出口小家电产品环境适应性试验中常见问题及分析

本文介绍了小家电产品在环境检测中常见的安全问题,分析其通常存在的不符合IEC标准的条款和产生的原因,提出了解决类似问题的措施,从而提高出口小家电产品的安全性能.     

高原环境对装甲车辆动力系统性能影响机理研究

本文以理论分析为基础,结合典型装甲车辆高原使用环境试验数据,从动力及经济性、冷却效能和起动性能三方面,探索了高原环境对装甲车辆动力系统性能的影响机理,对开展装甲车辆高原环境适应性试验和分析解决动力系统暴露的问题具有指导作用。     

如何确保产品可靠性

产品的可靠性，是指产品在规定的条件下、在规定的时间内完成规定功能的能力。在市场竞争日益激烈的今天，可靠性高的产品，不仅可为客户节省开支，巩固客户的信誉和品牌知名度，而且有助于提高客户的市场竞争力。产品是否可靠，己成为企业生存和持续发展的最重要因素。国际国内为此都制订了相应的标准：根据产品在使用过程中，可能遇到的不同使用环境（如：室外、随身携带、船上等等），并受到不同环境的应力（如：风吹雨淋、振动与跌落、盐雾蚀侵等等），进行模拟测试项目，确认产品的工作性能和适应力。产品的可靠性测试，包括力学环境试验、环境气候试验和特殊环境试验，是确保产品可靠性的有效手段。其工作原理就是据产品运行时的可能遇到的气候状况、环境状况、负载水平等一系列条件，通过一系列测试项目，综合分析产品样品的性能，解决产品故障发生的原因，并采取消除、预防措施，从量化方面保证产品的质量，以确保产品的安全性和耐久性。产品可靠性测试可以委托专门服务机构进行。     

对经典冲击和冲击响应谱的探讨

产品在生产、运输及使用过程中常面临各种冲击环境,容易引起产品质量和可靠性方面的诸多问题,因此在产品研制生产过程中需要进行冲击试验,本文对经典冲击和冲击响应谱试验进行原理分析,认为产品实际冲击环境非常复杂,应根据产品冲击环境的实测值和试验目的进行试验方法选择。最后根据两种试验方法的实际应用和相关标准的修订情况,提出了冲击响应谱在验证产品设计参数或可靠性等方面的优势,成为冲击试验的发展趋势。     

某中频控制器老炼后输出异常的失效分析

产品的可靠性分析工作是一项系统工程,它贯穿了产品设计、生产、考核及用户使用的整个生命周期。通过对成熟产品的失效分析发现产品在设计工艺结构、考核试验、以及使用环境过程中存在的问题,指导设计师在产品的研制阶段进行产品的可靠性规划,从而不断提升设计师可靠性设计水平,提高产品的可靠性。本文通过对某中频控制器在老炼后的异常情况进行分析,发现该产品在环境试验中存在问题,并提出了相应的改进措施。本研究工作对于同类产品的热设计、环境试验可靠性具有借鉴意义。     

电工电子产品抗霉性能分析与评价

简要概括了霉菌对电工电子产品的作用机理与影响,指出了现行霉菌试验标准和产品技术文件中关于产品抗霉性能评价存在的问题,并从长霉等级评定方法和产品合格判据两方面就如何正确、合理地评价产品的抗霉性能提出了自己的看法.     

新闻资讯

正我国首次模拟阵风环境的主动减缓飞行试验顺利完成为尽可能地解决飞机在飞行遭遇气流产生颠簸时的安全问题,中国航天科工集团三院三部十七室近日在河北保定郊区完成了国内首次模拟阵风环境的主动减缓飞行试验,实现了阵风响应降低20%的良好验证效果,验证了主动控制技术的有效性,可用于改善飞机操控的稳     

电器实验室安全和环境监控措施探讨

电器实验室在对电器产品实施安全性能检测的过程中，实验室本身存在着安全和环境污染问题。如何对实验室的日电器实验室在对电器产品实施安全性能检测的过程中，实验室本身存在着安全和环境污染问题。如何对实验室的日常运作进行安全和环境的有效监控，对于保护实验室仪器设备和生命财产安全，以及试验人员的健康，具有重要的意义。 电器实验室安全和环境问题涉及但不限于防火、防烫伤、防暴、防触电、防机械伤害、防淋水、防盗、限制区域的禁入、仪器设备的保护、试验负荷控制、环境温度、湿度、电网电压、谐波畸变、噪音、有毒有害气体、电磁渡污染等诸多方面。本文针对电器实验室存在的一些主要安全和环境问题，从经济和技术可行性方面研究有效解决方法，并提出一种利用现代科技实现远程综合监控的方案。     

