催化臭氧化降解含微囊藻毒素污水

应用金属氧化物构建催化臭氧化工艺处理含微囊藻毒素污水,比较了不同催化剂的性能差异,分析了催化剂投加量、温度、pH、原水浓度对该工艺的影响.结果表明,选用CuO作催化剂能较好地处理含微囊藻毒素污水.温度与原水浓度对该工艺影响较小;催化剂投加量与pH是该工艺的主要影响因素.实验温度40℃、混合气体流量1.8 L.L-.1min-1、pH=9、催化剂投加量5 g.L-1、处理时间60 min,原水MC-LR去除率达到90%以上、COD去除率达到64%以上.处理20 min,该工艺催化作用去除MC-LR贡献率达到28%、去除COD贡献率达到52%.     

MnOx/PG低温SCR催化剂二氧化硫中毒及再生特性

采用等体积浸渍法制备了锰氧化物负载凹凸棒石(MnO_x/PG)低温SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction)催化剂,在含硫气氛中进行低温SCR催化脱硝反应后受SO_2的毒化作用而失活.考察了热处理和水洗两种再生方式及再生工艺条件对中毒后的MnO_x/PG催化剂活性恢复的影响.结果表明,热处理不能有效恢复催化剂活性,而水洗再生可以使中毒催化剂的活性完全恢复;两种再生方法的工艺条件均对催化剂活性恢复效果不大.通过BET、SEM、元素分析等表征手段对催化剂中毒机理和中毒前后性能变化进行分析.结果表明,硫酸铵盐和多聚SO_4~(2-)的形成是导致MnO_x/PG催化剂活性降低的主要原因.热处理使催化剂部分活性恢复的原因在于表面硫酸铵盐的分解,而水洗再生可以有效的去除催化剂表面的硫酸铵盐和SO_4~(2-)聚合体,进而催化剂活性完全恢复.     

废啤酒酵母去除水中重金属镉的作用机理

利用废啤酒酵母为生物吸附材料处理水溶液中的Cd2+.为了考察废啤酒酵母表面官能团在生物吸附过程中的作用,分别对废啤酒酵母进行甲醇、甲醛化学修饰,使其表面的羧基发生酯化反应、胺基发生甲基化反应.同时对反应前后溶液pH值的变化进行了监测.结果表明,酯化反应后,废啤酒酵母吸附Cd2+的能力降低,证实羧基在Cd2+吸附中起到了重要作用;甲基化反应后,废啤酒酵母吸附Cd2+的能力升高,是因为反应后pH值变化使Cd2+发生无机微沉淀作用而去除.表面官能团以及pH升高引起的沉淀对镉去除起重要作用.     

高压脉冲放电协同LaMn1-x FexO3钙钛矿型催化剂去除NOx

高压脉冲放电协同催化剂技术是目前最具有前景的去除NO_x的方法之一,本文以氮氧化物为处理对象,通过脉冲放电协同LaMn_(1-x)Fe_xO_3钙钛矿型催化剂去除NO_x.采用柠檬酸-EDTA溶胶凝胶法制备LaMnO_3钙钛矿催化剂,对该催化剂掺杂Fe元素,改变催化剂制备时的焙烧温度,探究催化剂协同脉冲放电在不同反应温度、催化剂投加量等因素下对NO转化、NO_2生成和NO_x的去除效果的影响,从而达到提高氮氧化物的去除率、降低能耗等目的.同时结合XRD、SEM、BET等表征手段对催化剂进行表征.结果表明,在催化剂LaMn_(1-x)Fe_xO_3中,随着Fe掺杂比的增加,NO转化率出现先增大后逐渐减小的趋势;随着催化剂的焙烧温度增加,NO转化率出现逐渐减小的趋势;随着催化剂投加量的增加,NO_x去除率不断增大后趋于稳定.在放电频率为30 Hz、脉冲电压为30 kV、Fe的掺杂比为0.3、焙烧温度为700℃、投加量为1.6 g、反应温度为300℃的条件下,NO_x的去除率为62.15%.     

