硝酸盐氮的离子电极测定法

在地面水中硝酸盐氮的含量较低,生活污水和某些工业废水中有较高的含量。过多的硝酸盐对人体有害,所以饮用水中硝酸盐氮的含量限制在10毫克/升以内。硝酸盐氮的测定方法甚多,就目前我国环境监测中广泛使用的酚二磺酸比色法而言,干扰离子多,操作繁锁,同时还得测定亚硝酸盐,然后从测定结果中减去亚硝酸盐的含量。为了简化操作,提高分析速度,本文采用硝酸根离子选择电极法,并在前人工作的基础上作了进一步试验,现将该法综述如下:     

水中加氯对三氮的氯化反应特性研究

含氮化合物水体中进行氯化处理时,会产生化合性有效氯。江苏油田通过对油田含氮化合物水源水进行氯化作用的实验分析,结果表明：液氯对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮存在明显的氯化作用,而对硝酸盐氮的氯化作用不明显。实验同时还探讨了pH、水温、陈化时间及加氯量对氯化反应的影响。     

水中亚硝酸盐氮两种测定方法比较

对亚硝酸盐氮的两种测定方法——分光光度法和气相分子吸收光谱法进行了对比试验,测定了标准物质、地下水、生活污水、某地表水、某湖泊水中的亚硝酸盐浓度及加标回收率。结果表明:采用分光光度法和气相分子吸收光谱法测定结果和准确度均可满足实验要求,但是采用分光光度法需对水样进行预处理以去除干扰,而采用气相分子吸收光谱法测定水样不需要进行预处理,实验时间相对较短,更适合一些复杂水体中的亚硝酸盐氮的测定。     

不同浸提条件对土壤氨氮提取数量的影响

土壤溶解性有机氮（DON）的推算是通过测试土壤全氮、氨氮和硝态氮的数量,利用全氮减去氨氮和硝态氮获得。不同区域或不同学者对DON的定义不同,在测试过程中选取多种浸提方法测定土壤氨氮,结果导致测试结果存在较大的差异。但这种差异受到何种因素控制,目前还没有形成统一的认识。基于此,研究应用正交试验方法,通过统计分析了振荡时间、浸提剂、温度以及土水比对土壤氨氮浸提数量的影响。结果表明：不同因素对氨氮浸提数量的影响程度为土水比>浸提剂>振荡时间>温度;对氨氮浸提数量分别表现为随土水比与浸提剂浓度增大而升高;在浸提温度低于50℃时,土壤氨氮的浸提数量随温度升高而升高;振荡时间在60 min内,土壤氨氮的提取数量随着振荡时间增加而增高。     

兰州银滩湿地公园水质指标测定

为了解兰州银滩湿地公园对黄河水质的净化作用,对兰州银滩湿地公园不同河段的水流中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总磷和氟化物的含量进行了测定。测定结果表明:湿地对水中TP的净化效果较好,去除率达到79.6%;对NH4+-N的净化效果次之,去除率达到了40.0%;对F-和NO2--N的净化作用一般。     

西河水库总氮超标的原因简析

基于2003年以来西河水库中总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮等有关水质参数的变化,分析得出了水库中总氮呈逐年上升趋势和主要以硝酸盐氮为存在形式,并存在富营养化的潜在危机;从内部源和外部源对库中氮的来源进行了解析,得出氮主要来源于水库底泥、农业面源和生活污水的污染,进而提出相应的预防措施。     

废水中总氮含量低于氨氮含量原因探讨

针对废水水质分析过程中出现的氨氮含量高于总氮含量的情况,对氨氮测定过程和总氮测定过程中的金属离子干扰、标准曲线绘制、消解时间等进行了分析,提出氨氮含量高于总氮含量是由于总氮消解时间不够,导致过硫酸钾的转化不完全造成的。实验结果表明,将总氮消解时间设定为40min可以解决此问题。为提高测定的准确性,在实验中还应注意实验环境、计量器具及高压灭菌锅的密封性等问题。     

浅析涪江流域遂宁段氨氮和总氮的相关性

根据2015年涪江流域遂宁段桂花、老池两个断面氨氮和总氮的每月例行监测数据,研究了遂宁市城区、大气降水对氨氮和总氮浓度的影响,分析了在污染程度不同的水体中氨氮所占总氮的比例,并考察了氨氮和总氮两者的相关性。结果发现涪江流经遂宁市城区后,氨氮和总氮的浓度均有所升高,且总氮的升高幅度较小;这两个断面的氨氮和总氮浓度随时间均呈现出先升高、后下降,再升高的变化趋势;降水具有削减氨氮和总氮浓度的作用,且对氨氮的削减幅度较大;污染较重水体中,氨氮所占总氮的比例较大;两个断面的氨氮和总氮均具有较好的相关性,相关系数分别是0.984 3和0.925 5,并分别建立了线性回归方程。     

