金属及其化合物修饰微生物燃料电池阳极的研究进展

微生物燃料电池是一种利用微生物将生物质转化为电能的装置.阳极是微生物燃料电池的重要组成部分,通过对阳极的修饰可有效提升微生物燃料电池的产电效率.本文在简要介绍微生物燃料电池工作原理的基础上,详细归纳了不同金属及其化合物修饰阳极时微生物燃料电池的产电性能,分析了其促进产电的原因,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

城市黑臭河涌底泥-微生物燃料电池产电性能及对底泥的修复

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)是一种将化学能转化为电能的技术。它可以利用包括河涌与海底的沉积物在内的众多基质来产生电能。在利用微生物燃料电池对沉积物进行修复时,通常采用将阳极埋在水底沉积物中,阴极悬于上覆水中的方式来构建电池。由于上覆水的存在,底泥中的污染物质不仅会被电池修复,也会向上覆水释放,影响底泥和上覆水的整体修复情况。以广州某黑臭河涌底泥为阳极微生物接种源及阳极基质,50 m M·L-1铁氰化钾缓冲溶液为阴极室溶液构建了双室有膜型微生物燃料电池,排除上覆水对微生物燃料电池修复底泥的影响,研究在不同的外接电阻下,MFC的产电性能以及MFC对底泥的修复效果。结果表明:以黑臭河涌底泥为阳极底物能够保持MFC较长时间产电运行(650 h)。构建的电池内阻分别为:1 341.6、1 339.2、1 330.2、1 386.7和1 311.7Ω。外阻能够对MFC的产电和功率密度输出产生影响:在外接电阻为1 500Ω时,MFC获得的稳定输出电压最高为0.753 V,最大输出功率为4.94 m W·m-2。在运行中,微生物燃料电池对底泥进行了修复:在外接电阻为1 500Ω时,有机质去除效果最佳,去除率为7.834%;全磷在外阻100Ω达到29.98%的最高去除率;铵态氮在外阻100Ω处达到41.64%的最高去除率;在硝态氮最高去除率则在外接1000Ω时,为71.52%。这说明了外阻能够影响电池对底泥的修复效果。     

还原性硫化物微生物燃料电池偶联偶氮染料降解

以处理实际废水中的还原性硫化物以及染料废水中的偶氮染料为目的,构建了一个双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC),阳极室接种硫氧化菌,阴极室以甲基橙(MO)作为电子受体,同时进行还原性硫化物生物氧化偶联偶氮染料降解.阳极接入硫氧化菌的MFC在外电阻为1 000Ω,甲基橙溶液浓度为50 mg L-1时,以4 d为一个反应周期,通过采集电池电压(V)、光谱扫描和循环伏安(CV)扫描来考察实验MFC的效率以及扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)来观察阳极生物膜.结果表明,阳极接种MFC的内阻为400Ω,最大电流密度和最大功率密度可分别达到656.25 mA m-2和120.76 mW m-2,而阳极未接种的空白MFC仅能达到259.38 mA m-2和34.81mW m-2.一个周期结束时,还原性硫化物完全被氧化,偶氮染料颜色由红色变为透明.SEM显示阳极碳毡上细菌的形态为杆状.综合以上结果,可说明可以通过MFC将还原性硫化物氧化并将偶氮染料进行降解.     

厌氧流化床单室无膜微生物燃料电池性能研究

在内径40 mm、高600 mm的液固厌氧流化床空气阴极单室无膜微生物燃料电池(MFC)中,分别以污水和椰壳活性炭为液相和固相,采用间歇运行方式,考察了接种厌氧污泥条件下流化状态和流化床反应器阴极位置对电池产电性能的影响.实验结果表明,活性炭床层处于流化状态下,电池最大输出功率随污水流速增加逐渐增加至450 mW·m-2,但流速进一步增加则最大输出电功率则逐步减小;而电池欧姆内阻随污水流速增加先减小后增加.另外,实验考察了阴极位置对电池产电性能的影响.结果表明,高于分布板300 mm处的阴极有较好的产电性能.     