创刊词

二次世界大战后,特别是近二十多年来,随着经济、技术和贸易的发展以及能源、自然资源和海洋的开发利用,电工电子产品和其他工业产品在运输和使用过程中经受从寒带到热带、从平原到高原、从深海到太空等各种自然和人为的环境条件.同时,大量的电工电子产品在国内和国际市场上流通.这就使得用户和生产者双方都关心产品在贮存、运输之后和使用过程中的性能、可靠性和安全,并要求制定共同的标准,以保证设备能满意地工作.满足各方面对这个问题的紧迫要求,便成了环境条件与试验标准化工作者和有关科学研究工作者的任务.     

美国环境试验发展动向

本文介绍了近十年来美国在环境试验理论和方法方面的发展,着重介绍了环境试验标准剪裁、综合环境试验和环境应力筛选的发展过程。指出当前美国在环境试验方面力求更合理地制定环境试验要求,努力把环境试验与产品整个研制过程更紧密地结合起来,从而使环境工程对产品的质量和可靠性保证起到更大的作用。     

环境试验顺序的选择

文章首先介绍了环境试验的目的及其重要性,再通过环境试验对产品的影响以及试验项目之间的相互关系,阐述环境试验顺序应遵循的一般原则,说明合理的安排试验顺序的重要性.     

温度环境试验及其标准综述(一)温度对装备的影响及温度试验的重要性

阐述了温度试验在军工产品研制生产中的重要地位和用途,温度环境对装备的主要影响和典型故障模式;介绍了GJB 150/150A、HB 6167/6167A、GB/T 2423等我国主要军用、民用环境试验系列标准中包括的各种典型温度试验程序及其用途和模拟的环境;说明了各种典型试验程序规定或要求的温度试验各种特点和剪裁方法,并汇总列于一个表格中,以便于查阅,列出了温度试验标准中对温度试验箱和测试仪器仪表的要求,最后讨论了受试产品温度稳定、温度试验箱的选用,确保受试产品经受正确的温度条件、受试产品温度响应测量和温度试验中断处理等技术。本文分为四大部分:第一部分阐述温度对装备的影响、故障机理和温度试验的重要性;第二部分阐述了GJB150/150A、HB 6167/6167A和GB/T 2423等主要环境试验标准中的典型温度试验程序;第三部分详细说明了各种温度试验的试验温度和试验持续时间及其区别和剪裁方法;第四部分介绍了各种标准对温度试验设备的要求,温度试验设定点,确保试验温度准确施加和试验中断处理等温度试验技术。本文为其中第一部分。     

Environmental regulatory measures and their economic impact on the Indian leather industry

The leather industry plays a significant role as a foreign exchange earning sector in India. Because of easy availability of raw materials and cheap traditional labour in the country, leather and its products produced in India are priced very affordably. Emerging environmental issues at the local and international levels may have an impact on the economic sustainability of the industry, however. These issues could substantially affect the price of leather and its products in domestic and global markets, and could also result in a reduction in India's ambitious export targets. The linkages between environment and trade are discussed in this article. An attempt has been made to assess the economic impact of major environmental issues on the Indian leather industry .     

Influence of allocation methods on the environmental performance of biorefinery products—A case study

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is the prevailing framework for estimating the environmental performances of a product/service. The application of LCA frequently requires practitioners to address allocation issues, especially when a large number of co-products are produced. The choice of an allocation approach for multifunctional processes is among the most debated methodological aspects in the LCA community, given its potentially large influence on final outcomes. Despite numerous efforts, a uniform consensus on the best allocation practice is still lacking and no single method appears as the most suitable for all situations.The aim of this paper is to assess how different allocation methods affect the environmental performances of a lignocellulosic biorefinery. Biorefinery systems represent a good example of a multifunctional process, since they co-produce multiple energy and material products. The following allocation procedures are applied: system expansion (also named substitution method), partitioning method according to different features of co-products (mass, energy, exergy and economic value), and hybrid approach (given by a combination of the previous ones). In order to enhance the clarity of the discussion, a mathematical notation for these allocation procedures is adopted, and analytical interrelations are investigated. Results show the influence of the allocation methods on the environmental impacts assigned to the individual products, both on a unit and annual flow basis.     

