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1.
于2017年冬季12月13—21日在青藏高原东缘理塘地区分昼夜采集PM2.5样品,并用DRI2001A热光碳分析仪测定了有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度,研究青藏高原PM2.5中碳组分的化学特征及主要来源,以期为理塘地区制定污染排放政策提供参考。结果表明,2017年冬季青藏高原东缘理塘地区PM2.5平均质量浓度为44.34μg·m?3,OC和EC的质量浓度为12.72μg·m?3和3.85μg·m?3,分别占PM2.5质量浓度的29.61%和8.96%。通过经验公式,计算得到总碳气溶胶(TCA)质量浓度为24.20μg·m?3,占PM2.5的54.84%,说明碳质气溶胶对青藏高原东缘理塘地区PM2.5有着十分重要的贡献。OC和EC在白天和夜间都有较高的相关性(相关系数分别为0.74和0.91),表明OC和EC的来源基本一致,受燃烧源影响较大。其中白天的相关系数低于夜间,说明青藏高原东缘理塘地区白天碳组分来源相对复杂。昼夜浓度对比显示,青藏高原东缘理塘地区PM2.5白天和夜间的质量浓度分别为53.88μg·m?3和33.44μg·m?3,OC和EC浓度白天高于夜间,表明白天人为排放相对较高。冬季观测期间,PM2.5中二次有机碳(SOC)昼夜浓度分别为1.11μg·m?3和3.03μg·m?3,分别占OC质量浓度的7.09%、26.59%,表明青藏高原东缘理塘城区白天碳组分主要为一次源。利用PMF 5.0软件对理塘城区碳组分进行进一步的解析,结果显示燃煤和生物质燃烧的混合源对总碳(TC)的贡献高达47.84%,占比最高;其次是汽车尾气和柴油车尾气源,贡献率分别为28.62%和23.54%。 相似文献
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为研究中国典型沿海城市冬季PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征及来源,于2018年12月5日—2019年1月30日分别在天津(TJ)、上海(SH)和青岛(QD)同步采集PM2.5样品。结果表明,天津、上海和青岛PM2.5的平均浓度分别为(116.96±66.93)、(31.21±25.62)、(74.93±54.60)μg·m-3,OC和EC的空间分布均为天津(18.69±7.95)μg·m-3和(4.98±2.08)μg·m-3>青岛(16.45±8.94)μg·m-3和(2.01±1.04)μg·m-3>上海(7.28±3.11)μg·m-3和(1.05±1.25)μg·m-3。3个站点的OC和EC均呈现较好的相关性,表明OC和EC具有相似的来源;OC/EC比值范围在2.37—7.53、5.47—46.41和4.77—13.36之间,证明各采样点均存在二次有机碳(SOC)的生成;采用最小R2法(MRS)估算SOC浓度,得到3个采样点SOC的平均质量浓度为(5.09±4.68)、(3.90±1.65)、(4.21±4.31)μg·m-3,分别占OC总量的27.2%、55.8%和19.5%,其中上海的SOC在OC中的占比最大,说明上海二次有机碳污染较为严重,这主要归因于冬季严重污染源排放和有利的二次转化气象条件,而天津和青岛的碳组分主要来自污染源的直接排放。主成分分析(PCA)结果发现,天津PM2.5中碳组分主要来源于道路尘、生物质燃烧和机动车尾气,上海PM2.5中碳组分主要来源于生物质燃烧、道路扬尘和机动车尾气。青岛PM2.5中碳组分主要来源于道路扬尘、机动车尾气。后向轨迹聚类分析表明,来自西北方向的气团对天津的影响较大,PM2.5和碳组分的浓度值最大;而对上海而言,主要受北方气溶胶经过海面又传输回上海的气团的影响;青岛站点主要受华北地区污染物和本地排放源的影响。 相似文献
3.