高锰酸盐氧化-碘量法测定高锰酸盐指数

在高锰酸盐指数的测定方法中,标准碱性法具有较强的抗氯离子干扰能力,但对于高氯离子浓度水样,在酸化后的滴定过程中高锰酸盐可使氯离子氧化导致滴定终点难于辨认。采用高锰酸盐氧化－碘量法（以下简称碘量法）可以较好地解决这一问题。试验得出：碘化钾加入量为４～５ｍＬ（０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,氯离子浓度在１２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下对测定结果基本无影响;Ｆｅ３＋对结果有负干扰,当用氟离子掩蔽后,Ｆｅ３＋浓度对测定结果基本上无影响;碘量法的回收率在９６％～１０２％之间。     

荒漠土壤渗滤系统中再生水典型污染物变化规律研究

土壤渗滤系统具有处理效果好、投资少等优点,适合再生水或经过预处理农村生活污水的处理,逐步成为国内外的研究热点。采用新疆准噶尔盆地边缘的荒漠-绿洲交错地带的土壤,利用室内土柱装置,研究城市再生水在荒漠土壤中渗滤后进出水水质与土壤污染物含量的变化特征,探讨土壤性质对再生水氨氮去除率和土壤污染物浓度变化的影响。结果表明,荒漠土壤对再生水氨氮等有显著的去除作用,且再生水经过土柱渗滤后,在60 cm处的出水氨氮浓度逐渐趋于稳定,但氨氮去除率随时间并不十分稳定,且不同土壤质地、组分与性质不同,对氨氮的去除效果有明显差异。同一土柱,对不同污染物去除作用也有很大差异。通过相关性分析可知,土壤中的CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-、Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、总磷、碱解氮与硝酸盐氮等指标含量对再生水氨氮的去除率及土壤中污染物浓度变化有明显的影响。研究结果为进一步研究荒漠土壤渗滤系统去除污染物机理、新疆再生水安全利用以及荒漠土壤渗滤系统的实践应用提供基础。     

NITROGEN CONTENT AND ACIDITY OF RAIN ON THE GEORGIA COAST1

ABSTRACT: Since nitrogen is a nutrient frequently in short supply in coastal ecosystems, an estimate of the nitrogen input via rain was made for the Georgia coast. Water samples collected in 34 separate storms during a 12 month period were analysed for concentrations of ammonia, nitrate plus nitrite, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). The range and average concentration in micromoles of nitrogen per liter was 0.0 to 137 (6.3) for ammonia, 1.0 to 21 (7.9) for nitrate plus nitrite, and 0.0 to 13.6 (4.0) for DON. DON, not usually measured in rain, comprised up to 62% of the total nitrogen content. The annual amount of nitrogen contributed by rain to the coast was about 0.3 g N/m². This value is a small fraction of the calculated nitrogen requirements of coastal plants. More than half the rain samples had pH values less than the CO₂ equilibrium pH of 5.6. Values as low as 4.2 were in the range of pH values reported for acid rain in Europe and the northeastern U.S. Total titratable acidity was measured for 12 summer rainwater samples. The results fox 7 individual storms showed a highly linear relation between hydrogen ion concentration and total acidity. However, the elope of the regression line indicated that increases in acidity were not a result of addition of strong acid alone.     

实验用水对总氮检测结果的影响

用RO纯水与超纯水分别作为实验用水,通过标准曲线及空白、标准样品、水样等总氮测定对比实验,发现两种实验用水的标准曲线及空白值、标准样品的检测均受控,但两种纯水对比实验显示相对于超纯水而言,RO纯水中有一定浓度的总氮,同时在水样检测中用RO纯水作实验用水测定值明显低于用超纯水作实验用水的测定值,其差值与RO纯水中总氮值相符。实验结果表明总氮检测中不能只以标准曲线、空白值和标准样品测定值作为受控标准,要考虑实验用水中硝酸根离子的影响。     

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by Nitrosomonas spp. and anammox bacteria in a sequencing batch reactor