微波诱导改性活性炭催化处理低浓度抗生素废水

通过采用负载FeSO4活性炭、CuSO4活性炭和一般活性炭作为微波催化剂处理抗生素废水的对比实验,研究不同负载方法对抗生素制药废水COD去除的差别,结果表明,负载FeSO4的活性炭作为催化剂的微波处理系统对COD的去除率最高.以微波诱导负载FeSO4的活性炭为催化剂对抗生素制药废水进行处理,结果表明,增大负载FeSO4活性炭质量,微波辐射时间和微波功率,均有利于抗生素废水中COD的去除,但各影响因素的取值并不是越大越好.对微波诱导负载FeSO4活性炭催化工艺处理抗生素废水进行反应动力学分析,结果显示,过程近似一级反应,其动力学方程为:lnC0/C=0.1413t+5.4121,r=0.9876.反应动力学常数为0.1413 min-1.     

城市生活垃圾与工业有机固废协同处置中有机污染物生成特征及控制技术

近年来固体废物产生量日益增多,而多种固体废物协同处置能够提高生活垃圾热值,实现固体废物的有效减容.为了有效减少有机污染物的排放,本文对在焚烧过程中二噁英、多氯联苯和多环芳烃的形成机理进行了探究,并着重阐明了不同固废（市政污泥与生活垃圾、木材与生活垃圾等）混烧产生有机污染物的排放特征以及关键影响因素.研究结果表明,固废种类、添加比例、组分、含水率等能够影响有机污染物的生成.较高的Cl和金属元素会促进有机污染物的生成,而S和N元素则有抑制效应.根据垃圾焚烧的工艺条件及有机污染物的生成机理,发现除“3T+E”外,改变固废性质、加入抑制剂及末端处置等方法也能有效控制有机污染物的产生.通过预处理可降低固废含水率提高热值.焚烧系统中可加入碱性化合物、硅铝复合添加剂、Mg(OH)2、硫酸锰、铂和钯等抑制剂来减少PCDD/Fs、PCBs和PAHs等有机污染物的生成.末端控制主要包含吸附和催化分解,其中催化分解技术更加稳定、去除效率更高,但目前催化剂的低温活性还有待进一步提高.整体来看,在清洁生产的大背景下,拓展不同种类固体废物间的混烧,可达到节约能源、减少污染物排放等目的,但不同固废混烧过程中有机污染...     

SO2在Co—Mo／AC催化剂上的还原

本文研究了活性焦（ＡＣ）担载Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ催化剂对ＳＯ２还原的催化性能。考查了催化剂不同的预处理方法,Ｈ２／ＳＯ２摩尔比和还原温度对还原过程硫产率的影响,并就硫化后的Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ和活性焦在催化床不同的构成对硫产率的影响进行了研究。结果表明,经硫化后的催化剂在ＳＯ２＋２Ｈ２→Ｓ＋２Ｈ２Ｏ反应有较高的催化活性,在最佳反应温度３００℃,Ｈ／ＳＯ摩尔比为３,空速６０００Ｌ;ｋｇ＾－１．ｈ＾－１条件下,生成硫的产     

次氯酸钠法处理硫化物恶臭污水

本文提出了利用次氯酸钠氧化法处理含硫化物恶臭污水的工艺，进行了小试并取得了良好的效果。去除了硫化氢和硫醇一类的恶臭物质，处理后的废水无色无臭。     

制备钙钛矿催化剂LaNiO3用于染料废水的降解脱色

为改善普通石墨电极的电催化性能,将以溶胶-凝胶法合成的钙钛矿氧化物LaNiO3混合其它原料做成气体扩散电极,用于电化学降解活性艳红X-3B,以脱色率来考核催化剂的氧还原活性.采用星点设计-效应面曲线法对催化剂制备工艺进行了优化,得出最佳工艺参数为:柠檬酸含量为金属离子物质的量的1.54倍,pH值为9.94,焙烧温度为824.39℃.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、动电位扫描等检测分析方法对所制备的催化剂进行表征和分析.结果表明,制备的催化剂晶相纯净、晶型完整、衍射峰强度较高,是较完整的钙钛矿结构;相比于普通石墨电极,掺杂催化剂的气体扩散电极极化阻力高,氧还原性能良好,有利于有机物的降解.     