为研究天津市夏季PM2.5中碳组分的时空变化特征及来源,于2019年7—8月设立2个点位分昼夜采集天津市PM2.5样品,并测定了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量。结果表明,城区PM2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(53.4±20.8)μg·m-3、(8.72±2.56)μg·m-3和(1.67±0.90)μg·m-3,郊区PM2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(54.2±24.5)μg·m-3、(7.54±2.50)μg·m-3和(1.82±1.06)μg·m-3;白天PM2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(47.3±16.1)μg·m-3、(8.7±2.1)μg·m-3和(1.5±0.6)μg·m-3,夜间PM2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(60.2±26.2)μg·m-3、(7.5±2.9)μg·m-3和(2.0±1.2)μg·m-3。OC浓度表现为城区高于郊区,白天高于夜间;EC及PM2.5浓度表现为郊区高于城区,夜间高于白天。OC/EC比值分析得,城区(6.04)高于郊区(5.08);白天(6.58)高于夜间(4.54)。城区OC与EC相关性弱于郊区,白天OC与EC相关性弱于夜间。采用EC示踪法与MRS模型对SOC含量进行估算,得到白天与夜间SOC浓度分别为(5.71±1.35)μg·m-3和(3.81±1.20)μg·m-3,白天SOC污染比夜间严重。丰度分析与主成分分析的结果表明,天津市夏季城郊区PM2.5中碳组分均主要来源于燃煤和机动车尾气排放。 相似文献
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为探究川南地区大气气溶胶中化学组分与来源特征,于2015年9月—2016年8月在四川盆地南部4个典型代表城市(泸州、内江、宜宾、自贡)采集了226个PM2.5样品,对PM2.5的质量浓度和主要化学组分(水溶性离子和碳质组分)进行测定,并利用颗粒物源解析受体模型对PM2.5来源进行解析.结果表明:川南地区PM2.5日均浓度为46.4—68.0μg·m-3,均高于国家环境空气质量标准年均PM2.5限值(35.0μg·m-3).OC、EC和水溶性二次离子(SO42-、NO3-和NH4+)分别占PM2.5质量的15.7%—22.8%、4.2%—6.4%和28.6%—55.8%.PM2.5及其主要化学组分浓度有显著的季节变化,即冬季浓度显著高于其他季节,夏季浓度最低.泸州除夏季外,其他季节SO42-、NO3-同源性较好;其他城市在冬季,SO42-、NO3-同源性较好.NH4+主要存在形式为NH4NO3、(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4.OC、EC来源复杂,主要为机动车源、煤燃烧源和生物质燃烧源.川南地区PM2.5的来源主要受8种因子影响,按总体贡献排序依次为:二次硫酸盐、生物质燃烧、工业源、二次硝酸盐、机动车源、煤燃烧、道路尘埃和建筑尘埃.此外,相比较而言,机动车源贡献在泸州市较凸显,煤燃烧源贡献在宜宾市较凸显. 相似文献
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Xuemei WANG Weihua CHEN Duohong CHEN Zhiyong WU Qi Fan 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2016,10(1):53-62
Understanding the trends in PM2.5 levels is essential for formulating clean air plans. This paper analyzes PM2.5 data from various published sources for the years 2000 to 2010 in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ). The long-term variation in PM2.5 mass concentration is analyzed. Results show that PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and S O 4 2 − show a similar trend, increasing before 2005 and then decreasing slightly. The annual average PM2.5 concentration ranges from 49.1 μg·m−3 in 2000 to 64.3 μg·m−3 in 2010, with a peak of 84.1 μg·m−3 in 2004. None of these 11 years meets the new National Ambient Air Quality standard (NAAQS) for PM2.5 (35 μg·m−3). Overall average concentrations of OC, EC, and S O 4 2 − are 13.0, 6.5, and 11.8 μg·m−3, respectively. N O 3 − and N H 4 + respectively have concentrations of 1.5 μg·m−3 and 2.9 μg·m−3 in 2000 and 6.4 μg·m−3 and 5.3 μg·m−3 in 2010, with a statistically significant average annual trend of+ 0.2 μg·m−3·yr−1 and+ 0.1 μg·m−3·yr−1. In certain geographic regions, OC and EC contribute most of the PM2.5, while in other regions secondary water-soluble ions are more important. In general, OC and S O 4 2 − are the dominant components of PM2.5, contributing 20.6% and 18.6%, respectively. These results provide, for the first time, a better understanding of the long-term PM2.5 characteristics and trends, on a species-by-species basis, in the PRDEZ. The results indicate that PM2.5 abatement needs to prioritize secondary species. 相似文献
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为了解天津市采暖季细颗粒物组分对能见度的影响、明确消光组分来源,对天津市2017年采暖季大气PM2.5样品进行了为期一月的连续采集,并测定水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳的含量,通过修正IMPROVE方程研究了细颗粒物消光特性,并采用主成分分析—多元线性回归模型(PCA-MLR)对其来源进行解析,同时应用潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(CWT)明确PM2.5质量浓度的潜在污染源区域。结果表明,OC、EC以及SNA(NO3?、NH4+、SO42?)的生成和积累对于能见度的下降具有重要影响,且能见度随SOR和NOR二次转化程度的升高而下降;2017年天津市采暖季日均消光系数为(294.56±262.89)Mm?1,其中OM(34.86%)、硝酸盐(22.84%)、硫酸盐(11.59%)和EC(11.54%)为主要消光组分,硝酸盐和硫酸盐的增加对于能见度的下降起主要影响作用;根据PCA分析结果可知,天津市采暖季PM2.5中的碳组分和水溶性离子主要来源于燃煤、生物质燃烧(68%),受扬尘(22%)和海盐(8%)的影响较小;区域传输分析结果表明天津市采暖季PM2.5污染源潜在区域主要分布在河北中西部、河南北部、山西北部和内蒙古中部、西部。 相似文献
