂ efficiently and raise the effluent pH from 5.64 to 7.3. Microbiological analysis confirmed the presence of type 1 methanotroph communities dominated by Methylobacter and Methylocaldum. However, bacterial communities promoting sulfide oxidation were dominated by Hyphomicrobium.     

Impact of meteorological condition changes on air quality and particulate chemical composition during the COVID-19 lockdown

Stringent quarantine measures during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown period (January 23, 2020 to March 15, 2020) have resulted in a distinct decrease in anthropogenic source emissions in North China Plain compared to the paralleled period of 2019. Particularly, 22.7% decrease in NO₂ and 3.0% increase of O₃ was observed in Tianjin, nonlinear relationship between O₃ generation and NO₂ implied that synergetic control of NO_x and VOCs is needed. Deteriorating meteorological condition during the COVID-19 lockdown obscured the actual PM_2.5 reduction. Fireworks transport in 2020 Spring Festival (SF) triggered regional haze pollution. PM_2.5 during the COVID-19 lockdown only reduced by 5.6% in Tianjin. Here we used the dispersion coefficient to normalize the measured PM_2.5 (DN-PM_2.5), aiming to eliminate the adverse meteorological impact and roughly estimate the actual PM_2.5 reduction, which reduced by 17.7% during the COVID-19 lockdown. In terms of PM_2.5 chemical composition, significant NO₃^? increase was observed during the COVID-19 lockdown. However, as a tracer of atmospheric oxidation capacity, odd oxygen (O_x = NO₂ + O₃) was observed to reduce during the COVID-19 lockdown, whereas relative humidity (RH), specific humidity and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) were observed with noticeable enhancement. Nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR) was observed to increase at higher specific humidity and ALWC, especially in the haze episode occurred during 2020SF, high air humidity and obvious nitrate generation was observed. Anomalously enhanced air humidity may response for the nitrate increase during the COVID-19 lockdown period.     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

Greenhouse gas emission and its potential mitigation process from the waste sector in a large-scale exhibition

As one of the largest human activities, World Expo is an important source of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas emission (GHG), and the GHG emission and other environmental impacts of the Expo Shanghai 2010, where around 59,397 tons of waste was generated during 184 Expo running days, were assessed by life cycle assessment (LCA). Two scenarios, i.e., the actual and expected figures of the waste sector, were assessed and compared, and 124.01 kg CO₂-equivalent (CO₂-eq.), 4.43 kg SO₂-eq., 4.88 kg NO₃^--eq., and 3509 m³ water per ton tourist waste were found to be released in terms of global warming (GW), acidification (AC), nutrient enrichment (NE) and spoiled groundwater resources (SGWR), respectively. The total GHG emission was around 3499 ton CO₂-eq. from the waste sector in Expo Park, among which 86.47% was generated during the waste landfilling at the rate of 107.24 kg CO₂-eq., and CH₄, CO and other hydrocarbons (HC) were the main contributors. If the waste sorting process had been implemented according to the plan scenario, around 497 ton CO₂-eq. savings could have been attained. Unlike municipal solid waste, with more organic matter content, an incineration plant is more suitable for tourist waste disposal due to its high heating value, from the GHG reduction perspective.     

Methane reduction of a perennially waterlogged rice paddy

The ridge cultivation has great potential for reducing CH₄ emissions from the perennially waterlogged rice paddies．This was strongly supported by the data from our field experiments carried out during an entire rice growing season of 1992．Compared with the normal cultivation，the ridge cultivation reduced 30．8%more CH₄ emissions，and it did not show any negative effects on rice productivity．All of these suggest that in the regions wit h a vast areas of perennially waterlogged paddies，ridge cultivation should be a very promising option for both CH₄ reduction and sustainable rice productivity．     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay, Australia)

Surface water methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments (Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia). Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010-2012. Water-air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH₄ and N₂O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH₄ and N₂O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH₄ varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N₂O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH₄ fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH₄/(m²·day) while N₂O varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N₂O/(m²·day). Weighted emissions (t CO₂-e) were 63%-90% N₂O dominated implying that a reduction in N₂O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays' greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH₄ and N₂O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.     

