日本工厂的环境管理

进入80年代,日本已把环境管理视为当代日本环境保护的重大课题。所谓环境管理,日本认为这是一种有预见性、综合性和计划性地保护国家和地区环境的管理政策体系。日本的环境管理系统大体由四个方面构成。(1)地区环境管理规划,这是合理地保护和利用地区环境的基术指针;(2)环境影响评价,防止经济活动给环境造成严重影响于未然;(3)环境情报系统(为推进环境管理对监测网络进行整备和一元化管理);(4)建立和健全工厂公害管理体制。其中前三项是国家和地方政府管理环境的主要手段,也是日本环境管理系统的核心。最后一项是工厂根据国家的法律对工厂自身的公害实行自主管     

推动日本公害行政工作的西淀川诉讼案

西淀川公害诉讼案是日本环境公害审判史上首次提出追究工厂和道路污染造成的城市复合性大气污染法律责任的诉讼案。大阪地方法庭在1991年3月29日确认了被告的十家企业排放的烟尘与疾病的因果关系,并命其作出损害赔偿。自从修改“公害健康赔偿法”后,被喻为“被害者的冬季”的状况有所改善,可是汽车尾气与大气污染的因果关系还未被确认,从而使限制道路使用的请求也被搁置一旁。这次判决,也清楚地表明,在复合性污染问题上,被害取证的困难,同时也似乎暗示通往被害者救济的道路是险峻而漫长的。此次上诉的被告中,除阪神工业地带之外,还加上了许多被认为是污染源的地区。这些地区的企业由于没有形成联合故多分散在跨越行政区域南北     

强者承担责任，弱者得到补偿——日本治理环境的经验对中国的启示

日本有什么环境政策在世界上领先．并且对中国有借鉴意义？不是东亚文化圈共有的天人合一理念，在今天．单靠这样的理念解决不了环境问题。对于一个国家来说，要让国民拥有环境权上的平等和有效地保护环境，首先就必须要求强者不侵害弱者：而侵害一旦发生，必须由强者来承担责任。曾饱受四大公害之苦的日本．今天以美丽的岛国驰名，其成功的经验就是：严格的公害防治及公害补偿政策一一强者承担责任，弱者得到补偿。     

日本公害犯罪的几个问题

第二次世界大战后,日本经济取得了突飞猛进的发展。同时,公害病、公害事件也不断发生,在五十年代末和六十年代初,日本曾被称作“公害列岛”。于是日本政府采取了有力的控制公害对策,关于公害犯罪的立法也应运而生。一、什么是公害犯罪根据《日本公害对策基本法》第二条的规定,公害是指由于工业或人类其     

川崎市民打赢一起公害官司日本政府赔偿149亿日元

日本国的道路行政政策正在受到批判。去年8月受理的“川崎公害案”判决,对日本政府提出了要求:“要尽快改变以往的道路建设公共性优先的方针,改变以往的环保措施不足的错误”。神奈川县,川崎市川崎区的池上町,位于日本首屈一指的产业路线———一号国道和首都高速公路横羽线的交叉点上。整个街区,每天都处在汽车的污染中,黑烟和噪声24小时不断。所谓“川崎公害案”,就是由住在这里的居民中被诊断患有公害病的人,向法院控告政府修这段路线对他们造成危害的案件。受害人要求,政府应立即下令在此路段停止排放废气及各种有害物质,并赔偿损失。判…     

从无公害环境观到愉悦环境观──现代日本人环境价值取向的新转变

现代工业高速发展所引发的环境污染和环境破坏，在经济上给人类带来了巨大的损失，对人类的生存及发展空间构成了难以估量的威胁及灾难，因而引起了世界范围内政府机构及民间组织或个人对环境问题的深切关注。日本自不舍置身事外。早在1977年，经济合作与发展组织（OECD）《日本环境政策》的报告中就曾评价：“日本在与消除公害的斗争中基本取得了胜利，但在提高环境质量的斗争之路却极为漫长”。它所指出的日本人只注重防止及消除污染而不致力于愉悦环境质量改善的观点，引发了日本人由此产生的广泛讨论。由此，1979年，日本首次在环境状…     

