不同炭化温度下烧制的竹炭对邻氯酚的吸附

研究了pH、吸附时间、竹炭投加量、邻氯酚初始浓度和吸附温度对不同炭化温度(500℃、700℃和900℃)下烧制的竹炭对邻氯酚的吸附特性的影响.结果表明,低pH值有利于3种竹炭对邻氯酚的吸附,其平衡吸附量均随初始浓度和吸附温度增大而增加,相同条件下,吸附量的大小依次为q900℃q500℃q700℃;500℃和700℃炭化温度下烧制的竹炭对邻氯酚的吸附表现出相似的变化规律,吸附时间为13h时基本达到平衡,而900℃炭化温度下烧制的竹炭的吸附则是一个快速吸附过程,30min内即达到吸附平衡;3种竹炭对邻氯酚的吸附皆是一个吸热过程,实验进行的吸附温度下,其吸附量的大小依次为q40℃q25℃q15℃.     

热解工艺参数和污泥理化性质对污泥残渣特性的影响

研究了热解工艺参数和污泥理化性质对热解残渣特性的影响,着重分析了不同热解工艺参数和污泥理化性质下,污泥热解残渣的吸附性能与内部孔结构.研究表明,当热解终温Tend在300℃—550℃之间,污泥热解残渣的碘值在450℃时最大,亚甲基蓝值在500℃时最小.热解残渣的碘值随着RT的延长先增大,当停留时间RT=75 min时达到最大值;亚甲基蓝值的最小值随着RT的延长逐渐往低温区移动.污泥热解残渣的碘值随着升温速率β的增大而减小,无论Tend的高低,亚甲基蓝值的最小值都出现在β=3℃.min-1.污泥热解残渣的比表面积随着颗粒粒径d的增大迅速减小,但d对残渣吸附性能的影响却不大.当含水率M=10%—40%,热解残渣的吸附性能基本不受M的影响;继续提高含水率,热解残渣的碘值迅速减小,而亚甲基蓝值却随M的增大而增大.Tend为450℃、RT为75 min和β为3℃.min-1是较佳的污泥热解工艺参数.     

富磷污泥生物炭去除水中Pb(Ⅱ)的特性研究

以城市污水厂富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,考察高温热解制备生物炭吸附剂对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的去除效果.研究表明,随着热解温度升高,制备的生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附能力增强;在相同热解温度下,生污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附能力比消化污泥生物炭大.采用700℃热解1 h制备生污泥生物炭以研究对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附的影响因素,结果显示:吸附180 min达到吸附平衡;富磷污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率随pH增加而升高;生物炭投加量增加,对Pb(Ⅱ)去除率上升,而单位吸附容量迅速减小.污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合准二级反应动力学,Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地拟合等温吸附线.在pH 5.0、吸附时间3 h、生物炭投加量20 g.L-1条件下,对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量为34.5 mg.g-1,表明富磷污泥生物炭可以作为一种廉价的吸附剂.     

秸秆-污泥复合基活性炭的制备及其对1,2,4-酸氧体的吸附特性

以污水处理厂剩余污泥与芦苇秸秆为原料,采用化学活化和高温热解的方法制备了秸秆-污泥复合基活性炭,研究了其各项性质及对1,2-重氮氧基萘-4-磺酸(1,2,4-酸氧体)的吸附性能.结果显示,当污泥与秸秆的质量比为4∶1时,经0.5 mol.L-1的KOH活化并且600℃高温炭化后,复合基活性炭的比表面积和含碳量分别为558.1 m.2g-1和58.9%,比污泥基活性炭提高了9.2%和4.6%,掺杂秸秆能有效提高污泥制备活性炭的比表面积和含碳量;扫描电镜观察显示,复合基活性炭表面呈多孔状.热分析研究发现复合基活性炭前躯体的高温热解过程主要伴随低温区域的脱水以及高温区域的造孔,其800℃热解时的烧失率为43%;N2吸附脱附曲线表明添加秸秆有利于增加活性炭微孔及中孔数量;在25℃下对酸氧体的吸附等温线结果显示,经秸秆掺杂的复合基活性炭其吸附性能明显提高,最大吸附量为56.4 mg.g-1,而同等条件下污泥基活性炭的最大吸附量仅为20.4 mg.g-1,表明复合基活性炭对该染料具有较好的吸附性能.从而本研究也为更好地实现污泥的资源化利用提供了一条有效途径.     

污泥热干化恶臭原位控制

以污泥热干化恶臭为研究对象,分别测定了污泥在100℃下和300℃下干燥后释放的不同组分恶臭气体含量及臭气浓度,筛选出主要的恶臭物质是硫化物和苯系物.针对主要恶臭污染物,在实验室内合成了污泥有机无机复合的原位除臭剂.在污泥中添加1%的除臭剂后,在100℃和300℃下干燥,恶臭气体的含量及臭气浓度均显著降低,从而实现了原位除臭.     

