五氯酚的臭氧催化氧化特性

通过五氯酚(PCP)的Fe2+/O3催化氧化实验研究了其臭氧催化氧化特性,结果表明,PCP在反应5 min后几乎可以完全分解,但是TOC在反应30 min后的去除率只有50%左右,说明PCP不能被彻底氧化分解.通过对Cl-浓度的分析可知,伴随着PCP的氧化分解,苯环上的Cl会逐渐从苯环上释放到溶液中,而紫外吸光度值随反应时间的变化说明了臭氧催化氧化可以使得PCP中的苯环打开,将含有不饱和键的有机物转变成饱和的有机物.GC-MS分析结果表明,PCP的臭氧催化氧化首先是苯环的脱氯过程,随着反应的进行,苯环被打开,形成酯、醛、酸、氯代烷等小分子物质,最后被分解成CO2和H2O.     

白腐真菌降解五氯酚的初步研究

研究了白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌在不同营养条件下对五氯酚的降解.采用土豆葡萄糖液体培养基,接种后第2天投加PCP,在胞外木质素降解酶活性极低的真菌反应体系中,五氯酚能够有效降解,4d内10mg·1-1五氯酚降解率达到98%;采用高氮培养基,接种后第6天投加五氯酚,在胞外木质素酶含量极低的真菌反应体系和不含胞外酶的菌丝体反应体系中,五氯酚均能有效降解,1d内降解率分别达到56%和22%;采用低氮培养基,接种后第6天投加五氯酚,在胞外木质素酶含量较高的真菌反应体系、胞外酶液反应体系和不含胞外酶的菌丝体反应体系中,五氯酚均能有效降解,1d内降解率分别达到86%,17%和46%.结果表明,黄孢原毛平革菌在非木质素降解条件下,依赖胞内酶能有效地降解PCP;在木质素降解条件下依赖胞外木质素降解酶和胞内酶降解五氯酚,降解效率高于非木质素降解条件.     

厌氧颗粒污泥对五氯苯酚脱氯过程中的影响因素

在间歇培养血清瓶中,研究了厌氧颗粒污泥对五氯酚脱氯过程中的影响因素.结果表明,葡萄糖、酵母膏和蛋白胨显著提高了PCP的脱氯速率.添加甲酸、乙酸、乙醇对PCP脱氯速率有一定提高,丙酸和丁酸对脱氯速率没有影响.20%氢气的加入对PCP脱氯速率的影响显著.废水中硝酸盐和硫酸盐等电子受体的存在降低了PCP的脱氯速率.微生物抑制剂氯仿、青霉素降低了PCP脱氯速率,表明厌氧微生物尤其是甲烷菌对还原脱氯有重要影响.PCP最佳还原脱氯温度为38℃,最佳pH为7,低的氧化还原电位(<-200mV)有利于脱氯的进行.图5参13     

2种水稻土胶体界面五氯酚的还原脱氯转化

研究了紫泥田和浅脚紫泥田2种水稻土胶体界面五氯酚(PCP)的还原转化效果,以及添加Fe2+或草酸对五氯酚还原转化效果的影响.采用表观一级反应动力学描述土壤胶体界面五氯酚的转化过程.结果表明,紫泥田和浅脚紫泥田土壤胶体界面五氯酚的还原转化动力学常数分别为0.0375d-1和0.0430d-1,半衰期分别为18.5d和16.1d;厌氧条件下水稻土胶体中铁氧化物还原溶解产生的吸附态Fe2+对五氯酚具有一定的还原转化能力.添加1.0mmol·L-1Fe2+或1.0mmol·L-1草酸均能显著促进土壤胶体界面五氯酚的还原转化和氯离子的产生,紫泥田土壤胶体界面五氯酚的还原转化半衰期分别减少到9.6d和6.0d,浅脚紫泥田土壤胶体界面五氯酚的转化半衰期分别减少到7.9d和3.0d.草酸促进作用更加显著的原因是铁-草酸配合物的生成.土壤胶体界面五氯酚的还原转化、脱氯效率与土壤胶体的比表面积、吸附态亚铁离子浓度有一定的正相关关系.促进土壤中吸附态亚铁离子和草酸等低分子量有机酸的产生能显著促进有机氯的还原转化.     

根系分泌物对五氯酚的增溶作用和影响机制

采用室内模拟培养方法研究了植物根系分泌物对五氯酚(PCP)溶解性的影响及其反应机制,结果表明,根系分泌物属于表面活性物质,提高了PCP溶解性,增加了PCP的表观溶解度,而且其对PCP增溶作用与根系分泌物浓度呈线性正相关,向日葵根系分泌物中大分子组分含量比紫花苜蓿的高,其对PCP的增溶效果比紫花苜蓿的大,根系分泌物降低了PCP的正辛醇/水溶液分配系数,且各体系中IgKow分配系数的大小顺序与增溶作用大小顺序正好相反,产生上述结果是因为根系分泌物中的大分子组分能够形成疏水微区,促进PCP的分配作用,提高PcP的溶解性,而且根系分泌物中大分子组分愈多,其对PCP增溶作用愈强.     

