络合吸收脱除NO体系中FeⅢ(EDTA)的生物还原

利用驯化得到的微生物还原Fe^Ⅲ(EDTA)的研究结果表明,葡萄糖比乙醇和甲醇更适合于作为该体系的碳源;由于硝酸盐在反应过程中对Fe^Ⅲ(EDTA)的微生物还原形成抑制,选择铵盐为微生物生长的氮源;反应最适pH值范围为6~7;温度在30℃~40℃范围之间变化,Fe^Ⅲ(EDTA)还原率相差不大,温度大于40℃以后,还原率随温度升高而下降.碳源量和菌体接种量满足还原反应需要即可,过量碳源或菌体接种量对还原率没有明显的促进作用.在实验考察的浓度范围内,FeⅢ(EDTA)的生物还原符合1级反应动力学,最大反应速率γ_max=1.3 mmol·(L·h)^-1,半饱和速率常数k_m=53.5 mmol·L^-1.     

假单胞菌DN-1再生NO络合吸收液的特性

Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)络合吸收脱除NO吸收速率快,吸收容量大,但是存在吸收液再生方面的缺陷.实验用自行分离得到的假单胞菌DN-1,将吸收液中的Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO还原为N₂而进行再生.考察了不同碳源种类、碳源量、菌种量、pH值、温度、络合物浓度等条件下该菌种对Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO的还原情况.结果表明,葡萄糖比醋酸钠、柠檬酸三钠和乙醇等更适合于作为该体系的外加碳源.当Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO浓度为6.50 mmol·L^-1时,添加250 mg·L^-1的葡萄糖就能满足微生物的反应需要;DN-1还原适宜温度范围为40～45℃,适宜pH值为6.9～7.2;还原速率随菌体接种量的增多而加快;而Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO浓度小于11.8 mmol·L^-1时,还原速率随着络合物浓度的增加而增加;超过这一浓度,还原速率不再随络合物浓度的增加而增加,反应速率基本不变.     

微生物降解苯酚废水的特性研究

通过对驯化微生物处理苯酚模拟废水的研究,考察了苯酚初始浓度、菌种投加量、葡萄糖添加量、废水pH值、反应温度等因素对苯酚降解效果的影响.结果表明,当苯酚浓度大于500mg/L时开始表现出对微生物的抑制作用,浓度高于700mg/L以后微生物降解效果不理想;当苯酚浓度为500mg/L时,微生物接种量大于400mg/L可获得最大降解速率;适量添加葡萄糖可促进微生物对苯酚的降解,但浓度超过0.2g/L以后由于底物竞争会对苯酚的降解形成抑制;生物降解苯酚的适宜pH值和温度范围分别为5.5～6.5和30～35℃.     

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1和Shewanella putrefaciens对V(Ⅴ)的还原及其影响因素

在实验室模拟培养条件下,研究Shewanella oneidensis MR-1和Shewanella putrefaciens在厌氧体系中对V(Ⅴ)的耐性试验,探讨在不同的V(Ⅴ)浓度、接菌量、pH值和不同蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸(AQDS)浓度下对V(Ⅴ)还原的影响,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)进行表征.结果表明V(Ⅴ)浓度低于10mg/L时对S. oneidensis MR-1和S. putrefaciens的生长影响较小,V(Ⅴ)浓度超过20mg/L则会抑制其生长和V(Ⅴ)的还原;随着接菌量的增加,2种微生物对V(Ⅴ)的还原能力逐渐增强;2种微生物最适生长pH值均为7.0左右,弱碱性环境下2种微生物对V(Ⅴ)的还原率高于弱酸性环境;添加1mmol/L AQDS会加快2种微生物对V(Ⅴ)的还原.菌株培养3d后通过SEM分析,S. oneidensis MR-1和S. putrefaciens进行V(Ⅴ)还原的同时也伴有少量的吸附作用.利用XPS能谱分析表明S. oneidensis MR-1和S. putrefaciens将V(Ⅴ)还原为V(Ⅳ).     

乳化油碳源原位治理地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)静态批试验研究

通过投加碳源原位治理地下水中Cr(VI)的应用越来越广泛,碳源的选择是影响治理效果好坏的重要因素。实验中使用实际污染场地的土壤和含有Cr(VI)的溶液模拟地下水环境,加入自行配置的乳化油作为碳源促进土著微生物还原Cr(VI),分别探讨了乳化油碳源的作用,不同初始p H值和NO-3的存在对微生物还原Cr(VI)的影响。结果表明乳化油可以有效的促进土著微生物还原水中的Cr(VI),在2个周期内Cr(VI)的浓度分别从5.25 mg/L和5.1 mg/L降至0.05 mg/L和0 mg/L,还原率分别为99.05%与100%,与未加入乳化油碳源的组分相比还原率分别提高了33.33%和49.02%。实验中Cr(VI)的还原符合一级反应动力学,一级衰减速率常数保持在0.689 1~0.765 9 d-1,经过估算乳化油作为碳源促进微生物还原Cr(VI)的能力远大于0.986 mg/m L。NO-3能促进微生物利用乳化油还原Cr(VI),平均还原速率为0.138 2 mg/d,是未加入NO-3组分的2.1倍,这种促进作用在NO-3消耗殆尽之后依然能够继续发挥。乳化油的加入未引起p H值发生较大变化;p H值在8.8~9更有利于微生物还原Cr(VI)。     

Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA络合剂吸收NO的研究

在鼓泡反应器中,以Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA络合剂溶液为吸收液,给定NO与SO2的初始浓度分别为330 mg/m3与4 850 mg/m3,研究了温度、络合剂浓度等对Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA吸收NO的影响。结果表明,吸收液初始pH为6.5,温度为50℃,络合剂浓度为0.01 mol/L时,脱硝率可达到62.5%。并且得到Fe2+:EDTA=1∶1.5时脱硝率最好。SO2对络合剂单独脱硝有促进作用,可使脱硝率长时间保持在45%以上。在Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA溶液中添加4%氨水,对同时脱硫脱硝有一定的积极作用。     

应用青霉菌BX1活体吸附水中活性艳蓝KN-R

研究了染料高效吸附菌(青霉菌BX1)的生长条件及其对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附特性为避免染料对其生长的毒害,本研究将菌体培养及其对染料的吸附分离.结果表明,青霉菌BX1生长分3个阶段:孢子活化、线性生长和菌体自解.菌体生长的最佳温度为30℃,最优碳源依次为淀粉＞木糖＞蔗糖＞麦芽糖＞葡萄糖＞乳糖,最佳pH值为4.0用培养48h的活菌体吸附水中的100mg/L的活性艳蓝KN-R,120min脱色率达93.7%,20℃时菌体(以干菌重计)对染料的最大饱和吸附量为159mg/g.     

微生物作用引起的铁铝氢氧化物吸附砷的还原与释放机制研究

地下水砷污染的形成机制目前尚不清楚,普遍认为,微生物对吸附于铁氧化物表面的As(Ⅴ)以及基质Fe(Ⅲ)的还原是砷释放的主要原因.本研究中以富集的混合菌群为接种微生物,以不同比例（Al∶Fe为1∶0、 1∶1、 0∶1）的铁铝氢氧化物为吸附剂,考察了微生物对吸附于这些载体上的As(Ⅴ)的还原和迁移作用.结果表明,接种微生物后,3种体系表现出不同程度的As释放,溶液中释放的As基本上是As(Ⅲ).在氢氧化铁体系中,溶解态As(Ⅲ)浓度仅为60 μg/L左右,微生物还原产生的As(Ⅲ)几乎全部存在于固相中;在Al∶Fe为1∶1的铁铝氢氧化物中,溶解态As(Ⅲ)大约为1.3 mg/L;氢氧化铝体系中,该值为7.8 mg/L,约占微生物还原总As(Ⅲ)的82%.而未接种的对照组均未检测到As(Ⅲ)以及明显的As释放.本研究还考察了吸附基质铁氧化物的还原对砷迁移的影响,结果表明,砷的还原发生在铁还原之前,铁的还原并没有引起砷的明显释放.因此,根据本实验结果推断,氢氧化铁吸附的As(Ⅴ)的还原及Fe(Ⅲ)的还原很可能不是造成地下水系统中砷释放的主要原因,而吸附于铝氧化物或其它矿物表面的As(Ⅴ)的还原可能引起了砷向水相迁移.     

纳米四氧化三铁对2,4-D的脱氯降解

采用纳米四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)降解水溶液中的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D),考察了2,4-D初始浓度、纳米Fe3O4投加量、溶液pH和温度等因素对2,4-D降解率的影响.结果表明,纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D有显著的降解效果,初始浓度为10 mg/L的2,4-D, 48 h内降解率可达48%.纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D的降解是一个还原脱氯过程,反应体系中氯离子浓度随2,4-D浓度降低而升高.LC/MS分析表明,2,4-D降解的主要产物是苯酚,其他中间产物是2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)、4-氯苯酚(4-CP)和2-氯苯酚(2-CP).溶液中2,4-D的降解符合准一级反应动力学,产物4-CP、2,4-DCP和苯酚的反应速率常数K分别为0.0043、0.0026和0.0032 h -1.环境条件对降解效率有显著影响,2,4-D初始浓度在0～10 mg/L、纳米Fe3O4投加量0～300 mg/L的范围内,2,4-D降解率随初始浓度和纳米Fe3O4投加量的增加而增大;pH对2,4-D的脱氯降解有显著影响,在pH为3.0时,纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D的还原脱氯效果最好;温度升高,可以提高脱氯反应速率.     

絮凝剂产生菌GA1 的营养优化及发酵动力学

 应用动力学方程考察了初始底物浓度对絮凝剂产生菌GA1 的生长及絮凝剂产率的影响.结果表明,GA1 对碳源、氮源的最大特征生长速率分别为0.099, 0.095h^-1,半饱和常数分别为1.503,0.315,说明GA1 对氮源比碳源更具亲和性. 当碳源或氮源为单一限制性底物,其碳源和氮源浓度分别为1~48 g /L 与0.1~4.0 g /L 时,GA1 特征生长速率和最大生长量随底物浓度增加而增大,.蔗糖浓度为40 g/L 时,絮凝剂的产率达到0.306g/g 蔗糖.理论上GA1 的最大细胞对蔗糖得率(Y ^*X / S )为0.381g/g ,菌体生长维持系数(m)为0.0311g/(g·h) ,说明絮凝剂产生菌GA1 具备工业化生产的潜力.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.