普及环保知识应从中小学地理教学开始

随着近代工业的迅速发展,公害事件在世界各国不断发生,如本世纪五十年代震惊世界的英国伦敦烟雾事件,日本的水俣病等等,开始引起各国人民的关注,本世纪七十年代初各国政府才把公害提到议事日程。为了探讨公害的发生、治理和预防,从而保护人类赖以生存的环境,于是出现了几乎涉及到社会科学和自然科学各个领域的环境科学。公害问题就是由于生态环境受到破坏引起的,而现代工农业大生产中,在创造社会财富(生活和生产资料)的同时也排放有害废弃物。这些废物就是造成生态环境破坏的重要原因。     

日本的水质总量控制

从1970年以后,日本政府以《公害对策基本法》为中心,制定了一系列防治公害的法令。《水质污染防止法》便是其中一个,该法规定了全国统一的废水排放标准。在此基础上,各都道府县又根据各自的地方特点规     

日本环境公害与治理介绍

第二次世界大战日本战败后,把主要精力放在发展经济上,其结果是环境受到污染,公害发生。文章阐述了日本环境公害的发生及其治理措施,对提高人们防治公害的意识具有积极的借鉴意义。     

以加强对政府环境责任的监督为核心修改《环境保护法》

环境问题本质上是市场失灵造成的外部性问题,这决定了环境保护法应是一部以行政规范为主的法律,由此赋予了政府可根据客观现实对企业、公民涉及环境的权利义务做出相应调整,政府环境责任和环境治理绩效也由此产生了明显的正相关关系。由于发展阶段、政治架构的影响,地方政府面对环境与经济矛盾时更多选择的是经济而非环境,因此政府的环境责任并不简单在于环境主管部门,而在于整个政府。笔者认为要严格禁止地方政府保护主义和主要领导人的不当干预,必须确保政府的可诉权和环境公益诉讼的实现。在经过各方利益的博弈之后,《环境保护法》将体现它的基本功能。     

Community Attempts at Sustainable Development through Corporate Accountability

Sustainable development serves current needs without compromising the ability to serve future needs. Such is not likely given the structure of modern corporations and feeble attempts by governments to hold them accountable. This paper examines efforts by environment and labour coalitions in the United States to rein in the power of corporationsthrough such innovative practices as 'good neighbour' agreements aiming to reduce both community and worker exposure to pollution, repeal of the corporate charter for those businesses that are a public nuisance, and linking subsidies and tax relief routinely doled out to corporations to some accounting for pollution abatement, job security and economic justice.     

An institutional framework for analysis of voluntary policy: the case of voluntary environmental agreements in Kita Kyushu,Japan

This paper seeks to understand the effect of social, economic and political conditions on the selection and effectiveness of voluntary policy in Japan. Borrowing from two sets of literature, the paper develops a two-dimensional framework for analysis of voluntary policy that helps clarify the contextual factors that determine voluntary policy choice and effectiveness. The establishment of voluntary agreements in Japan are then investigated and the specific experiences of one Japanese city's experience, Kita Kyushu. Findings show that insufficient national and local statutory regulations, local citizen pressure resulting from significant pollution problems, city-controlled non-regulatory resources, and local level regulatory power determined Kita Kyushu's policy choice and the resulting effectiveness of voluntary environmental agreements. Findings then indicate where the Japanese experience falls within the framework. The usefulness of the framework for analysis and practice is then reinforced, and challenges for some of the basic assumptions of current theory are suggested.     