Salmon Farming in First Nations' Territories: A Case of Environmental Injustice on Canada's West Coast

This paper argues that salmon aquaculture operations situated in First Nations' claimed territories on Canada's West Coast create issues of environmental injustice. Salmon farms are associated with various environmental problems including pollution of the aquatic environment, risks to wild salmon, and food safety issues. These environmental problems constitute issues of environmental injustice due to the disproportionate, and different, impacts they have on coastal First Nations in comparison with other Canadians. The paper draws on material from several reviews of British Columbian (BC) salmon aquaculture to analyse coastal BC First Nations' claims and concerns about salmon farming along three environmental justice dimensions: distribution, participation and recognition. Qualitative evidence is obtained suggesting that coastal First Nations face disproportionate health risks from salmon farms, are excluded from decision-making processes with respect to the farms, and feel that their worldviews, identities, and ways of life are both ignored and at risk from the farms.     

轨道交通电连接器国内环境试验标准分析

铁路作为国民经济大动脉、国家重要基础设施和大众化交通工具,在国民经济和社会生活中的作用至关重要。电连接器是铁路车辆设备的关键器件之一,有着很高的安全性和可靠性要求。着重分析了轨道交通电连接器标准中的电性能、机械性能和环境适应性的试验方法,并对这些标准进行了对比总结。经分析发现,更新版本的标准比被替换的标准增加了试验项目,细化了试验条件。然而,目前国内轨道交通电连接器的标准版本相对落后,仅GB/T 25022和GB/T 25023为2010年发布实施。亟需新的标准或试验方法以指导轨道交通电连接器的质量检测和认证。     

开发引进高科技产品实现农业可持续发展

介绍了丰泽公司在环保和绿色食品领域新开发引进的几种高科技产品，它们对控制农药、化肥等污染，保障食品安全、保护生态环境有积极作用。     

中美欧跨区域大气环境监管比较研究及启示

近年来,酸雨、灰霾和光化学烟雾等跨区域大气环境问题日益突出,严重威胁广大人民群众的健康和环境安全。美国和欧盟在跨区域大气环境监管中都取得了丰富的经验。本文通过对中美欧跨区域大气环境监管在组织机制、法律法规、机构建设和监管手段等4个方面比较分析,结合我国国情,试图为我国跨区域大气环境监管的完善提供一些有益的启示。     

Life cycle assessment of Italian citrus-based products. Sensitivity analysis and improvement scenarios

Though many studies concern the agro-food sector in the EU and Italy, and its environmental impacts, literature is quite lacking in works regarding LCA application on citrus products. This paper represents one of the first studies on the environmental impacts of citrus products in order to suggest feasible strategies and actions to improve their environmental performance. In particular, it is part of a research aimed to estimate environmental burdens associated with the production of the following citrus-based products: essential oil, natural juice and concentrated juice from oranges and lemons. The life cycle assessment of these products, published in a previous paper, had highlighted significant environmental issues in terms of energy consumption, associated CO₂ emissions, and water consumption. Starting from such results the authors carry out an improvement analysis of the assessed production system, whereby sustainable scenarios for saving water and energy are proposed to reduce environmental burdens of the examined production system. In addition, a sensitivity analysis to estimate the effects of the chosen methods will be performed, giving data on the outcome of the study. Uncertainty related to allocation methods, secondary data sources, and initial assumptions on cultivation, transport modes, and waste management is analysed. The results of the performed analyses allow stating that every assessed eco-profile is differently influenced by the uncertainty study. Different assumptions on initial data and methods showed very sensible variations in the energy and environmental performances of the final products. Besides, the results show energy and environmental benefits that clearly state the improvement of the products eco-profile, by reusing purified water use for irrigation, using the railway mode for the delivery of final products, when possible, and adopting efficient technologies, as the mechanical vapour recompression, in the pasteurisation and concentration of juice.     

重庆市农业环境质量安全现状与防治对策

对重庆市农业环境质量安全现状进行了研究分析，提出了充分利用环境资源比较优势，进行农业生产布局和农业结构调整；加强城郊区农业生态环境保护和污染的治理；合理施用农药化肥，防止农产品农药残留和硝酸盐污染；加强全市农业环境与农产品质量安全监测体系建设，开展预警监测；加强三峡库区农业面源污染防治；进一步开展农业环境优先污染物的控制研究等防治对策。