A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was inoculated with mixed nitrifying bacteria from an anoxic tank at the conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant in Nongkhaem, Bangkok, Thailand. This enriched nitrifying culture was maintained under anaerobic conditions using ammonium (NH(4)(+)) as an electron donor and nitrite (NO(2)(-)) as an electron acceptor. Autotrophic ammonium oxidizing bacteria survived under these conditions. The enrichment period for anammox culture was over 100 days. Both ammonium and nitrite conversion rates were proportional to the biomass of ammonium oxidizing bacteria; rates were 0.08 g N/gV SS/d and 0.05 g N/g VSS/d for ammonium and nitrite, respectively, in a culture maintained for 3 months at 42 mg N/L ammonium. The nitrogen transformation rate at a ratio of NH(4)(+)-N to NO(2)(-)-N of 1:1.38 was faster, and effluent nitrogen levels were lower, than at ratios of 1:0.671, 1:2.18, and 1:3.05. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to identify specific autotrophic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosomonas spp., Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans, and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis). The ammonium oxidizing culture maintained at 42 mg N/L ammonium was enriched for Nitrosomonas spp. (30%) over Candidati B. anammoxidans and K. stuttgartiensis (2.1%) while the culture maintained at 210 mg N/L ammonium was dominated by Candidati B. anammoxidans and K. stuttgartiensis (85.6%). The specific nitrogen removal rate of anammox bacteria (0.6 g N/g anammox VSS/d) was significantly higher than that of ammonium oxidizing bacteria (0.4 g N/g Nitrosomonas VSS/d). Anammox bacteria removed up to 979 mg N/L/d of total nitrogen (ammonium:nitrite concentrations, 397:582 mg N/L). These results suggest significant promise of this approach for application to wastewater with high nitrogen but low carbon content, such as that found in Bangkok.     

CHEMISTRY OF MUD-WATER INTERFACE IN AN IMPOUNDMENT1

ABSTRACT: Lake Evergreen was investigated during the time of filling and thereafter for the change of water chemistry at the mud-water interface. The results show that aging or maturing occurs at the nascent stage of the impoundment history. There are many factors affecting concentration of chemical constituents at the interface. There are hydrologic changes such as wind and wave action, or water circulation which can influence all chemical parameters. There is also biological activity, which may involve changes in concentrations of silica, phosphate, alkalinity, pH, ammonium, Kjeldahl nitrogen, etc. An associated effect is the reduction of oxidation-reduction potential which in turn affects the concentration of manganese, etc. All these changes occur primarily in autumn. In late spring to summer, there are changes of nitrite and nitrate accompanied by changes in dissolved oxygen. A water chemistry model at the interface is illustrated.     

氮肥形态对坡耕地雨季土壤养分流失的影响

为了明确氮肥形态对土壤养分流失通量及途径的影响,采用随机区组试验设计,利用模拟径流小区观测的方法,研究在地膜覆盖与不覆盖情况下氮肥形态对坡耕地雨季土壤养分流失通量及途径的影响。研究结果表明：壤中流氮、磷和钾的流失量分别占总径流流失量的71.30%、6.36%和8.85%,说明磷和钾流失的主要途径是地表径流,而氮流失的主要途径是壤中流,地膜覆盖降低酰胺态氮肥和缓控释肥处理氮素流失量,其中酰胺态氮肥处理地膜覆盖较不覆盖壤中流氮流失浓度和径流氮素流失量分别降低40.40%和29.32%。在无覆盖条件下,各处理径流氮素流失顺序表现为：酰胺态氮肥〉铵态氮肥〉缓控释肥〉硝态氮肥,施用硝态氮肥氮素流失量最低,较施用酰胺态氮肥氮素流失少40.86%。在地膜覆盖条件下,各处理径流中氮素流失顺序表现为：铵态氮肥〉酰胺态氮肥〉硝态氮肥〉缓控释肥,施用缓控释肥氮素流失量最低,较施用铵态氮肥氮素流失少59.60%。结果表明在四川紫色丘陵区为了有效控制水土养分流失,在肥料形态的选择上,以无覆盖条件下施用硝态氮肥较好,以地膜覆盖条件下施用缓控释肥较好。     

Ultraviolet irradiation effects incorporation of nitrate and nitrite nitrogen into aquatic natural organic matter

One of the concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of ultraviolet radiation for treatment of drinking water and wastewater is the fate of nitrate, particularly its photolysis to nitrite. In this study, N NMR was used to establish for the first time that UV irradiation effects the incorporation of nitrate and nitrite nitrogen into aquatic natural organic matter (NOM). Irradiation of (15)N-labeled nitrate in aqueous solution with an unfiltered medium pressure mercury lamp resulted in the incorporation of nitrogen into Suwannee River NOM (SRNOM) via nitrosation and other reactions over a range of pH from approximately 3.2 to 8.0, both in the presence and absence of bicarbonate, confirming photonitrosation of the NOM. The major forms of the incorporated label include nitrosophenol, oxime/nitro, pyridine, nitrile, and amide nitrogens. Natural organic matter also catalyzed the reduction of nitrate to ammonia on irradiation. The nitrosophenol and oxime/nitro nitrogens were found to be susceptible to photodegradation on further irradiation when nitrate was removed from the system. At pH 7.5, unfiltered irradiation resulted in the incorporation of (15)N-labeled nitrite into SRNOM in the form of amide, nitrile, and pyridine nitrogen. In the presence of bicarbonate at pH 7.4, Pyrex filtered (cutoff below 290-300 nm) irradiation also effected incorporation of nitrite into SRNOM as amide nitrogen. We speculate that nitrosation of NOM from the UV irradiation of nitrate also leads to production of nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide, a process that may be termed photo-chemodenitrification. Irradiation of SRNOM alone resulted in transformation or loss of naturally abundant heterocyclic nitrogens.     