吉阳核电厂址气象铁塔塔层风频规律及风速分布拟合研究

通过安徽吉阳核电厂址气象塔观测系统获取观测数据,研究了该地区的风频规律性,并按南沿江流、北沿江流对塔层风速分布进行幂函数近似拟合,估算了地表粗糙度。结果表明：本区主导风向多集中在偏东北风上,而且频率很高,次主导风向则略有差异;塔层风廓线分布基本符合幂函数关系,由廓线求出的n指数推荐值为：A类0.165,B类0.167,C类0.192,D类0.313,E类0.406,F类0.463;南沿江流方向的地表粗糙度为1.547 063 m,北沿江流方向的地表粗糙度为1.738 45 m。     

对原子结构教学中两个问题的讨论

中学原子结构的课堂教学中,容易产生一些缺乏严谨性的情况。针对能级交错与分裂、洪特规则等内容教学过程中出现的例子进行探讨。     

关于长江立法的思考

尽管自2015年国家出台长江经济带建设战略以来,制定"长江法"的呼声不断高涨,但距离形成共识、理性发声尚有较大距离。文章围绕是否需要为长江立法、为长江立一部什么样的法、如何才能立好"长江法"三个基本问题,进行分析,试图描绘出"长江法"这一图景的面貌,作出有说服力的解释。     

区域尺度绿洲稳定性评价

论文在区域尺度上,探讨了绿洲稳定性的内涵,并以新疆三工河流域绿洲为例,从绿洲所处的地理位置、绿洲与外围荒漠和山地系统之间的相互作用等方面评价了绿洲的区域稳定性。结果表明:①冲洪积扇型绿洲稳定性最高,其次是位于地下水溢出带下方的冲积平原型绿洲,稳定性最差的是湖滨三角洲或散流干三角洲上发育的绿洲;②绿洲的冷岛效应和植被指数可较好地表征绿洲与外围荒漠和山地系统之间的相互作用和评价绿洲的区域稳定性的时间变化。绿洲规模的扩大及绿洲水分和植被的增加将加强绿洲的冷岛效应,提高绿洲的稳定性;归一化差异植被指数增加,表明绿洲内植被覆盖密度增大和植物生物量提高,绿洲的稳定性增强。     

模具在工件反挤压过程中的变形模拟研究

模具在金属塑性成形过程中起着十分重要的作用。就一般而言,模具在金属成形过程中的变形被忽略,将之视为刚性体。然而在金属精密成形中,模具的变形对成形件的尺寸精度将产生较大的影响。利用SuperForm软件针对模具在工件挤压过程中的变形进行了有限元数值模拟,对这一问题作了初步分析与探讨,为工厂实际生产的工艺制定、模具设计提供理论参考与依据。     

包气带油污土层生物修复现场控制性因素的评价

包气带油污土层的生物修复涉及到石油降解微生物、石油污染物的可生物降解性和土壤环境三个方面.本文通过最或然计数法(MPN)、原油族组分柱层析分析方法和色质联机分析等实验手段,研究了淄河滩包气带油污土层的水力学特性、氮磷营养元素、微生物和石油污染物.结果表明,长期受石油污染的土层含有丰富的微生物,其中大部分具有降解石油烃的能力,且土层的渗透性极强,有利于开展油污土层的生物修复.同时,长期的挥发、淋失和转化造成土层中石油污染物主要由高分子、高沸点烃类组成,且油污土层的速效氮、速效磷含量太低,直接增加了生物修复的难度,成为不利于生物修复的影响因素.     

岁末年初汉江行

2005年10月，湖北襄樊绿色汉江会长运建立打来电话，告诉我唐白河清了。