外阻对污泥微生物燃料电池产电以及有机物降解的影响

重点考察了不同外阻（10、150和1 000Ω）对污泥微生物燃料电池（sludge microbial fuel cell,SMFC）产电性能及有机物去除速率的影响。结果表明,外阻对电池产电和有机物降解有显著影响,低电阻有利于电流产生及有机物消耗。当外阻为10Ω时,输出电流最高（4.2 mA）,且污泥溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）去除速率最快（53 mg.d-1）。DGGE图谱显示,不同外阻导致阳极微生物菌落结构有明显差异;CV扫描发现外阻对生物膜氧化还原能力有显著影响,低电阻下运行的阳极生物膜氧化还原活性较强。本研究为理解外阻与阳极生物膜间的关系提供一条有益线索,也为MFC性能提高提供一条可操作性的途径。     

尿液微生物燃料电池研究

尿液是市政污水中氮、磷与COD的主要来源,将尿液从污水系统中分离单独处理可以缓解城市污水处理厂有机物、营养素的超负荷难题.以源分离的尿液为底物,研究微生物燃料电池的产电特征及其污染物去除效果,并进一步考察影响系统产电性能的因素.结果显示:在超过6个月的试验过程中,伴随有机物和总氮的减少,系统可保持长期稳定的功率输出.COD和总氮的最高去除率为92.9%和65.6%,系统最大输出功率为388.2 m W/m2,这也是迄今尿液微生物燃料电池所获得的最高功率.阳极碳毡表面菌群分析显示具有电化学活性的Arcobacter和具有发酵功能的Bacteroides为优势菌群.氨氮积累、微生物淤积以及尿液中的物质沉淀等是影响尿液微生物燃料电池性能的主要因素.研究结果表明,尿液微生物燃料电池高效地实现了在污染物去除的同时获得高输出功率,体系中Arcobacter是一种新型的胞外产电菌,其强电化学作用可利用在生物电能的获得过程中.     

混合菌群生物燃料电池的产电机理与特性

利用厌氧污泥为接种源构建双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC),研究其电子传递机制,并考察其底物利用谱及阴极电子受体对产电性能的影响.结果表明:该MFC主要通过生物膜机制实现电子从有机物到固体电极的传递过程.该混合菌MFC的底物利用谱范围广泛,单糖、二糖、小分子有机酸等有机物均可作为电子供体产电,其中以蔗糖和乳糖为底物产电效果较好,最大功率密度分别为69.69 mW/m2和60.75 mW/m2;而以乙醇为底物时,COD负荷最高,达123.55 mg L-1d-1.阴极不同电子受体对混合菌群MFC的产电性能也有显著影响,其中以KMnO4为电子受体电池性能最好,最大功率密度达1 396.74 mW/m2.     

曝气量对微生物燃料电池脱氮的影响

实验构建生物阴极双室微生物燃料电池,探究在微氧条件下曝气量对其产电性能和阴极脱氮的影响.以乙酸钠为碳源,氯化铵为氮源.实验在25℃温度下,阴极持续曝气,并控制反应器内为微氧状态,富集培养短程硝化反硝化菌群.实现了在特定曝气量条件下生物阴极短程硝化反硝化脱氮.实验结果表明,在曝气量为1.64 mL·min-1的条件下,短程硝化反硝化脱氮效果最好.亚硝态氮积累率为81.70%,总氮去除率达到69.66%,最大稳定电压达0.47 V左右,库伦效率为43.8%,产电效能较好.针对实际污水处理开展相关实验,MFC阴极短程硝化反硝化总氮去除率可达到81.93%,优于全程硝化反硝化.在短程硝化反硝化的微生物群落中,Betaproteobacteria纲和Thauera菌属在短程硝化反硝化中得到了有效的富集,有利于生物脱氮,并且Nitrosomonas菌是主要的氨氧化菌属.     

