三峡小城镇污水处理厂运行现状分析及适用污水处理工艺探讨

在调查研究了三峡库区重庆段小城镇污水处理现状的基础上,根据库区水质特征、水环境保护的特殊要求和库区地理环境与经济条件特点,对适用污水处理工艺和技术进行比选,认为利用地形高差,采用跌水曝气式生物滤塔+氧化沟处理方法是适用于库区小城镇的污水处理工艺与技术.     

三峡库区水体水质保持良好

“三峡工程建设未给库区生态环境造成污染灾害。”全国人大代表、国务院三峡办主任汪啸风说。汪啸风说，三峡库区生态环境建设已列入国家“十一五”环境治理规划。目前，三峡库区每个市县和重点镇都建设了污水处理厂和垃圾处理站，所建的污水处理厂、垃圾处理站已全部投入运营。三峡库区水质大部分是Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类水体，只有局部是Ⅳ类水体。     

三峡小城镇污水处理厂污水处理工艺探讨

在调查研究三峡库区重庆段小城镇污水处理现状的基础上,根据库区水质特征、水环境保护的特殊要求和库区地理环境与经济条件特点,对适用污水处理工艺和技术进行比选,认为利用地形高差,采用跌水曝气式生物滤塔+氧化沟处理工艺适用于库区小城镇污水处理。     

三峡库区小城镇污水处理工艺现状调查

通过对三峡库区重庆段小城镇10家污水处理厂处理工艺和运行效果的调查,针对库区情况,分析比较了所调研污水处理厂使用工艺的处理效果、运行稳定性、自控要求、二次污染(剩余污泥产量)等技术指标以及建设投资、占地面积、处理成本、能耗等经济指标。对三峡库区小城镇排水工程规划建设,污水处理工艺的选择与开发,污水处理方案的优化提出明确的技术经济指标和建议。     

三峡库区紫色土生态优化评价体系的探讨

本文计对三峡库区紫色丘陵地区的土壤生态环境状况，提出了优化评价的总目标、评价指标体系和评价程序，探讨了单项指数评价方法的数学模型与基准参数，在此基础上，应用了层次分析与模糊数学的原理和方法，对紫色土生态优化进行综合评价，旨在为库区及库周生态与环境建设及经济综合开发提供依据。     

区域可持续发展评价方法与实例研究

１评价指标体系的建立依据科学性、可操作性、相关性、简明性原则，综合采用频率统计法、理论分析法和专家咨询法，并考虑所研究区域———青岛市崂山区的自然环境和社会经济发展状况，建立了区域可持续发展评价指标体系，见表１。２评价指标权重的确定通过专家咨询，采用群组层次分析法，求出各评价指标的权重，见表１。表１区域可持续发展评价指标体系与权重３　评价方法的选取３－１　无量纲化处理模型采用直线型模糊隶属函数，对评价指标值进行无量化处理。根据统计指标的性质及表现不同，主要有下列３种类型：（１）正指标类，其模糊隶…     

基于灰色极大熵原理的三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统健康评价

三峡库区(重庆段)是典型的河道型水库生态脆弱带,生态系统本底条件较差.明确库区生态系统健康状况及其胁迫因子,对促进库区可持续发展、维护三峡库区生态安全具有重要的现实意义.针对三峡库区(重庆段)目前的生态系统特点,构建了自然-社会-经济复合生态系统健康状况评价指标体系,并在灰色系统理论基础上,将信息论中Jaynes最大信息熵原理引入到生态系统健康评价当中,对三峡库区(重庆段)复合生态系统健康进行了评价.结果表明,三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统正处于急剧变化的过渡阶段,生态系统的生产、调节和服务功能分异明显.三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统东段的健康程度总体上好于西段,但东段内部空间分异明显,结构复杂.针对三峡库区(重庆段)现存的生态环境问题,提出了相应的调控措施和途径.     

流域生态遥感评价方法及应用示范研究

以三峡库区香溪河小流域生态系统遥感评价为典型应用示例,从环境问题出发,建立能满足中小尺度流域生态管理的生态评价指标体系、方法与模型,并从流域生态评价指标信息获取的途径出发,筛选出生态评价指标信息可遥感获取的指标类,建立主要技术流程与方法。     

三峡水库营养状态评价标准研究

采用一维水力学模型和30年的系列水文数据,计算了三峡库区干流及其主要支流在不同来水条件下的月滞留时间和月平均流速,通过统计不同类型滞留时间和流速的发生概率,综合计算了库区的富营养化敏感指数,对三峡库区水体的敏感类型进行了划分,将库区水体分为河流型、过渡型和湖泊型3种.根据三峡水库营养状态调查结果,统计分析了过渡型和湖泊型水体的营养指标分布概率、富营养化阈值及其与叶绿素a的回归关系,确定了库区过渡型和湖泊型2种水体的营养指标分级标准值,提出了三峡水库营养指标指数值的确定方法和权重大小,对三峡水库不同类型敏感区的营养状态进行了综合评价,分析了评价结果与同期监测的浮游植物密度的相互关系,从而对三峡水库的评价标准和评价方法的科学性进行了验证.结果表明,三峡水库富营养化敏感程度从库尾至库首逐渐增加,三峡库区长江在银杏沱以上江段为河流型水体,在银杏沱至坝前江段为过渡型水体,位于丰都县以下的支流的回水区以湖泊型水体为主.分别制定了三峡水库过渡类型区和湖泊类型区的营养状态标准值,依据该标准所开展的营养状态综合评价结果与浮游植物数量具有显著的相关性,其中湖泊类型区的营养化程度高于过渡类型区,与三峡水库的现实状态相符合.     

城市可持续发展评价指标体系初探

采用层次分析法构建城市可持续发展的评价指标体系。以特尔斐法计算各大类指标和中类指标的权重值。以国际大都市的相关指标作为评价的参照标准体系，建立了综合指数的评价指标体系及分级方法。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.