CdS-TiO2复合光催化剂可见光下降解黄连素

采用沉积法制备CdS-TiO2复合光催化剂,利用UV-Vis DRS、XRD等方法对其进行表征,并在可见光下对黄连素废水进行处理,考察了催化剂投加量、黄连素初始浓度、黄连素初始pH值对黄连素去除率的影响.研究结果表明,在常温下制备的CdS-TiO2复合光催化剂,对可见光有较好的响应能力;在催化剂投加量1.5 g.L-1,黄连素初始浓度80 mg.L-1的条件下,催化剂对黄连素的去除效果显著,可达80%以上.pH对反应的影响不大.该催化剂循环使用3次仍具有较高的光催化活性与化学稳定性.     

失活甲醇催化剂用于脱除硫化氢的研究

本文研究了失活甲醇催化剂用于脱除硫化氢的试验。结果表明，失活甲醇催化剂具有较好的脱硫性能，其重量硫容在室温和６２３Ｋ时稍低于工业氧化锌脱硫剂，在４２３Ｋ－５２３Ｋ的温度范围内则大于工业氧化锌脱硫剂，其体积硫容在室温下大于工业氧化锌脱硫剂，失活甲醇催化剂的工作硫容随着的升高而增长，而且在低反应空速时或者经过还原后具有更大的硫容。     

Fe-pillared bentonite,a stable Fenton catalyst for treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater

Fe-pillared bentonite (Fe-Bent) was prepared by ion exchange as heterogeneous catalyst for degradation of organic contaminants in petroleum refinery wastewater. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the existence of α-Fe₂O₃. The effects of pH, H₂O₂ concentration, and catalyst dosage on the rate of lowering the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were investigated in detail. Removal efficiency of COD can be up to 92% under the following conditions: dosage of Fe-Bent 7 g L^?1, pH value 3, and H₂O₂ concentration 10 mmol L^?1. Fe-Bent showed good stability for the degradation of organics in petroleum refinery wastewater for five cycles. The adsorption of organics in wastewater onto Fe-Bent could be well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.     

Investigation of phosphate adsorption from an aqueous solution using spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst containing lanthanum

A spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst containing lanthanum (La) was used as a novel adsorbent for phosphorus (P) in simulated wastewater. The experiments were conducted in a batch system to optimize the operation variables, including pH, calcination temperature, shaking time, solid-liquid ratio, and reaction temperature under three initial P-concentrations (C₀ = 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/L). Orthogonal analysis was used to determine that the initial P-concentration was the most important parameter for P removal. The P-removal rate exceeded 99% and the spent FCC catalyst was more suitable for use in low P-concentration wastewater (C₀ <5.0 mg/L). Isotherms, thermodynamics and dynamics of adsorption are used to analyze the mechanism of phosphorus removal. The results show that the adsorption is an endothermic reaction with high affinity and poor reversibility, which indicates a low risk of second releasing of phosphate. Moreover, chemical and physical adsorption coexist in this adsorption process with LaPO₄ and KH₂PO₄ formed on the spent FCC catalyst as the adsorption product. These results demonstrate that the spent FCC catalyst containing La is a potential adsorbent for P-removal from wastewater, which allows recycling of the spent FCC catalyst to improve the quality of water body.

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Arsenic management in shale oil upgrading

Although the timing remains uncertain, the production of synthetic crude from oil shale seems to be a likely response to diminishing petroleum reserves. Although not unique to shale oil, the presence of arsenic, ranging in concentration from a few to over 100 parts per million, poses a special concern.Arsenic is typically removed from the shale oil by a hydro-processing technique and is concentrated on a catalyst as thermally stable metal arsenides and metal arsenous sulfides. Because this arsenic is still slightly soluble in water, making the spent catalyst a hazardous material, passivation and extraction techniques were investigated to make the catalyst safe for disposal. Passivation techniques were not successful. While extraction procedures were capable of removing over 75% of the arsenic, treated material may still be acceptable.     