微生物燃料电池构造研究进展

微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC)的研究在近几年获得了快速发展.产电微生物在厌氧条件下氧化底物释放电子和质子,电子通过导线传递给阴极,从而在外电路中形成电流,而质子通过质子交换膜进入阴极与电子和氧气结合生成水.微生物燃料电池的研究与应用开发涉及到从微生物、电化学到材料学和环境工程等科学领域的交叉,特别是废水处理能与微生物产电相结合的研究成果,使污水、污泥、垃圾等环境污染物的治理有可能成为生物质能源的生产过程,展示了微生物燃料电池的广泛应用前景.本文着重综述微生物燃料电池在构造上的进展,并介绍了其在水处理中的应用前景.图8参56     

生物电化学系统3种典型构型及其应用研究进展

生物电化学系统(Bioelectrochemical system,BES)是一种交叉学科的前沿技术,随着全球淡水资源和可利用能源日益剧减,BES构型及应用受到广泛关注.简述微生物燃料电池和微生物电解池结构、原理和国内外研究动态,系统介绍BES及其影响因素,其中微生物活性、阴阳电极材料及电池构造最为重要;概述增加电极室、增加反应室和微型传感器等三方面构型及近年来的应用研究进展,比较单电极室和多电极室的优缺点,以微生物脱盐电池、微生物电解脱盐电池、微生物产酸产碱脱盐池为基础介绍增加反应室构型,重点综述BES在生化需氧量监测方面的研究.由于多室微生物燃料电池构造复杂且产能低,单室将是未来生物电化学系统发展趋势;增加反应室主要以脱盐目的为主,且脱盐池的研究仍需要围绕优化阴阳离子交换膜、维持阳极室内pH平衡以及降低空气阴极溶解氧对反应器性能影响;微生物电极传感器可拓宽应用于更多领域,其敏感性和长期稳定性有待进一步提高.目前对产电微生物群落丰度和活性的研究还相对较少,未来电池构型和增加应用范围依然是BES的研究热点.     

Microbial metabolism of chlorobiphenyls

Photochemical reactions induced by sunlight contribute to the overall chemistry of natural water systems in many ways. The degradation of pollutants, dissolution of iron and manganese sediments, cycling of trace metal nutrients, and reactions of aquatic nitrogen and oxygen species are some of the many processes having solar photolysis pathways. This paper reviews recent research concerned with photo‐decomposition of pollutants, photolysis of nitrite and nitrate, photosensitization by humic materials and the generation of reactive intermediates. In addition, background material is presented concerning the basic principles of photochemistry and the limited wavelength range of effective solar radiation.     

Microbial relationships in surface-mine revegetation

The establishment and interrelationships of microorganisms with soil and plant processes during reclamation are greatly influenced by the composition of the planting medium and vegetation practices. While in some instances the parent material may be used as the vegetation medium, the practice of topsoiling, particularly the direct haul method, may be beneficial in introducing microorganisms and improving the quality of the plant growth medium of spoils that are chemically or physically less desirable than the native soils. The influence of different vegetation types on soil development on surface mines may be a reflection of physioiogical differences that affect microbial development in the rhizosphere. Such differences include levels of carbohydrate translocated to the root system and/or released into the surrounding soil; the plant's effectiveness as a mycorrhizal host; and the rate of degradation of plant residues. It has become apparent that microbial interactions are an important part of plant and soil processes in reclamation. While some of the microorganisms important in plant growth and soil development can be introduced readily by management practices, the majority usually are disseminated by natural means and only gradually become a part of the microbial population. More research is needed on developing new methods or refining current procedures for early introduction of these microorganisms in reclamation practices.     

Microbial nitrogen limitation increases decomposition

With anthropogenic nutrient inputs to ecosystems increasing globally, there are long-standing, fundamental questions about the role of nutrients in the decomposition of organic matter. We tested the effects of exogenous nitrogen and phosphorus inputs on litter decomposition across a broad suite of litter and soil types. In one experiment, C mineralization was compared across a wide array of plants individually added to a single soil, while in the second, C mineralization from a single substrate was compared across 50 soils. Counter to basic stoichiometric decomposition theory, low N availability can increase litter decomposition as microbes use labile substrates to acquire N from recalcitrant organic matter. This "microbial nitrogen mining" is consistently suppressed by high soil N supply or substrate N concentrations. There is no evidence for phosphorus mining as P fertilization increases short- and long-term mineralization. These results suggest that basic stoichiometric decomposition theory needs to be revised and ecosystem models restructured accordingly in order to predict ecosystem carbon storage responses to anthropogenic changes in nutrient availability.     