8.
Xiaoyan SHI Kebin HE Jie ZHANG Yongliang MA Yunshan GE Jianwei TAN 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2010,4(1):30-34
Oxygenated fuels are known to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines. In this study, 100% soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel fuel (B100) and a blend of 10% acetal denoted by A-diesel with diesel fuel were tested as oxygenated fuels. Particle size and number distributions from a diesel engine fueled with oxygenated fuels and base diesel fuel were measured using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). Measurements were made at ten steady-state operational modes of various loads at two engine speeds. It was found that the geometric mean diameters of particles from SME and Adiesel were lower than that from base diesel fuel. Compared to diesel fuel, SME emitted more ultra-fine particles at rated speed while emitting less ultra-fine particles at maximum speed. Ultra-fine particle number concentrations of A-diesel were much higher than those of base diesel fuel at most test modes. 相似文献
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Liu YANG Ye WU Jiaqi LI Shaojie SONG Xuan ZHENG Jiming HAO 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2015,9(4):675
Mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were measured near major roads in Beijing during six periods: summer and winter of 2001, winter of 2007, and periods before, during and after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Since the control efforts for motor vehicles helped offset the increase of emissions from the rapid growth of vehicles, the averaged PM2.5 concentrations at roadsides during the sampling period between 2001 and 2008 fluctuated over a relatively small range. With the implementation of temporary traffic control measures during the Olympics, a clear “V” shaped curve showing the concentrations of particulate matter and other gaseous air pollutants at roadsides over time was identified. The average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, CO and NO decreased by 31.2%, 46.3%, 32.3% and 35.4%, respectively, from June to August; this was followed by a rebound of all air pollutants in December 2008. Daily PM10 concentrations near major roads exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Grade II) for 61.2% of the days in the non-Olympic periods, while only for 12.5% during the Olympics. The mean ratio of PM2.5/PM10 near major roads remained relatively stable at 0.55 (±0.108) on non-Olympic days. The ratio decreased to 0.48 (±0.099) during the Olympics due to a greater decline in fine particles than in coarse-mode PM. The ratios PM1/PM2.5 fluctuated over a wide range and were statistically different from each other during the sampling periods. The average ratios of PM1/PM2.5 on non-Olympic days were 0.71. 相似文献
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Yueqi Jiang Jia Xing Shuxiao Wang Xing Chang Shuchang Liu Aijun Shi Baoxian Liu Shovan Kumar Sahu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2021,15(5):88
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为研究嘉兴地区嘉善冬季污染时段和清洁时段PM2.5化学组分特征,结合气象数据对2019年1月嘉兴市嘉善县善西超级站在线自动监测PM2.5及化学组分数据、气态污染物(NO2和SO2)进行了分析.结果表明,2019年1月嘉善善西超级站污染时段PM2.5浓度(97.18μg·m-3)为清洁时段(36.77μg·m-3)的2.6倍.污染时段水溶性离子浓度(41.58μg·m-3)较清洁时段(19.82μg·m-3)高21.76μg·m-3,但占比有所降低,含碳组分比例增加.OC;EC比值为3.93,可能受到燃煤及机动车排放的共同影响.低风速及高湿有利于NO2和SO2等气态污染物进行二次转化,污染时段硫转化率和氮转化率均比清洁时段高,分别增高7.93%和54.11%,说明NOx向硝酸盐二次转化较为明显,导致颗粒物浓度升高.聚类分析结果显示67.34%气流来自北方,且相应的气流轨迹上污染物浓度比周边高,说明污染物存在一定的长距离输送.结合风玫瑰图可以看出,污染主要为本地及其周边的输送,污染物的长距离输送在短时会使污染浓度突增.因此,在重点关注本地及周边污染的同时,偏北气流下的污染物区域输送不可忽视. 相似文献
