某型末制导炮弹控制舱贮存加速寿命试验应力研究

目的研究某型末制导炮弹控制舱贮存加速寿命试验应力类型。方法在明确某型末制导炮弹控制舱结构特征的基础上,逐一对各部组件进行失效模式及失效机理分析,归纳出影响控制舱失效的主要应力类型。结果影响末制导炮弹控制舱贮存可靠度的主要环境应力是温度和湿度。结论选取温度做单应力加速寿命试验。     

某型橡胶密封圈加速贮存试验设计与实践

目的针对某型橡胶密封圈开展加速贮存试验设计,并通过试验预测产品贮存寿命。方法通过分析橡胶密封圈在贮存使用环境下的失效机理,结合橡胶材料性能老化模型,在不改变失效机理、又不增加新的失效机理的前提下,以密封圈整件作为试验对象,用加大温度应力的试验方法加速产品失效过程,根据试验结果预计正常环境应力下的产品贮存寿命。结果采用温度应力作为加速贮存应力开展密封圈加速贮存试验方案设计和验证工作,评估得到其在贮存温度为20℃的环境中,贮存寿命可以达到16.97年,置信度大于0.95。结论以密封圈整件作为试验件,采用温度应力作为贮存敏感应力开展加速贮存试验,所评估得到的贮存寿命与产品已有的自然贮存寿命结果吻合得较好,试验状态更加真实,为橡胶密封圈更换周期提供参考依据,并为密封圈贮存寿命的定量评估提供了一种参考方法。     

某天线加速贮存试验与寿命评估方法研究

目的对某天线进行加速贮存试验研究,利用试验数据进行寿命评估,得到产品的加速因子。方法通过步降应力试验方法对某天线的12台产品进行了四个不同应力量级的高温加速贮存试验,获得产品的退化数据。分别采取两种加速模型对试验数据进行处理,对比确定最优评估方法。结果采用基于漂移布朗运动的加速模型评估得到产品的激活能,从而求出加速因子和贮存寿命。结论步降应力试验方法能加速产品损伤的累积,便于快速获得产品的性能退化数据,而基于漂移布朗运动的评估方法为天线类产品的寿命评估提供了一种新的参考方法。     

铌酸锂调制器加速贮存寿命评估

目的研究铌酸锂调制器加速储存寿命的评估方法。方法基于韦布尔分布的方法,应用加速老化寿命评估试验理论和技术,建立恒加速应力老化寿命评估的理论模型。对集成光学调制器在不同温度应力下的加速贮存寿命进行统计,分析不同时间段器件失效概率,对其可靠性进行评估。结果计算出了器件韦布尔分布的形状参数m为0.314,表明调制器贮存时早期失效多。结论通过对器件失效数据进行分析,确定了阿伦尼斯加速模型,并计算其激活能为1.1 e V,分析得到在25℃环境条件下Li Nb O_3调制器器件贮存1年的可靠度为0.9454。     

基于性能参数退化的发动机推进剂加速退化试验建模

目的 针对某火箭弹发动机推进剂加速退化试验数据,建立性能参数退化模型,分别基于最大伸长率和最大抗拉强度等不同参数,计算推进剂的激活能和不同温度下的加速因子。方法 建立基于退化轨迹的性能参数退化模型,对发动机推进剂进行加速退化试验建模,利用最小二乘法计算性能变化参数,利用阿伦尼斯模型计算加速模型的参数,并得到激活能和加速因子。结果 针对推进剂加速试验数据,给出推进剂激活能和不同温度下加速因子的计算方法。采用基于退化轨迹的性能参数退化模型,可有效评估推进剂的寿命。结论 该方法可有效地对推进剂加速试验数据进行建模,给出激活能和加速因子,更能反映推进剂的寿命特征,为寿命评估提供支撑。     

