人工曝气生态净化治理农村黑臭水体效果探究

为研究农村黑臭水体的治理方法，用狐尾藻开展模拟试验，之后用“狐尾藻+人工曝气”法在某坑塘进行治理工程试验。结果表明，狐尾藻对水中总氮、氨氮、总磷具有明显的去除效果。在“控源截污+清淤疏浚”的基础上，通过“狐尾藻+人工曝气”组合工艺可明显消除黑臭现象，透明度和溶解氧明显提高。最终该坑塘黑臭水体氨氮、溶解氧、透明度均达到《农村黑臭水体治理工作指南（试行）》中表1监测指标阈值。因此，在“控源截污+清淤疏浚”的基础上，利用“狐尾藻生态净化+人工曝气”组合工艺对农村黑臭水体具有很好的治理效果。     

三种水生植物对黑臭河水的净化效果研究

通过在取样的黑臭河水中培养金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、铜钱草(Hydrocotyle vulgaris)、富贵竹(Dracaena sanderiana)、金鱼藻+铜钱草+富贵竹、金鱼藻+富贵竹5组水生植物,研究该五组水生植物对COD、氨氮、总磷、BOD_5的净化效果。实验结果表明,5组水生植物长势良好,对黑臭河水中的污染物均有较好的处理能力。金鱼藻对COD和氨氮的去除率大于75%,对总磷和BOD_5的去除率均大于80%,污染物净化能力相对较好。金鱼藻+富贵竹的植物组合脱氮效果最好,在实验的两个阶段中脱氮率分别达到了78.2%和88.7%。铜钱草的除磷能力最差,去除率仅为40.8%。研究表明,水生植物同时吸收氨氮和总磷时的除磷效率要高于单一总磷底物时。     

不同种植方式对水生植物生长的影响

水生植物恢复是水体生态恢复与重建的一个关键,而人工快速大面积恢复沉水植物存在较大的难度。在淀山湖318国道近岸水域生态带内,运用水泥涵管覆土种植、箩筐覆土种植、纱布包裹覆土种植、编织袋覆土种植和竹签扦插法对水生植物进行种植。通过实验得出,运用水泥涵管覆土种植的芦苇存活率比用箩筐覆土种植的存活率高;运用水泥涵管覆土+竹签扦插法种植的狐尾藻存活率比其他几种种植方法的存活率高,几种种植方式下的生物量无显著差异。     

固定化小球藻深度净化含重金属污水的特性研究

将小球藻包埋固定在海藻酸钙凝胶珠中,对人工污水进行深度净化,研究Cd,Cu对污水中氨氮和正磷酸盐的净化效率以及净化过程中藻类叶绿素a含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和去污过程中藻细胞富集Cd,Cu的情况。结果表明,低浓度Cd可促进藻细胞的生长与繁殖,低浓度Cu作为微量元素,可提高光合活性,使脱氮、除磷效率提高;高浓度Cd,Cu会对藻细胞有灭活作用,光合活性减弱,NH_4~+-N和正磷酸盐净化效率降低。     

土壤中有机磷农药的测定及光催化降解的研究

本文以建立加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取小柱净化-气相色谱法测定土壤中有机磷农药的方法及其光降解为主要研究目的。通过条件优化摸索出更为优越的土壤有机磷农药前处理方法,利用高灵敏度、高选择性的FPD检测器进行定性、定量分析。使用溶胶凝胶法自制纳米二氧化钛粉体,讨论土壤中乐果光催化降解的影响因素。研究结果显示硅胶小柱的净化效果好;敌敌畏由于本身的性质,回收只有30%左右。催化剂剂量、反应时间、光照强度对乐果的光催化降解均有较大的影响。     

自来水厂生产中除藻技术的应用及改进

以地表水为水源的自来水厂,原水藻类的去处是个极其复杂的课题。某水厂通过对不同除藻防藻技术的实际应用及效果比较,最终形成了生物(鲢鱼)控藻+活性炭吸附+强化常规工艺除藻的联合除藻措施,收到了较好的除藻效果。     

刚毛藻对Cu、Fe、Zn的耐受与污染控制研究

研究刚毛藻对Cu、Fe、Zn的耐受情况。实验设计了3种重金属的浓度,分别为00、.5 mg/L1、.0 mg/L、2.5 mg/L、5.0 mg/L、7.5mg/L1、0 mg/L的培养液,培养期间观察记录刚毛藻的长势,测定藻类生物量及叶绿素a的含量变化,研究藻体对模拟水中3种重金属的去除动态及实际去除效果。结果表明,3种重金属在低浓度(0.5—2.5 mg/L)时藻体长势较好;浓度达到5mg/L时开始出现毒害现象,表现为叶绿素a含量下降趋势;浓度达到7.5mg/L以上时藻体死亡。水体中有效Cu、Fe、Zn浓度较低时,藻体对3种重金属去除效果较好,较高浓度时由于毒害作用使其对3种重金属的去除能力下降。     