Think globally,act locally: neighbourhood pollution and the future of the earth

Each year governments and industry around the globe spend billions of dollars in search of treatments and cures for diseases that shorten lives, which often means gadgets, implants, radiation and pills. These “cures”, do not get to the root of the problem. Perhaps it is time for us to adjust our thinking to be more proactive instead of reactive in public health. Perhaps we need to consider confronting environmental pollution of air, soil and water at a local level. As the Physicians for Social Responsibility point out, we should be “preventing what we cannot cure”. One such preventive measure is ensuring that our communities, including our poor inner-city neighbourhoods, enjoy a clean environment. We challenge local and national policy-makers to respond to the global call and to take action to address environmental toxins; to take local action to ameliorate the pollution of the air, water and soil in so many of our nation’s neighbourhoods. A person’s neighbourhood, and the proximity of dangerous environmental contaminants within it, is a powerful predictor of how long s/he will live. While situations like the poisoning of the water in Flint, Michigan have gotten some attention, they are generally treated as the exception rather than a reflection of real environmental hazards that exist in the west. Moreover we wonder why more endemic issues of neighbourhood environmental contamination that shorten human lives are not a priority for local action or that it is not linked to disproportionate production of greenhouse gases that cause climate change/warming/chaos.     

IntergovernmentalEnvironmental Planning: Addressing the Commitment Conundrum

Public policies aimed at environmental problems from improper land use typically work through or with the co-operation of local governments. But local governments sometimes fail to appreciate the importance of the environmental issues or programmes announced by higher level governments. In this paper, we use data on mitigation of natural hazards gathered in Florida in the US and New South Wales in Australia to demonstratethat planning mandates can suffer from gaps in local commitment to the environmental goals of higher level governments. Planning mandates must foster higher quality plans and also build supportivelocal political constituencies if they are to overcome this 'commitment conundrum'. We show that the needed improvements in the quality of plans can be fostered through capacity building. Supportive constituencies can be created through programmesthat enhance public awareness of environmental problems and also through provisions of environmental mandates that require local governments to undertake collaborative planning processes with affected stakeholders.     

美国环境与健康管理体制借鉴

美国为应对环境污染带来的公共健康灾难,建立了环保局与卫生部既分工又协作的体制,两个部门都关注环境污染对人类健康的危害。在职能上,环保局侧重于管制和"污染者",卫生部侧重于服务和"潜在受害者"。联邦层面,环保局与卫生部在管制方面和研究(信息共享)方面紧密合作。地方层面,环保局的主要职能是监督各州执行联邦标准,卫生部的主要职能是提供健康和医疗服务,并在具体工作中密切配合。借鉴美国的经验教训,明确建立"公众健康优先"的环境管理价值取向,针对环境与健康风险管理的特点推进生态环境统一监管机构改革,以法治思维和法治方法推进环境与健康治理体系建设;加强科学研究,加快建设环境与健康风险控制信息系统。     

当前水环境污染新闻报道的潜在问题及对策研究——基于“长江水污染”议题的新闻数据分析

现今,我国水环境整体情况仍不容乐观,相较于大气污染而言,水污染形势也更为严峻紧迫。水环境关乎着人们的切身利益,与居民的健康和社会稳定紧密勾连,相关的新闻也深刻地反映着社会大众关注的焦点与痛点。拟从获取的数据入手,对以“长江水污染”为议题的新闻报道进行系统地研究分析,从而探讨当前水环境污染新闻报道的潜在问题,并对此提出一些对策与建议。厘清水环境污染新闻报道的现状,把握水环境污染报道存在的问题,对于新闻报道发挥影响力和推动水污染问题的解决具有重要意义。     