鱼水雷延寿策略与试验技术探讨

针对水中兵器达到规定的贮存期后,如何对状态进行再评估,并通过维修、换件等手段延长装备服役年限,进一步发挥装备效益,通过阐述水中兵器延寿研究现状,详细分析了高温、低温和交变温度等因素对产品组成材料的影响及失效机理.在此基础上,以鱼雷为例,提出了贮存寿命加速试验设计流程,综合考核多种因素,确定贮存寿命加速试验的应力类型、全雷温度加速因子、温度加速试验应力和加速试验时间,建立了试验流程图.按照确定后的相关要素,制定了试验方案,明确了贮存失效和贮存寿命终止判据.综合记录数据、失效判定和试验情况,提出了试验结论和改进意见,为装备定寿指标确认和延寿措施制定提供依据支撑.     

引信步进应力加速寿命试验无失效数据情况贮存寿命评估

目的针对某引信加速寿命试验出现无失效数据情况无评估方法问题,开展贮存寿命评估研究。方法根据某引信特点和样品条件,选取采用步进应力加速寿命试验。因本次样品量过少,不能进行摸底试验来确定合理的应力和步长,加速寿命试验只能采用其预估值,因而试验结果出现了无失效情况。为此提出先对无失效数据按贝叶斯统计方法将零失效比率(失效数/样本数)数据转换为非降序失效比率的失效数据,再按有失效数据的处理方法评估贮存寿命。结果以此方法编制计算程序,对某引信无失效试验数据进行处理,评估其贮存寿命为20.1a。结论采用贝叶斯统计规律处理无失效数据的方法有效可行,解决了引信步进应力加速寿命试验无失效数据情况下的贮存寿命评估难题。     

引信步进应力加速试验贮存寿命预测研究

目的 针对某机电引信加速寿命试验数据,采用传统统计分析方法存在计算量大、寿命预测精度难以保证的问题,开展与智能算法相结合的引信贮存寿命预测研究。方法 针对步进应力加速寿命试验数据,采用贝叶斯理论的环境因子法,对各级应力下的贮存时间进行折合计算。利用进化策略对粒子群算法进行改进,进而对所建立的BP神经网络预测模型的全局参数进行调整和优化,突破传统方法的局限。将折合后的试验时间、样本量、应力水平作为网络输入,失效数作为输出,来预测引信贮存寿命。结果 利用训练好的 BP神经网络预测引信在正常应力水平下的失效数,计算其贮存可靠度。在迭代402次后,模型找到最优解,且预测误差在1%以内。结论 步进应力加速寿命试验与智能算法相结合的方法计算过程简单,预测精度较高,可有效提高引信贮存寿命的预测精度。     

基于薄弱环节的整机加速因子计算

目的当薄弱环贮存寿命都服从指数分布或都服从形状参数相同的威布尔分布时,给出整机加速因子与薄弱环节加速因子关系的公式;若形状参数不同时,给出整机加速因子的取值范围。方法将各个薄弱环节做串联系统处理,利用不同可靠度时常应力和加速应力下系统贮存寿命的关系,计算整机加速因子或给出加速因子范围。结果基于不同薄弱环节数据,总结出整机加速因子或取值范围的计算方法。结论针对系统存在薄弱环节并且薄弱环节寿命服从一定的分布时,可以通过该方法计算出整机加速因子或加速因子的取值范围。     

加速贮存寿命试验设计方法研究

目的研究加速贮存寿命试验设计的关键要素和基本流程。方法基于国内外加速寿命试验的工程应用成果,深入分析加速寿命试验的原理,针对导弹贮存的薄弱环节,确定试验设计的关键要素,提出试验设计的基本流程,并选取某型发动机喷管设计恒定温度应力的加速贮存寿命试验方案。结果贮存薄弱环节、加速试验模型、加速应力水平和试验周期确定的合理与否,直接影响加速贮存寿命试验的效率和精度,是开展试验设计的关键内容。结论通过工程实例的应用,该方法提出的试验设计的基本原则和基本流程,可以有效指导加速贮存寿命试验方案的制定。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.