Microbial remediation of aromatics-contaminated soil

Aromatics-contaminated soil is of particular environmental concern as it exhibits carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Bioremediation, a biological approach for the removal of soil contaminants, has several advantages over traditional soil remediation methodologies including high efficiency, complete pollutant removal, low expense and limited or no secondary pollution. Bioaugmentation, defined as the introduction of specific competent strains or consortia of microorganisms, is a widely applied bioremediation technology for soil remediation. In this review, it is concluded which several successful studies of bioaugmentation of aromatics-contaminated soil by single strains or mixed consortia. In recent decades, a number of reports have been published on the metabolic machinery of aromatics degradation by microorganisms and their capacity to adapt to aromatics-contaminated environments. Thus, microorganisms are major players in site remediation. The bioremediation/bioaugmentation process relies on the immense metabolic capacities of microbes for transformation of aromatic pollutants into essentially harmless or, at least, less toxic compounds. Aromatics-contaminated soils are successfully remediated with adding not only single strains but also bacterial or fungal consortia. Furthermore several novel approaches, which microbes combined with physical, chemical or biological factors, increase remediation efficiency of aromatics-contaminated soil. Meanwhile, the environmental factors also have appreciable impacts on the bioaugmentation process. The biostatistics method is recommended for analysis of the effects of bioaugmentation treatments.

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Microbial relationships in surface-mine revegetation

The establishment and interrelationships of microorganisms with soil and plant processes during reclamation are greatly influenced by the composition of the planting medium and vegetation practices. While in some instances the parent material may be used as the vegetation medium, the practice of topsoiling, particularly the direct haul method, may be beneficial in introducing microorganisms and improving the quality of the plant growth medium of spoils that are chemically or physically less desirable than the native soils. The influence of different vegetation types on soil development on surface mines may be a reflection of physioiogical differences that affect microbial development in the rhizosphere. Such differences include levels of carbohydrate translocated to the root system and/or released into the surrounding soil; the plant's effectiveness as a mycorrhizal host; and the rate of degradation of plant residues. It has become apparent that microbial interactions are an important part of plant and soil processes in reclamation. While some of the microorganisms important in plant growth and soil development can be introduced readily by management practices, the majority usually are disseminated by natural means and only gradually become a part of the microbial population. More research is needed on developing new methods or refining current procedures for early introduction of these microorganisms in reclamation practices.     

Microbial activities in a permanently stratified estuary. II. Microbial activities at the oxic-anoxic interface

Bacterial populations and activities at the oxic-anoxic interface of Saelenvann, a permanently stratified estuary in western Norway, have been studied. Concentrations of particulate material and direct counts of bacteria were higher at the interface than in the surrounding water. Dark assimilation of CO₂ was maximal at the interface, indicating high rates of chemoautotrophic productivity. Nitrification could possibly account for 10 to 50% of the measured dark CO₂ fixation. Nitrate is rapidly consumed by dentrifying organisms in the anoxic water and by photosynthetic organisms in the oxic water. A characteristic population of photosynthetic bacteria similar to Chlorobium phaeovibrioides flourishes at the interface, imparting a reddishbrown discoloration to the water.     

Microbial mediated arsenic biotransformation in wetlands

Arsenic (As) is a pervasive environmental toxin and carcinogenic metalloid. It ranks at the top of the US priority List of Hazardous Substances and causes worldwide human health problems. Wetlands, including natural and artificial ecosystems (i.e. paddy soils) are highly susceptible to As enrichment; acting not only as repositories for water but a host of other elemental/chemical moieties. While macroscale processes (physical and geological) supply As to wetlands, it is the micro-scale biogeochemistry that regulates the fluxes of As and other trace elements from the semi-terrestrial to neighboring plant/aquatic/atmospheric compartments. Among these fine-scale events, microbial mediated As biotransformations contribute most to the element’s changing forms, acting as the ‘switch’ in defining a wetland as either a source or sink of As. Much of our understanding of these important microbial catalyzed reactions follows relatively recent scientific discoveries. Here we document some of these key advances, with focuses on the implications that wetlands and their microbial mediated transformation pathways have on the global As cycle, the chemistries of microbial mediated As oxidation, reduction and methylation, and future research priorities areas.