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Qijun Zhang Jiayuan Liu Ning Wei Congbo Song Jianfei Peng Lin Wu Hongjun Mao 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(5):62
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Chung Song Ho Jianfei Peng UnHyok Yun Qijun Zhang Hongjun Mao 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(9):121
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Cesunica E. Ivey Heather A. Holmes Yongtao Hu James A. Mulholland Armistead G. Russell 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2016,10(5):14
A method for quantifying source impacts for secondary PM2.5 species is derived.
The method provides estimates of bias in modeled concentrations.
Adjusted concentrations match corresponding observations at monitored locations.
Sources impacts on secondary species are estimated over the US for 20 sources.
Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) estimates of sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, and organic carbon are highly influenced by uncertainties in modeled secondary formation processes, such as chemical mechanisms, volatilization, and condensation rates. These compounds constitute the majority of PM2.5 mass, and reducing bias in estimated concentrations has benefits for policy measures and epidemiological studies. In this work, a method for adjusting source impacts on secondary species is developed that provides estimates of source contributions and reduces bias in modeled concentrations compared to observations. The bias correction adjusts concentrations and source impacts based on the difference between modeled concentrations and observations while taking into account uncertainties at the location of interest; and it is applied both spatially and temporally. We apply the method over the US for 2006. The mean bias for initial CMAQ concentrations compared to observations is −0.28 (OC), 0.11 (NO3), 0.05 (NH4), and −0.08 (SO4). The normalized mean bias in modeled concentrations compared to observations was effectively zero for OC, NO3, NH4, and SO4 after applying the secondary bias correction. 10-fold cross-validation was conducted to determine the performance of the spatial application of the bias correction. Cross-validation performance was favorable; correlation coefficients were greater than 0.69 for all species when comparing observations and concentrations based on kriged correction factors. The methods presented here address model uncertainties by improving simulated concentrations and source impacts of secondary particulate matter through data assimilation. Secondary-adjusted concentrations and source impacts from 20 emissions sources are generated for 2006 over continental US. 相似文献
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The exhaust emissions from two heavy duty diesel vehicles running on eight different fuel compositions were investigated regarding their content of high molecular weight (≥ C12) aliphatic/ olefinic hydrocarbons. It was concluded that the emitted amount of semi‐volatile associated aliphatic hydrocarbons (range C12‐C22) depend on the fuel used in the engines and that these emissions mainly consisted of uncombusted fuel components. It was also found that uncombusted engine lubrication oil was the main constituent of the emitted particulate associated aliphatic hydrocarbons (C17‐C40). These constituted between 58% and 95% of the total emissions of the high molecular weight aliphatic compounds. Emission factors for the total of high molecular aliphatic hydrocarbons (C12‐C40) were demonstrated to be in the range of 15–100 mg/km. Some individual aliphatic hydrocarbons with cocarcinogenic effects were identified and quantified in both particulate and semi‐volatile phases of the exhaust. Multivariate data analysis was used to investigate the relationship between fuel parameters and emission of semi‐volatile aliphatic emission. 相似文献
