我国白色污染及防治对策研究

通过分析国内“白色污染”及其治理现状，找出“白色污染”防治不利的原因，并提出了相应的解决办法。     

“以纸代塑”治理铁路沿线白色污染

在调研近年来铁路沿线白色污染治理研究文献的基础上，综述了换代餐盒的研究水平与生产情况，着重探讨了“以纸代塑”治理铁路沿线白色污染的可能性。     

哈尔滨市“白色污染”现状及控制对策

“白色污染”这一城市固体废物的治理已引起全球各国高度重视。本文在对哈尔滨市“白色污染”现状的实地勘查和管理制度研究的基础上,分析了污染特征和存在的主要问题,井提出了要控制“白色污染”,应借鉴国内外成功经验,寻求一条适合国情的控制对策。一、哈尔滨市“白色污染”现状多年来,哈尔滨市的白色污染随着废塑料占生活垃圾百分含量的增长而日益突出。哈尔滨市１９９７年生活垃圾产生量是１９８４年的２．６７倍。其中废塑料占生活垃圾的百分比是：１９８４年仅占０．６０％,１９９７年上升到５．０８％。哈尔滨市废塑料排放量１…     

广西首次批准建立一专门企业解决“白色污染”

日前,广西南宁市政府批复同意,决定建立一个专门回收一次性发泡塑料餐具的再生综合利用企业,负责对整个南宁市的一次性发泡塑料餐具进行回收并加工再利用。这是广西首次采取建立专门企业的办法解决“白色污染”问题。一次性发泡塑料餐具被环境可解性差,被称为“白色污染”。为治理“白色污染”,南宁市曾经推     

白色污染的危害与防治

本文在综述白色污染形成原因、污染状况的基础上,介绍了我国目前解决白色污染的方法以及国外塑料废弃物的治理现状,同时探讨了白色污染防治中的问题,并提出了解决白色污染的对策。     

持续发展看学者环境保护展才华——记中国包装资源综合利用委员会副主任委员 北京凯发环保技术中心主任 董金狮

本世纪九十年代以来,白色污染瘟疫般遍及茫茫九州,与此同时,治理白色污染的呼声亦越发高涨。在越发高涨的呼声中,涌现出一批治理白色污染的先进集体和个人,中国包装资源综合利用委员会副主任委员、北京凯发环保技术中心主任董金狮便是其中一位佼佼者。来自祖国大西北、今年三十有七的董金狮1989年毕业于中国科学院生态环境研究中心,获环境化学硕士学位。毕业后的董金狮在铁道部卫生研究所主要从事铁路沿线白色污染的治理及新型可降解餐具的研究与开发工作。1996年他创办北京凯发环保技术中心,带领一班人为治理白色污染以及农作物秸秆综合利用付出了艰辛的劳动,取得了显著成绩。多年来,董金狮在国内外有关报刊发表了关于无污染草浆造纸造     

防治“白色污染“的立法问题

“白色污染”对环境具有即时性和潜在性损害,导致环境管理呈现出广泛化的特点。防治“白色污染”的立法原则应遵循“以教育为先导;以强化管理为核心;以回收利用为主要手段;以替代产品为补充措施。     

“白色污染”及废旧塑料的回收利用

阐述了“白色污染”对环境的影响,介绍了废旧塑料的回收再利用技术和处理方法。     

加强“白色污染”治理,推进农业可持续发展——酒泉市废旧农膜回收利用经验启示

随着农膜使用量逐年增加,废旧农膜对农业生产和环境已造成严重污染。近年来酒泉市采取了许多行之有效的措施和办法,加强对＂白色污染＂治理工作,使农村环境状况得到了明显改观,农业面源污染治理取得了一定的成效。     

还我一片绿色

展望今天的世界,仿佛少了什么,往日的清新、碧绿,变成了今天世上的浑浊、枯黄。特别是深受人们关注的”白色污染“,给人们带来的危害尤为重要,所谓”白色污染“是以方便袋为首的一类危害人类生活环境的垃圾。近年来，随着人民生活水平的不断提高，方便袋的使用也越来越广泛。真的是什么都有两面性，     

秦皇岛地区海陆风特征及其影响

利用本地风的观测资料,分析、总结了秦皇岛地区风的特点。结果表明,秦皇岛因受海陆地形的影响,风的变化具有海陆风的特征,在空间分布上,海陆风只影响到昌黎、抚宁和市区,达不到卢龙、青龙,在时间分布上,海风以昌黎(10点)出现最早,抚宁(12点)次之,市区(14点)最晚,陆风同样以昌黎(20点)出现最早,抚宁(23点)次之,市区(次日2点)最晚。同时,海陆风对秦皇岛地区气温的影响尤为明显,受海风影响,秦皇岛市的夏季不十分炎热,日最高气温比同纬度的内陆地区低很多,成为著名的避暑胜地。另外,由于夏季受海风影响较大,海风登陆带来充沛的水汽,导致7月是秦皇岛地区大雾天气全年最多的月份。     

