黑龙江省近年低温冷害特征再探

采用以生长季5-9月平均温度和的距平值作为低温冷害指标的方法,利用黑龙江省79个站点1971-2006年生长季气温及纬度、海拔高度等资料,计算了各站点的一般低温冷害指示值和严重低温冷害指示值,并分析了黑龙江省低温冷害的分布特征.分析结果显示:黑龙江省1971年以来的36a中出现大范围低温冷害9次;发生低温冷害的频率由南向北逐渐增加,大部地区在20%～40%之间;低温冷害主要出现在20世纪70年代、80年代和90年代前期,90年代中期以后的10a中,农区基本没有出现低温冷害.     

GIS在水稻“寒露风”冷害监测预警中的应用

水稻低温冷害是广西的主要农业气象灾害,低温冷害的实时监测预警对农业趋利避害和减轻灾害损失十分重要。依托GIS技术和统计学方法,利用1∶25万的经度、纬度、海拔高度等广西基础地理信息数据,按照1 km×1 km的较高空间分辨率,对低温冷害的相关气象数据进行细网格空间分析推算,结合广西水稻生长发育状况和"寒露风"低温冷害受害指标,实现对广西水稻冷害发生发展及其强度、范围的实时监测预警,并以2010年10月上中旬冷害过程为例检验了监测效果,与冷害实际情况比较相符。     

黑龙江省低温冷害发生规律及预测研究

利用黑龙江省74个气象站35年(1971～2005年)夏季平均气温资料,分析了黑龙江省低温冷害的发生规律,并运用灰色分析模型对黑龙江省未来低温冷害的发生情况做了预测.研究结果表明:黑龙江省低温冷害20世纪70年代最为严重,80年代后呈下降趋势;在空间分布上,黑龙江省低温冷害的平均发生频率南部大于北部,严重冷害表现为北部大于南部,一般冷害则表现为西南部大于全省其它地方;低温冷害的发生与厄尔尼诺现象有较好的相关性,厄尔尼诺年及其前后年为低温冷害的多发年;2009～2020年黑龙江省大部分地区会发生低温冷害,2020～2030年发生区域和频率有所减少,2030年后发生频率与地区明显减少.     

玉米延迟型低温冷害的动态监测

利用东北3省51个气象站1961—2000年的资科分析了玉米延迟型低温冷害出现的频率，以及各发育期的进程与低温冷害的关系。结果表明：在低温冷害年，苗期、七叶期、抽雄期和成熟期拖后大于等于5天发生低温冷害的可能性分别为75％，89％，92％和100％。通过分析多年的分期播种资科，分别给出了播种到出苗、出苗到抽雄、抽雄到成熟的指标。根据这些热量指标和推算出的玉米的发育进程对其进行了动态监测，利用作物生长动态统计模型和生长动力模型进行了玉米生长量的计算，通过与高温年和正常年进行比较，即可对玉米生长量进行监测。     

东北地区玉米低温冷害综合指标研究

在以往对低温冷害指标研究的基础上，将低温冷害成分不同的发育阶段进行分析，结合发育期日数和初霜日研究等，讨论分析了东北地区玉米的低温冷害问题，提出一个玉米低温冷害综合指标。该指标生物学和农学意义明确，计算较为方便，便于在预报上的应用。     

东北玉米低温冷害监测预测系统——在黑龙江省的应用

利用东北玉米低温冷害监测预测系统预测分析了黑龙江省1971-2006年各年热量年型,计算了哈尔滨市1984-2006年玉米抽雄期的冷害发生概率,同时采用以5-9月平均温度和的距平作为低温冷害指标的方法计算了1971-2006年低温冷害的发生状况.结果显示,上述两种方法计算得到的低温冷害的年份与历史实况基本相符.通过对比分析发现,有81%的年份两种方法计算的结果一致,且在低温年玉米抽雄期的冷害发生概率均较大,说明东北玉米低温冷害监测预测系统在黑龙江省的应用效果较好,可为防灾减灾提供科学参考.     

东北区夏季低温冷害的长期预报

利用东北区三大站(沈阳、长春、哈尔滨)50年(1951-2000年)夏季平均气温、前冬和夏季500hPa高度场、距平场及副高面积指数和海温场资料,对东北夏季低温冷害的环流特征进行了分析,建立了东北区夏季低温冷害预报模式;用春季高度距平平均场建立了夏季低温冷害天气预报模型。结果表明,东北区低温冷害与冬季副高面积指数及500 hPa乌拉尔山附近的高度值呈正相关,与冬季西风漂流区附近(40°~45°N,160°~150°N)海温场呈反相关;所建方程及模式预报拟合率和预报准确率都比较高,且可提前3个月左右进行预报。     

日光温室黄瓜低温冷害风险评估技术研究

基于人工气候箱和大田试验观测结果,探讨了日光温室黄瓜生产低温冷害气象指标确定技术,将冬季黄瓜生产低温冷害分为无灾、轻灾、中灾和重灾4个等级,利用层次分析法和GIS技术,对日光温室黄瓜生产低温冷害综合风险进行评估.结果表明,山东省各级冷害出现日数随着低温冷害程度的加重呈减少的趋势,但区域间存在一定差异.鲁北、鲁西北北部、鲁中北部以及半岛内陆地区遭受低温冷害风险较高,半岛东部沿海、鲁西南、鲁南及鲁东南沿海区域风险较低,其他地区属于中度风险.     

东北区夏季低温冷害的长期预报方法研究

利用东北区三大站(沈阳、长春、哈尔滨)50年(1951～2000年)夏季平均气温、前冬和夏季500hPa高度场、距平场及副高面积指数、海温场资料,对东北夏季低温冷害的环流特征进行了分析,建立了东北区夏季低温冷害预报模式;用春季高度距平平均场建立了夏季低温冷害天气预报模型.结果表明,东北区低温冷害与冬季副高面积指数及500hPa乌拉尔山附近的高度值呈正相关关系,与冬季西风漂流区附近(40°～45°N,160°～150°N)海温场呈反相关关系.所建方程及模式预报拟合率和预报准确率都比较高,可提前三个月左右做出预报.     

东北区低温冷害风险评估及区划

从变异系数、正态分布风险概率、风险指数三方面对东北区热量条件的稳定性和低温冷害的风险进行了讨论和评估;并将上述三种风险指标极差化,以求取低温冷害的综合风险指数,最后以综合风险指数为指标,并参考变异系数、正态分布风险概率、风险指数,给出了东北区低温冷害风险区划。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.