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Yue Wang Mengshuang Shi Zhaofeng Lv Huan Liu Kebin He 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2021,15(6):140
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为研究武汉市道路尘中碳组分污染特征及来源,于2018年5月在武汉市青山区采集道路尘样品,用热光碳分析仪测定样品中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、烟炱(soot)和焦炭(char)含量,并使用特征比值法、相关分析及主成分分析法对道路尘碳组分污染特征和来源进行探讨分析.结果表明,道路尘中OC、EC、soot和char含量平均值分别为1.29、2.21、2.04、0.17 g·kg-1,说明不同碳组分含量存在较大的空间变异性.相关性分析表明OC和EC的来源存在一定差异,且EC主要贡献来源是soot.OC;EC和char;soot比值和主成分分析结果表明,武汉市青山区道路尘中碳组分主要来源于机动车尾气和燃煤排放,也可能受到生物质燃烧的影响. 相似文献
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Ling Qi Zhige Tian Nan Jiang Fangyuan Zheng Yuchen Zhao Yishuo Geng Xiaoli Duan 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(8):92
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Yuhan Zhao Xiaoping Kang Xue Tian Lulu Liu Zemeng Zhao Lili Luo Lixin Tao Xiangtong Liu Xiaonan Wang Xiuhua Guo Juan Xia Yanxia Luo 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(7):84
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Wei WEN Shuiyuan CHENG Lei LIU Gang WANG Xiaoqi WANG 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2016,10(5):6
The new hybrid approaches for the source apportionment of PM2.5 were proposed. The hybrid approach can be used for source apportionment of secondary species. The metallurgy industry was the biggest contribution source to PM2.5 of Tangshan. In winter, the contribution from the coal-fired boilers was the largest one. The objective of this paper is to propose a hybrid approach for the source apportionment of primary and secondary species of PM2.5 in the city of Tangshan. The receptor-based PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) is integrated with the emission inventory (EI) to form the first hybrid method for the source apportionment of the primary species. The hybrid CAMx-PSAT-CP (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions – Particulate Source Apportionment Technology – Chemical Profile) approach is then proposed and used for the source apportionment of the secondary species. The PM2.5 sources identified for Tangshan included the soil dust, the metallurgical industry, power plants, coal-fired boilers, vehicles, cement production, and other sources. It is indicated that the PM2.5 pollution is a regional issue. Among all the identified sources, the metallurgy industry was the biggest contribution source to PM2.5, followed by coal-fired boilers, vehicles and soil dust. The other-source category plays a crucial role for PM2.5, particularly for the formation of secondary species and aerosols, and these other sources include non-specified sources such as agricultural activities, biomass combustion, residential emissions, etc. The source apportionment results could help the local authorities make sound policies and regulations to better protect the citizens from the local and regional PM2.5 pollution. The study also highlights the strength of utilizing the proposed hybrid approaches in the identification of PM2.5 sources. The techniques used in this study show considerable promise for further application to other regions as well as to identify other source categories of PM2.5. 相似文献