水中典型致臭藻类培养浓度与吸光度、浊度关系探讨

颤藻(Oscillatoria Vauch.)和硅藻(Hantzschia amphioxys)是常见的导致地表水体臭味的藻类,本文分别对颤藻和硅藻培养液的吸光特性等进行了研究。经过光谱扫描发现,颤藻和硅藻在紫外区均无明显吸收峰;颤藻液在可见光区波长为420、440、625和675nm处有吸收峰,硅藻液在420和675nm处有吸收峰,颤藻液的吸光特性优于硅藻。研究发现,在一定浓度范围内,培养液中藻浓度与吸光度均成正比;本文同时探讨了培养液中藻浓度与浊度的关系,两者为线性关系;研究结果表明吸光度或浊度可准确反映培养过程中的藻浓度。     

乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和乙基对硫磷等常用有机磷农药色谱分离的研究

目前,我国生产、使用的有机磷农药约有20多种,其中生产量大、使用时间长、施用范围广的是乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和乙基对硫磷。四种有机磷农药沸点高,极性较强,在很多色谱柱上分离时间长、峰宽拖尾,难以实现完全分离。文献推荐用双柱对四种农药分别进行测定,1983年国内首次报道用丁二酸乙二     

叉鞭金藻净化废水中微量铅的研究

以叉鞭金藻作为生物吸附剂，去除废水中微量Pb^2 。结果表明，培养4d左右的叉鞭金藻对Pb^2 的去除能力最强；随着藻细胞密度的增大，藻体对Pb^2 的去除率也增大；当pH为5～7时，藻细胞对Pb^2 有较好的吸附作用。研究还表明，叉鞭金藻对Pb^2 的生物吸附经历了快速的吸附和缓慢的吸收两个步骤；离子强度Pb^2 的吸附有一定的抑制作用；在一定的浓度范围内，叉鞭金藻对Pb^2 的生物吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附模型。     

EFFECTS OF DIPOTASSIUM ENDOTHALL ON ROOTED AQUATICS AND ADULT AND FIRST GENERATION BLUEGILLS1

ABSTRACT: A 0.31-ha pond was treated with 5.0 mg/l dipotassium endothall on May 31, 1973, and the effects of this treatment on the rooted aquatics, on bluegill reproduction, survival, and growth, and on the buildup of endothall residues in bluegill flesh was investigated. The treatment eliminated Myriophyllum exalbescens, Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton crispus, and Anacharis canadenis during the first season, however, all but C. demersum became reestablished the following year. Little endothall was incorporated into edible bluegill flesh. The dipotassium endothall did not affect the number of young-of-the-year (YOY) bluegills produced by the original adult stocking during the year of treatment and the year following treatment and did not affect the reproduction of first generation bluegills. The survival of adult and first generation bluegills was not affected by the herbicide. Bluegills were slower growing in the treatment than the control pond, when similar densities were present in each pond. It is not known whether this was due to some unknown effect of the dipotassium endothall or to other factors.     

Simultaneous radioassays of bacterial production and mercury methylation in the periphyton of a tropical and a temperate wetland

Laboratory radioassays were made to study mercury (Hg) methylation together with bacterial production in the periphyton of two aquatic macrophytes, the submerged Myriophyllum spicatum, from a constructed wetland in Sweden and the floating Eichhornia crassipes, from a eutrophied tropical lake in Brazil. Time course incubations were made by addition of (203)HgCl(2) and the methylmercury formed was extracted at pre-defined time intervals. Bacterial production ((14)C-leucine incorporation) was measured at the same time intervals, with plants removed from parallel incubations made with and without addition of cold HgCl(2). For E. crassipes, higher methylmercury production was observed at elevated bacterial production, whereas for M. spicatum, the bacterial production was significantly lower, and Hg methylation was below the detection limit. The combined results confirm the importance of microbial processes for Hg methylation, although other factors are known to influence this process in complex ways. The addition of Hg did not significantly influence bacterial production, while the incubation temperatures used (25 and 35 degrees C) resulted in different methylation rates. Radiotracer techniques for measurements of bacterial production such as (14)C-leucine uptake can provide useful insights into the Hg cycle in aquatic environments, and our data suggest that they may be used as a proxy of mercury methylation potentials.     

