经济管理系公共事业管理专业学生进行素质拓展训练

随着我国经济建设的飞速发展,各种自然灾害事故、人为灾害事故、突发公共事件呈逐年上升趋势。2008年3月到10月期间,我国先后发生了南方冰雪、汶川地震、三鹿奶粉等数起罕见的自然灾害和恶性人为灾害,人民群众的生命健康和财产损失惨重。在这些突发性灾害的处理过程中,人们对人身和财产安全的重要性有了进一步认识,同时也促使从事应急救援工作和研究的人们开始重新审视我国应急救援专业队伍的建设和救援体系的科学性等若干问题。     

污染警报

亚太地区环境问题中,自然灾害是一个重要因素。世界上洪水、干旱、地震、海啸、飓风、山崩等突发性灾害50％发生在亚太地区。自 1990年以来,由于突发性灾害,本地区死亡人数超过20万,经济损失达1000亿美元。     

建立健全我国突发性灾害应急管理体制的建议——以2008年元月南方地区冰冻和雪灾为例

2008年1月我国南方地区遭受了十分罕见的冰雪灾害,对人民生产和生活造成了严重影响。此次极端天气事件发生后的抗灾救灾工作反映出我国突发性灾害应急管理体制和救助体系存在诸多问题。为构建和谐社会,实现可持续发展,应该从以下方面建立健全中国突发性灾害应急管理体制和救助体系,即建立统一的、专门的突发性灾害应急管理机构;制定灾害管理基本法,健全自然灾害法制与计划建设;建立有效的社会动员机制,提高突发性灾害的社会应对和救助能力;建立全国性统一的灾害管理信息系统;落实有关应急管理体制和救助体系的具体举措。     

灾害学研究导论

灾害学是自然灾害学与人为灾害学（或自然与人为混合灾害）之总称。人为灾害学属于技术灾害及人为失误的范畴问题，将另作词条，这里集中论述灾害学（主要指自然灾害学）问题，有些方法对策对人为灾害也是适用的。自然灾害本来都是一些自然现象，这些现象之所以被认为是“害”，是因其与人类社会接触时产生不均衡的突变状态，并给人类生活与生产带来不同程度的损害。所以说，凡危害人类生命财产和生存条件的各类事件通称灾害。进一步讲以自然原因为主引起，但表现为人为态的称作自然一人为灾害，如太阳活动异常年的流行性传染病症；同样，由…     

自然灾害概说

行星引力，地球生态系统的反馈放大作用和人为对生态环境的破坏作用，是灾害群发的原因。我国自然灾害频繁，灾害间的相互作用加重了灾害损失。减灾、防灾必须保护生态环境。     

我国旅游自然灾害救灾机制的缺失——以梅里雪崩事件为例

本文以云南梅里雪山的"5·2"雪崩事件为个案,分析了此次旅游灾害发生的原因,在此基础上对我国自然灾害引发的旅游灾害提出了一些思考:旅游自然灾害的赔偿机制急需完善;当地政府景区的灾害预警工作不可忽视;我国游客的户外生存能力还须提高;国家应出台更加合理的相关休假制度.应尽量避免灾难事件的发生,即使灾难真正发生了,也应将损失降到最低.     

关于灾害管理学的几点想法

随着社会经济的发展,我国各种自然灾害的发生有规模大、损失严重的趋势,加强灾害管理对于建立和谐社会意义重大.本文在总结前人工作的基础上,阐述了灾害管理的含义、灾害管理系统的自组织性和协同性,概括了灾害管理的一般方法,指出灾害管理是发展管理.     

地质勘查环境灾害类型及预防

安全技术、劳动卫生作为地质勘查劳动保护的重要内容，历来受到人们的重视，由于地质勘查生产的发展和环境科学的成就，环境问题对地质勘查活动的影响也逐渐被人们所认识。尤其是近年来，在人类环境中，自然作用或人类活动或者二者叠加形成的人类环境灾害的频繁发生和危害加剧，给地质勘查活动带来了严重威胁、使对环境灾害的防治研究成为地质勘查活动的迫切需要。1地质勘查环境灾害类型地质勘查环境灾害主要有二种类型，一种是自然灾害，另一种是由地质勘查生产过程中造成的人为灾害。1.1自然灾害由自然环境变异作用形成的灾害叫自然灾害，…     

中国村镇突发性水污染事件特征及产生根源分析

鉴于中国村镇突发性水污染事件研究的重要性和必要性,本文通过对中国近五年来发生并被报道的64件村镇突发性水污染事件的统计分析,剖析了中国村镇突发性水污染事件发生的地点、诱因、主要污染物、污染类型、危害以及应急措施等状况,以揭示其发生的规律;在此基础上,本文又深入研究了中国村镇突发性水污染事件发生的根源,指出中国村镇污染源复杂多样、村镇工业布局不合理和管理不到位、农业生产用水需求增加以及村镇饮水工程抵御自然灾害能力弱是造成村镇突发性水污染的风险。     

1993年世界十大灾难

１９９３年世界十大灾难１９９３年又是一个自然灾害与人为灾害频发年，挂根据有关报刊报导的灾害资料。列出其中影响和损害较大的十个。①火车脱轨１月１５日晚，肯尼亚一列从蒙巴萨开往内罗毕的火车，行驶中突然脱轨，导致１０节车箱坠入肯尼亚南部港口城市蒙巴萨附近的...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.