金属负载活性炭催化氧化法处理ZPT生产废水

研究了金属负载活性炭催化剂在常温常压下催化氧化处理吡啶硫酮锌(ZPT)废水的技术，在探讨影响催化氧化效果诸因素的基础上，确定出中和预处理、后接两级催化氧化处理该废水的工艺流程，该流程的COD的去除率最高可达92％，处理出水达到国家污水综合排放标准二级指标。     

湖南林业科技成果市场化的思考

林业科技成果转化为现实生产力,须通过一系列的中介才能发挥作用,尤其是在社会主义市场经济条件下,其中介更主要地表现为市场.如何使湖南林业科技成果市场化,作者认为:加强湖南林业科技推广是实现湖南林业科技成果市场化的重要环节.     

酸阻滞法处理含酸及其相应盐的废液

本文主要介绍在含酸及其相应盐的废液中分离酸和盐的一种方法。将含酸及其相应盐的废液，通过装有强碱性阴离子交换树脂柱，其中的酸受到阻滞，而相应的盐能顺利通过，然后用水洗脱，则流出的是含酸的溶液，使酸和相应的盐得到了分离。经ＦｅＳＯ４－Ｈ２ＳＯ４和ＺｎＳＯ４－Ｈ２ＳＯ４两组废液的试验，均能使酸和金属得到回收。分离后的废水，可达标排放，废液得到了处理。酸阻滞法简单易行，易于投产使用，不受规模大小的限制。     

The investigation of cytotoxic effects of refinery wastewater on root tip cells of Vicia faba L

The present study was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of refinery wastewater collected from different stations of the Kizilirmak river on Vicia faba L. root tip cells. For this aim, we used the germination percentage, root length, weight gain and micronucleus (MN) frequency as indicators of cytotoxicity. Additionally to the cytological analysis, DNA analyses were performed in root tips meristems of Vicia faba seeds treated with refinery wastewater. Heavy metal concentrations in the water samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of heavy metals in the water were in the order of Pb>Zn>Fe>Cu>Ni>Cd>Hg. The highest germination percantage was observed in the control group (in proportion as 96%). Heavy metals in the water samples collected from Station I, II and III caused a decrease in the germination percentage as 48, 18 and 30%, respectively. The highest root length and weight gain was observed in the control group at the end of the experimental period. The least root length and weight gain was observed in seeds treated with wastewater collected from Station I. In the control group, the weights of all the seeds increased about 4.08 g when compared with initial weight. The root lengths of the control seeds were determined as 6.38 cm at the end of the experimental period. The weights of the seeds exposed to wastewaters obtained from Station I, II and III increased about 1.08, 3.03 and 2.01 g according to initial weight, respectively. Microscopic examination of V. faba root tip meristem cells showed that any example of the MN formation was not seen in the control group. The highest frequency of MN was observed in group treated with wastewater collected from Station I and least frequency of MN was observed in group treated with wastewater collected from Station II. It was also observed that the yields of DNA in the seeds exposed to wastewater were lower than recorded in the controls. Hence, DNA yields exposed to wastewater were run ahead on agarose gel according to the control group. The results clearly indicate that refinery wastewater had important cytotoxic effects on V. faba root tip cells. It was also observed that V. faba seeds are very sensitive and useful biomarkers for monitoring these effects in waters contaminated with heavy metals.     

国内外化学镀镍老化液处理方法

简述了化学镀镍的工艺流程，镀液及老化液成分，以及国内外现有的对化学镀镍老化液处理方法，包括化学法、电解法、离子交换法和膜分离技术。     

Spent rechargeable lithium batteries in e-waste: composition and its implications

The amount of spent rechargeable lithium batteries （RLBs） is growing rapidly owing to wide application of these batteries in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, which obliges that spent RLBs should be handled properly. Identification of spent RLBs can supply fundamental information for spent RLBs recycling. This study aimed to determine the differences of physical components and chemical compositions among various spent RLBs. All the samplings of RLBs were rigorously dismantled and measured by an inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The results indicate that the average of total weight of the separator, the anode and the cathode accounted for over 60% of all the RLBs. The weight ratio of valuable metals ranged from 26% to 76%, and approximately 20% of total weight was Cu and Al. Moreover, no significant differences were found among different manufacturers, applications, and electrolyte types. And regarding portable electronic devices, there is also no significant difference in the Co-Li concentration ratios in the leaching liquid of RLBs.