Potential nitrification and denitrification on different surfaces in a constructed treatment wetland

Improved understanding of the importance of different surfaces in supporting attached nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria is essential if we are to optimize the N removal capacity of treatment wetlands. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the nitrifying and denitrifying capacity of different surfaces in a constructed treatment wetland and to assess the relative importance of these surfaces for overall N removal in the wetland. Intact sediment cores, old pine and spruce twigs, shoots of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), and filamentous macro-algae were collected in July and November 1999 in two basins of the wetland system. One of the basins had been constructed on land that contained lots of wood debris, particularly twigs of coniferous trees. Potential nitrification was measured using the isotope-dilution technique, and potential denitrification was determined using the acetylene-inhibition technique in laboratory microcosm incubations. Nitrification rates were highest on the twigs. These rates were three and 100 times higher than in the sediment and on Eurasian watermilfoil, respectively. Potential denitrification rates were highest in the sediment. These rates were three times higher than on the twigs and 40 times higher than on Eurasian watermilfoil. The distribution of denitrifying bacteria was most likely due to the availability of organic material, with higher denitrification rates in the sediment than on surfaces in the water column. Our results indicate that denitrification, and particularly nitrification, in treatment wetlands could be significantly increased by addition of surfaces such as twigs.     

瓦勃氏呼吸仪测定乐果合成废水的可生化性

本文概述了瓦勃氏呼吸仪测定有机污染物的可生化性的基本原理和方法。通过测定用乐果合成废水驯化后的微生物的生化呼吸线和相对耗氧速度曲线,结果表明:乐果合成废水是有毒的,但是完全可以被特异驯化后的微生物所降解;其降解速度与时间和废水所含污染物的浓度有关。     

人工湿地技术处理油田含油污水的应用

与传统污水处理工艺相比,人工湿地技术具有高效低耗、运行维护简便、对复杂含油污水净化效果良好等特点。文章综述了人工湿地技术处理油田含油污水的净化机理、净化效果、工艺流程及其工艺优势,为含油污水处理技术的研究提供借鉴和参考,对深入认识人工湿地净化机制亦具有一定意义。     

不同水力负荷条件下的人工湿地污染处理效果分析

本文研究了水力负荷对抚仙湖北岸典型人工湿地净化河道污水处理效率的影响。研究表明,TN、TP及SS去除率随着水力负荷的增加而下降,COD去除率受水力负荷的影响程度相对较小。综合考虑水力负荷对氮磷、有机物及悬浮物等水质净化效果的影响,如果不考虑其它因素,仅从系统处理效果的角度选择水力负荷,人工湿地系统的最佳水力负荷为0.5 m3/m2·d以下。     

Fate of pesticides in combined paddy rice-fish pond farming systems in northern Vietnam

During the last decades, high population growth and export-oriented economics in Vietnam have led to a tremendous intensification of rice production, which in turn has significantly increased the amount of pesticides applied in rice cropping systems. Since pesticides are toxic by design, there is a natural concern on the impact of their presence in the environment on human health and environmental quality. The present study was designed to examine the water regime and fate of pesticides (fenitrothion, dimethoate) during two consecutive rice crop seasons in combined paddy rice-fish pond farming systems in northern Vietnam. Major results revealed that 5 and 41% (dimethoate), and 1 and 17% (fenitrothion) of the applied mass of pesticides were lost from the paddy field to the adjacent fish pond during spring and summer crop seasons, respectively. The decrease of pesticide concentration in paddy surface water was very rapid with dissipation half-life values of 0.3 to 0.8 and 0.2 d for dimethoate and fenitrothion, respectively. Key factors controlling the transport of pesticides were water solubility and paddy water management parameters, such as hydraulic residence time and water holding period. Risk assessment indicates that the exposure to toxic levels of pesticides for aquaculture (, ) is significant, at least shortly after pesticide application.     

人工湿地净化河道水质的研究进展

人工湿地是近年来国内外应用较多、发展较快的一种污水处理技术,本文从国内外人工湿地净化河水的技术应用出发,列举了人工湿地处理河水污染的效果和优势,并对湿地净化河水效率影响较大的湿地植物、填料、气候条件以及湿地构造4个因素进行了比较、分析和总结,最后对人工湿地净化河道水质进行了展望。     

鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖对水质净化作用研究

2009年在山东无棣的滨州市水产研究所养殖基地,进行了鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖对水质净化作用的试验,结果表明:鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖与单纯贝类生态养殖对水质的净化作用相比较,鱼虾贝类立体混养对CODMn、BOD5、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、硫化物、挥发酚的去除率明显高于贝类单独养殖的去除率,总磷的去除率二者相差不大,唯单纯贝类养殖对总氮的去除率高于鱼虾贝类立体养殖。     

复式潜流湿地净化生活污水的试验研究

研究了新型复式潜流人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果。在不同水力负荷、季节、曝气方式等条件下经过小试试验,分析了该湿地对污染物净化效果的影响。结果表明,该系统出水水质稳定,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918--2002）的一级A标准。在水力负荷184mm·d。条件下COD、NH,一N去除率最大分别可达87．2％、68．9％。冬季低温条件下对各类污染物去除率仍大于20％。正交试验分析得知,最佳运行条件是气温28．6℃、水力负荷0．184m3·m-2·d-1、水力停留时间2．4d。对比试验表明,采用预曝气方式对湿地净化效果明显优于厌氧处理。