“十四五”生态环境政策和法制宜增强针对性和灵活性

"十三五"时期,我国通过政策和法制改革有效地促进了污染防治和生态环境保护工作。"十四五"时期,须进一步加强政策和法制的针对性和灵活性,从充分性和均衡度两个方面提升我国区域、流域和行业生态环境国家治理的综合绩效。为此,需要发挥党内法规和国家立法的相互支持作用,促进国家立法的有效实施;中央与地方签订行政协议,调动地方深入开展生态环保工作的积极性;推进流域与区域的专门立法或者协同立法,通过体制制度和机制的集成创新促进实际问题的解决;按照流域与区域生态环保目标设立生态环境标准,体现生态环保工作的针对性和因地制宜性;实行"法定义务+企业承诺"履行制度,因企制宜地落实各生产经营单位的生态环保责任;国家需要总结和推广一些地方探索和有效实施的灵活性工作制度,并发挥市场机制对生态环境资源和生态环保产业发展的调节作用。     

粤北地区尾矿库遥感调查与生态环境评价

运用遥感技术,对粤北地区尾矿库进行调查发现,粤北地区尾矿库主要包括金属矿山、非金属矿山、选冶场所尾矿库,安全隐患较多,环境污染较为突出,地质灾害风险明显,二次矿山资源浪费较为严重。近年来,广东省及各市县等地方政府部门加强了对粤北地区尾矿库的管理,取得了一定的成效,未来应进一步加强监管和治理力度,提高尾矿资源利用水平。     

Gemstone mining as a development cluster: A study of Brazil’s emerald mines

For many centuries, emeralds have bejeweled the rich and famous all over the world. Emeralds have also made many millionaires overnight, sometimes by chance, as in some of the cases reported in this study. On the other hand, even though emerald mining has brought some economic benefits, many of these have remained at the top of the production chain. In many cases mining activities have caused a number of negative social and environmental impacts locally. Working conditions in small mines are very poor in general: with bad ventilation, high temperatures, long working hours, lack of safety, informal working contracts and no health or life insurance. Environmental impacts can be significant, such as widespread deforestation, erosion of abandoned mines, and soil and water pollution in streams. The economic and social public benefits can be minimal. Even when taxes on gem mining are relatively low, much of the mining local activity is informal and the high value-added formal activities take place outside the mining regions. This study aims to understand the dynamics of emerald mining and its impact on local development using the concept of clusters. The research analyzes three case studies in Brazil: Campos Verdes/Santa Terezinha (Goias state), Nova Era/Itabira (Minas Gerais state) and Carnaiba/Campo Formoso (Bahia state). Emerald mining regions attract many migrants, increasing the demand for public services (infrastructure, health, education, etc.), but local governments are unable to provide for them because the activity produces little tax revenue. In the end, there is a growing mismatch between demand and supply of public services, leading to a series of social and environmental problems. However, working with the concept of cluster can help to shed light on policies to improve the local benefits of gem mining, by organizing the miners and their supporting organizations to allow investments that bring long term benefits locally.     

长江经济带城市生态环境协同发展能力评价

生态优先、绿色发展是长江经济带国家战略的核心要求,城市生态协同发展是落实"共抓大保护、不搞大开发"的关键。城市生态协同发展主要体现为特定地方对全流域生态环境质量的贡献度,体现了特定地方对流域性生态公共物品和服务的供给能力。长江经济带110个地级以上城市生态环境协同发展能力差异悬殊。协同发展水平较高的城市主要集中在经济发展水平较高、能耗和污染排放较少的城市以及经济发展水平不高、工业污染较少的城市。而生态协同发展能力较差的城市多集中在那些能耗和污染严重的地区。这些城市形成了三大一级城市群和八大二级城市子群的空间分异格局。该格局表明,区域经济发展水平与生态协同发展能力之间在现阶段并非存在着严格的对应关系。长江经济带生态协同发展需要切实体现一体化治理(流域性)、中央集中性治理(国家战略性)和经济、社会、生态、环境统筹性治理(复合地域生态系统)三大内在需求。从长江流域整个生态系统恢复与地方生态环境保护的分工协作入手,处理好中央与地方政府在流域生态环境治理中的责权利关系,实现上下游之间、中央与地方政府之间在生态环境治理实践中的战略协同。