SIMULATED IMPACTS OF EL NINO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION ON UNITED STATES WATER RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena alter global weather patterns with consequences for fresh water supply. ENSO events impact regions and their natural resource sectors around the globe. For example, in 1997 and 1998, a strong El Nino brought warm ocean temperatures, flooding, and record snowfall to the west coast of the United States. Research on ENSO events has improved long range climate predictions, affording the potential to reduce the damage and economic cost of these weather patterns. Here, using the Hydrologic Unit Model for the United States (HUMUS), we simulate the impacts of four types of ENSO states (Neutral, El Niño, La Niña, and strong El Niño) on water resources in the conterminous United States. The simulations show that La Niña conditions increase water yield across much of the country. We find that water yield increases during El Niño years across the south while declining in much of the rest of the country. However, under strong El Niño conditions, regional water yields are much higher than Neutral, especially along the West Coast. Strong El Niño is not simply an amplification of El Niño; it leads to strikingly different patterns of water resource response.     

El Niño‐Southern Oscillation,rainfall variability and sustainable agricultural development in the Ho Municipality,Ghana

El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which occurs in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, has been identified to have significant influence on rainfall variability throughout the world, especially in the tropics. Such variability in rainfall has implications for agrarian economies, such as that in Ghana. This study therefore sought to demonstrate the effect of ENSO‐induced variability in annual and seasonal rainfall on the development of sustainable agriculture in the Ho Municipality of Ghana. Using 61 years of monthly rainfall data (1955–2015) for the Ho Municipality and ENSO indices, this study showed that 15% of the variability in total annual rainfall is explained by the ENSO phenomena. Mean annual rainfall and rainfall in the major rainy season decreased for El Niño years, in addition to a more variable rainfall compared to that received in La Niña years. The major growing season was observed to be longer in La Niña years and shorter in El Niño years. This means that the potential for crop cultivation will be severely hampered in an El Niño year. Farmers within the municipality are therefore encouraged to harness other complementary water sources for farming activities and also employ water management strategies during El Niño years.     

Relevance of organic matter fractions as predictors of wastewater sludge mineralization in soil

Seventeen different wastewater sludges were characterized using both chemical and organic matter fractionation methods (water extraction, Van Soest method, and acid hydrolysis) and 6-mo incubation studies to assess their decomposition in soil. Simple correlation and multiple factor analysis (MFA) were then performed to establish relationships between composition and C and N mineralization of sludges. Carbon and N concentrations covered a wide range of values, but organic carbon (C(o)) to organic nitrogen (N(o)) ratios were relatively low (from 5 to 19). Carbon and N were mainly distributed in the most soluble fractions of the Van Soest method and in the water-insoluble fraction at 100 degrees C. Carbon mineralization varied from 180 to 661 g C kg(-1) organic C added during the 168-d incubation. The addition of sludges led to different inorganic N dynamics: from -3.3 to +120.0 g N kg(-1) sludge organic C mineralized after the 168-d incubation. Fractionation studies showed that the most discriminating method was acid hydrolysis. Carbon mineralization was linked with the proportion of sludge N and C present in the lignin-like fraction (r = -0.68 and -0.65, respectively). Significant relationships were established between N mineralization and N(o) to C(o) ratio (0.88 < r < 0.95) and the C(o) to N(o) ratio of sludges, the C to N ratio of the soluble fraction obtained by the Van Soest method, the water-soluble fraction at 100 degrees C, and the C and N present in the acid-hydrolyzable fraction. Finally, multiple factor analysis also enabled establishing a sludge typology using five clusters based on composition and mineralization characteristics.     

Chemical fractionation of phosphorus in stabilized biosolids

Three chemicals-ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), and aluminum sulfate (alum)-were applied at different rates to stabilize P in fresh, anaerobically digested biosolids (FBS) obtained from an activated sewage treatment plant. A modified Hedley fractionation procedure was used to assess P forms in these sludge-borne materials and in a biosolids compost (BSC) prepared from the same FBS. Each biosolids material exhibited a unique pattern of P distribution among fractions. The most available P forms, namely: (i) water-soluble P (WSP); (ii) membrane-P; and (iii) NaHCO(3)-P, were stabilized by small rates of each of the chemicals; but the P transformation into more stable forms depended on the type of chemical added. The stabilized P forms were enhanced by high rates of CaO and FeSul, but were reduced by high rates of alum. The organic P (P(o)) in the first three fractions of the FeSul- and alum-stabilized biosolids was enhanced by the chemical addition, and P(o) transformation from NaOH-P(o) into NaHCO(3)-P(o) was found in calcium-stabilized biosolids. A positive relationship was found between NaHCO(3)-P(o) and the NaHCO(3)-extracted organic C in all chemically stabilized biosolids. One-step extraction by NaHCO(3) or NaOH underestimated P extraction compared to the stepwise extraction. The reported results are consistent with solid-state P speciation reported earlier and contribute important information for optimizing biosolids stabilization to reduce P loss after incorporation in soils and for maximizing soil capacity to safely store pre-stabilized biosolids.     