共价三嗪有机框架材料对水中氯酚类污染物的光催化脱氯降解

利用共价三嗪有机框架材料(CTF-1)对4-氯酚(4-CP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)等4种不同氯原子取代数目的氯酚类污染物进行光催化降解研究,探讨了底物结构对氯酚脱氯降解效率的影响及机制.结果表明,氯酚脱氯降解过程明显受苯环氯原子取代数目的影响,氯原子数目越多,脱氯降解效率越高,氯原子数目与表观速率常数呈显著正相关,氯酚降解及脱氯速率均为：PCP>2,4,6-TCP>2,4-DCP>4-CP.对CTF-1光催化降解氯酚机制研究表明,活性物种在反应中不起作用,体系反应机制为针对氯酚上取代氯位点进行水解脱氯过程.本研究结果为深入揭示氯酚脱氯降解机制提供了理论依据,也为光催化技术处理卤代酚类废水提供了技术参考.     

磁赤铁矿/多羧基有机酸体系中五氯酚的异相光化学降解

自然界广泛存在的铁氧化物与多羧基有机酸在光照条件下能够由内源自身生成活性物过氧化氢,构成异相类Fenton体系降解污染物.在实验室构建了由磁赤铁矿和多羧基有机酸组成的光化学体系,研究了五氯酚在此体系中的降解和脱氯.结果表明,五氯酚在此异相光化学体系中的降解效率受波长范围、有机酸种类和氧气的显著影响.在UV-A波长范围,五氯酚具有较高的光降解效率.草酸能够显著促进五氯酚在磁赤铁矿中的异相光降解,但柠檬酸不具有此作用.氧气是体系中生成各种含氧活性物的必要条件.五氯酚在此体系中的降解遵循一级反应动力学.最佳实验条件下,五氯酚1 h的降解率可达80%以上,脱氯率可达35%以上.对体系主要活性物过氧化氧的定量研究较好的解释了体系在各种条件下的活性差异.     

电催化同步降解水中硝酸盐氮和有机氯化物的研究

在利用电化学反应器单独脱硝脱卤的电催化实验基础上,对电化学催化方法同步脱硝脱卤进行研究.试验采用化学沉积法负载钯-铜合金(4∶ 1)的多孔钛板作为电解反应器阴极,电解硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N)和五氯酚(PCP)的混合溶液.结果表明: PCP的脱卤效果与单独脱卤时相似,但PCP的存在对NO-3-N的还原脱除有明显影响.PCP在钯原子上的竞争性吸附抑制了NO-3-N还原反应的中间产物NO-2-N继续还原,导致在反应初期出现NO-2-N的积累;随着PCP的充分还原,前期积累的副产物NO-2-N可以逐渐被降解.分批试验和推流试验结果表明,利用多孔钛板负载的钯-铜二元合金电极,选择合适的反应参数,可有效地脱除水中的硝酸盐氮和卤代有机物.     

海河流域和渤海湾沉积物和水样中五氯酚的分布

建立了水和沉积物中五氯酚(PCP)的LC-ESI-MS分析方法,并调查了海河流域以及渤海湾水体和沉积物中PCP的污染状况.海河流域中水和沉积物中PCP的浓度分别为1800ng·l-1和13700ng·g-1,最高浓度发生在万年桥.渤海湾水中PCP的平均浓度为56.8ng·l-1,高于海河流域(除万年桥)PCP的浓度水平(10.0ng·l-1),但是沉积物中PCP的平均浓度为6.58ng·g-1,远低于海河流域沉积物中PCP的浓度水平(1500ng·g-1).     

五氯酚和八氯代二苯并二嗯英复合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应

为了评价环境中五氯酚(PCP)和八氯代二苯并二嚼英(OCDD)对水环境以及鱼类的影响,以斑马鱼为模式生物,研究了PCP和OCDD对其胚胎发育的单一及复合毒性效应.结果表明,PCP单独暴露(浓度25μg·L-1～5mg·L-1)对斑马鱼胚胎发育具有较强的毒性效应,可导致胚胎孵化率显著下降,死亡率、畸形率显著上升,而OCDD单独暴露(200、500μg·L-1)对斑马鱼胚胎发育没有明显的毒性效应;OCDD与环境浓度的PCP复合暴露(OCDD PCP1:250μg·L-1 25μg·L-1;OCDD PCP2:250μg·L-1 50μg·L-1)对斑马鱼胚胎的存活与发育等没有显著影响,对斑马鱼胚胎内CYP1A基因表达以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的酶活力也没有显著影响,在实验浓度下二者共存没有明显的复合毒性效应.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central