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磺胺嘧啶在水中的微生物降解研究

为了探明磺胺嘧啶在水中的环境行为,通过室内模拟降解实验分别研究了磺胺嘧啶在湖水和猪场废水中的好氧和厌氧微生物降解,考察了供氧方式和有机质含量对磺胺嘧啶微生物降解的影响。结果表明:磺胺嘧啶在猪场废水中厌氧微生物降解速率高于其好氧组,而磺胺嘧啶在湖水中厌氧微生物降解速率低于其好氧组。磺胺嘧啶在湖水和猪场废水中的好氧或厌氧微生物降解均较缓慢,这可能与其较强的抑菌性和微生物的营养状况有关。通过微生物培养还研究了好氧降解时磺胺嘧啶对湖水中微生物种群生长的影响,数据显示:磺胺嘧啶对湖水和猪场废水中细菌的生长具有一定的刺激作用,而对真菌和放线菌的生长影响不明显。     

Microbial productivity in variable resource environments

The rate, timing, and quality of resource supply exert strong controls on a wide range of ecological processes. In particular, resource-mediated changes in microbial activity have the potential to alter ecosystem processes, including the production and respiration of organic matter. In this study, we used field experiments and simulation modeling to explore how aquatic heterotrophic bacteria respond to variation in resource quality (low vs. high) and resource schedule (pulse vs. press). Field experiments revealed that one-time pulse additions of resources in the form of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) caused short-lived (< or =48 h) peaks in bacterial productivity (BP), which translated into large differences across treatments: cumulative BP was twice as high in the pulse vs. press treatment under low resource quality, and five times as high under high resource quality. To gain a more mechanistic understanding of microbial productivity in variable resource environments, we constructed a mathematical model to explore the attributes of bacterial physiology and DOC supply that might explain the patterns observed in our field experiments. Model results suggest that the mobilization rate of refractory to labile carbon, an index of resource quality, was critical in determining cumulative differences in BP between pulse and press resource environments (BPPu:Pr ratios). Moreover, BPPu:Pr ratios were substantially larger when our model allowed for realistic changes in bacterial growth efficiency as a function of bacterial carbon consumption. Together, our field and modeling results imply that resource schedule is important in determining the flow of material and energy from microbes to higher trophic levels in aquatic food webs, and that the effects of resource quality are conditional upon resource schedule. An improved understanding of the effects of resource variability on microorganisms is therefore critical for predicting potential changes in ecosystem functioning in response to environmental change, such as altered DOC fluxes from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems.     

Shifts in Microbial Communities, Microbial Biomass and Organic Matter Mineralization for Three Mediterranean Soils Contaminated By Metals

Microbial communities (phospholipid fatty acid pattern, bacterial growing strategies, eco-physiological index (EPI) and total bacteria counts, as a number of heterotrophic cuhurable bacteria), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), and nitrogen mineralization were studied in three Mediterranean soils at three different depth levels (A, B and C). Soils were experimentally treated with a final concentration of 1000 ppm of trace metals (Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Cd²⁺). Soils were stored in 571 plastic containers for one year, and watered with 1001 during this period. Leachate was recovered through a bottom tap. Samples of the three depths were studied. Soil microbial communities showed different effects to other studies presented in the literature, but carried out on non-Mediterranean soils. Dramatic differences were found between treated soils and untreated ones, but not between soils or horizons. the treated soil displayed a decrease in CFUs, SIR N-mineralization and EPI together with a dominance of r-growing strategists. the relative moles percent of several PLFAs, especially 15:0, 16: 1ω7, cy17: 0, br18:0 and 18: 1ω7 decreased because of the pollution of soils, whereas 10Me16, 18:2ω6, cy19:0, i16:0 and br17:0 showed higher values than in untreated soils.