Modeling atmospheric nitrogen deposition and transport in the Chesapeake Bay watershed

Atmospheric deposition of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen has been identified as a major factor in the decline of water quality in the Chesapeake Bay. Reports have indicated that atmospheric deposition may account for 25 to 80% of the total nitrogen load entering the bay. However, uncertainties exist regarding the accuracy of the atmospheric deposition inputs, nitrogen retention coefficients, and in-stream nutrient uptake rates used in these studies. This project was designed to reassess the potential inputs of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the bay through the use of a high-resolution wet deposition model, improved wet and dry deposition and nutrient retention estimates, existing soils and land use data, and geographic information systems software. Model results indicate that the methods used in previous studies may overestimate the contribution of atmospheric nitrate and ammonium deposition to the Chesapeake Bay watershed (CBW). Wet and dry atmospheric nitrate and ammonium nitrogen deposition estimates to the CBW ranged from 52.7 to 141.9 and 41.9 to 60.1 million kg/yr, respectively, between 1984 and 1996. Dry and total atmospheric deposition loads to the watershed are substantially less than previous estimates. Estimates of the percent contribution of atmospherically deposited nitrogen to the Chesapeake Bay represent between 20 and 32% of the total nitrate and ammonium nitrogen load to the watershed from all nitrogen sources. While these estimates are lower than many other published estimates, regression analysis of model parameters, nitrogen retention coefficients, output, and measured in-stream nitrogen loads indicate that the calculated nitrogen loads may still be too high.     

氮素和水分对贝加尔针茅草原土壤酶活性和微生物量碳氮的影响

在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原,分别设对照（N0）、1.5 g·m^-2（N15）、3.0 g·m^-2（N30）、5.0 g·m^-2（N50）、10.0 g·m^-2（N100）、15.0 g·m^-2（N150）、20.0 g·m^-2（N200）和30 g·m^-2（N300）（不包括大气沉降的氮量）8个氮素（NH4NO3）梯度和模拟夏季增加降水100 mm的水分添加交互试验,研究氮素和水分添加对草原土壤养分、酶活性及微生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明：氮素和水分添加对草原土壤理化性质和生物学特性有显著影响。随施氮量的增加土壤总有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量呈增加的趋势,相反,土壤pH值呈降低的趋势。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性随施氮量的增加而升高,多酚氧化酶则随施氮量的增加呈下降的趋势。氮素和水分添加对草原土壤微生物量碳氮含量有显著影响,高氮处理（N150、N200和N300）显著降低了微生物碳含量,微生物氮含量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势。水分添加能够减缓氮素添加对微生物的抑制作用,提高微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量。草原土壤养分、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物量碳氮含量间关系密切,过氧化氢酶与全氮、总有机碳、硝态氮呈显著正相关,多酚氧化酶与铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮呈显著负相关。微生物量氮含量与土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量以及过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,与多酚氧化酶呈负相关;微生物量碳与过氧化氢酶呈负相关,与多酚氧化酶活性呈正相关。     

Soil and water characteristics of a young surface mine wetland

Coal companies are reluctant to include wetland development in reclamation plans partly due to a lack of information on the resulting characteristics of such sites. It is easier for coal companies to recreate terrestrial habitats than to attempt experimental methods and possibly face significant regulatory disapproval. Therefore, we studied a young (10 years) wetland on a reclaimed surface coal mine in southern Illinois so as to ascertain soil and water characteristics such that the site might serve as a model for wetland development on surface mines. Water pH was not measured because of equipment problems, but evidence (plant life, fish, herpetofauna) suggests suitable pH levels. Other water parameters (conductivity, salinity, alkalinity, chloride, copper, total hardness, iron, manganese, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate) were measured, and only copper was seen in potentially high concentrations (but with no obvious toxic effects). Soil variables measured included pH, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, iron, sulfate, chloride, and percent organic matter. Soils were slightly alkaline and most parameters fell within levels reported for other studies on both natural and manmade wetlands. Aluminum was high, but this might be indicative more of large amounts complexed with soils and therefore unavailable, than amounts actually accessible to plants. Organic matter was moderate, somewhat surprising given the age of the system.