联合改性污泥吸附剂去除废水中铬(Ⅵ)

以城市污水厂脱水污泥为原料,分别经物理活化、物理与化学活化相结合的方法制备污泥基吸附剂样品,通过BET表面积分析、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱分析等对污泥吸附剂性质进行了表征,对比研究了不同改性方法制备的污泥基吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除性能.结果表明,经过NaOH联合改性的污泥吸附剂W6对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能最好,其次为HNO_3联合改性的污泥吸附剂样品W4,污泥吸附剂去除Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳pH值为2.5.对于样品W4、W6来说,室温下(25℃)其吸附行为更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,说明这两种吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附都主要以单分子层形式吸附为主.改性污泥吸附剂样品均较适合准二级动力学模型,其相关系数均达到了0.99以上.因此,物理与化学联合改性方法可以显著改善污泥吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能.     

生物炭对水溶液中肉桂酸的吸附机制研究

研究了不同温度(300—900℃)制备的杉木生物炭对水相中肉桂酸的吸附.所有温度下,生物炭对肉桂酸的吸附等温线都呈非线性关系,并以表面吸附为主.高比表面积是800—900℃生物炭吸附量较大的主要因素.为探明生物炭的化学组成对肉桂酸吸附的影响,将吸附量进行了比表面积标化分析,结果表明,300℃生物炭的高含量异质性原子和800—900℃生物炭表面高含量灰分占用了生物炭的吸附点位,导致它们对肉桂酸的标化吸附量明显小于400—700℃生物炭.此外,低pH抑制了600℃生物炭-水溶液中肉桂酸的解离,减少了生物炭表面—OH与解离肉桂酸之间以氢键结合的吸附量,导致400—700℃生物炭中600℃生物炭的标化吸附量最低.研究明确了生物炭的不同性质对肉桂酸吸附的影响及机制,为选择合适的生物炭作为土壤添加剂来降低肉桂酸化感作用提供了科学依据.     

活性炭污泥吸附剂的制备研究

以城市污水厂的剩余污泥为原料,采用不同活化方法制备活性炭吸附剂,并对影响活化产物吸附性能的因素进行了研究.结果表明,化学活化法制备的活性炭污泥吸附剂性能较好,其最佳制备条件为:活化剂ZnCl2与H2SO4的浓度均为5mol·1-1(ZnCl2与H2SO4的复配比例为2:1),活化温度550℃,固液比1:2.5,活化时间2h.活性炭污泥吸附剂的碘吸附值为488.02mg·g-1,收率为86.6%,与商品颗粒活性炭对比,活性炭污泥吸附剂的比表面积为144.47m2·g-1,孔径分布比较宽,以过渡孔结构为主,电镜分析结果与之吻合,金属元素含量较高.     

碳酸氢钾活化制备水稻秸秆炭孔结构的影响因素及吸附性能

以水稻秸秆为原料,KHCO_3为活化剂,制备水稻秸秆基活性炭.采用L_9(3~3)_3因素3水平正交实验,探讨制备的实验方案与工艺条件;分析了浸渍比、活化温度、活化时间在3个不同水平下,对水稻秸秆基微孔、中孔活性炭形成的影响.结果表明,活化温度对中孔的形成影响最大,浸渍比对微孔的形成影响最大;活化温度900℃、活化时间1.5 h、浸渍比1∶6的工艺条件适宜中孔的形成,活化温度800℃、活化时间0.5 h、浸渍比1∶6的工艺条件适宜微孔的形成.亚甲基蓝吸附实验表明,水稻秸秆基活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附主要受中孔孔容大小影响;Redlich-Peterson方程能较好地描述等温吸附行为,既有单分子层吸附,也有多分子层吸附.     

煅烧改性净水厂污泥的除磷特性

本文通过扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析(SEM-EDS)技术对净水厂污泥(WTPS)和煅烧改性净水厂污泥(C-WTPS)进行表征,运用吸附动力学和吸附等温模型研究了WTPS和C-WTPS的磷吸附特征,比较了WTPS和C-WTPS的氨氮和总有机碳释放量,分析了C-WTPS对磷的固定形态,结果表明,与WTPS相比,C-WTPS表面出现大量的裂层,碳和氮元素的质量百分含量分别减少5.52%、1.36%,铁和铝元素的质量百分含量分别增加2.3%、0.54%.C-WTPS对磷的吸附符合拟二级动力学模型,说明其对磷的吸附主要受化学作用控制.Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型都能较好描述C-WTPS的磷吸附过程,Langmuir拟合参数表明C-WTPS的理论饱和磷吸附量为3.34 mg·g~(-1),是WTPS的1.6倍.WTPS中无机磷(IP)多于有机磷(OP),煅烧改性使得WTPS中的OP存在向IP转化的趋势. C-WTPS吸附的磷主要以非磷灰石无机磷(NAIP)的形态存在,说明C-WTPS中的铁、铝元素在磷吸附过程中发挥了重要的作用.与WTPS比较,C-WTPS的氨氮和有机物释放风险显著减少.因此,C-WTPS是一种更优良的除磷材料.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.