WATER EXCHANGES: TOOLS TO BEAT EL NIÑO CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Using a case study of the Yakima River Valley in Washington State, this paper shows that relatively simple tools can be used to forecast the impact of the El Niño phenomenon on water supplies to irrigated agriculture, that this information could be used to estimate the significantly shifted probability distribution of water shortages in irrigated agriculture during El Niño episodes, and that these shifted probabilities can be used to estimate the value of exchanges of water between crops to relieve some of the adverse consequences of such shortages under western water law. Further, recently devised water‐trading tools, while not completely free under western water law to respond to forecasted El Niño episodes (ocean circulation patterns), are currently being employed during declared drought to reduce the devastating effects of water shortages in junior water districts on high valued perennial crops. Additional institutional flexibility is needed to take full advantage of climate forecasting, but even current tools clearly could prove useful in controlling the effects of climate variability in irrigated agriculture. Analysis shows the significant benefit of temporarily transferring or renting water rights from low‐value to high‐value crops, based on El Niño forecasts.     

A comparison of two models for dealing with urban solid waste: Management by contract and management by public–private partnership

In work, we compared two models for dealing with urban solid waste in Brazil, namely, management by contract and management by public–private partnership. Management by contract, which is widely used by the public sector (municipalities) for urban solid waste collection and disposal and for acquiring goods and services for periods not greater than 60 months, is governed by Federal Law 8.666/93. Management by public–private partnership is governed by Federal Law 11.079/04 for contracts worth more than US$11,000,000 and involves costs for the private partner and public partner. The financial return for the private partner must be clearly delineated and the contract should last from 5 to 35 years. Management by public–private partnership that involves the management of municipal solid waste is very recent in Brazil. For this reason, the comparison between the two forms of management of municipal solid waste (management by contract and management by public–private partnership) described in this work is unprecedented in this country. Both of these models are used in the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. For this study, information was gathered through semi-structured interviews with public works managers in São Bernardo do Campo, with members of an Association of Recyclable Material Collectors and with managers of a company contracted by the São Bernardo do Campo city hall, and also by researching public documents provided by the city hall. The interviews with the managers of the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo, the Association and the company were held in the headquarters of each institution. The documents analyzed, such as the plan for dealing with municipal solid waste, contracts and bids were made available electronically. Analysis of the results indicated that management by a public–private partnership was more advantageous for dealing with urban solid waste than management by contract since the former provided a strong selective collection program, reduced the amount of solid waste sent to sanitary embankments, led to the recovery an area of land previously degraded by the incorrect disposal of urban solid waste and stimulated the installation of an energy recovery unit.     

An Evaluation of Air Pollution Health Impacts and Costs in São Paulo, Brazil

The need to determine cost estimates of the hazardous effects of diseases is important in order to establish the priorities of actions for prevention and health management. The evaluation of air pollution impacts on health, based on expenditures, has been carried out, but there are obvious comparison difficulties among countries, as the health-per-capita investment varies enormously. In order to achieve a standard indicator, we applied the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) method to estimate the health burden and cost estimate due to air pollution in São Paulo, Brazil. The basic methodology was the utilization of dose–response curves of epidemiological studies conducted in São Paulo to assess air pollution and its health effects. DALY attributable to air pollution in São Paulo added up to 28,212 years annually. An indirect health cost attributable to air pollution resulted in US$ 3,222,676. This estimate refers to the children and the elderly population. These results give a preliminary and underestimated value of the burden of diseases promoted by air pollution.     

Change in Fish Fauna as Indication of Aquatic Ecosystem Condition in Río Grande de Morelia–Lago de Cuitzeo Basin, Mexico

Chirostoma charari and C. compressum, and they are presumed extinct. Twelve (63%) of the remaining species had declines in distribution. Sixteen (80%) of the 20 localities sampled had lost species. The greatest declines occurred in Lago de Cuitzeo proper and in the lower portion of the Río Grande de Morelia watershed. Species losses from the lake were attributable to drying and hypereutrophication of the lake because of substantial reductions in the amount and quality of tributary inputs, whereas losses from the Río Grande de Morelia watershed were the result of pollution from agricultural, municipal, and industrial sources, especially in the region around the city of Morelia. Three localities in the upper portion of the Río Grande de Morelia watershed—Cointzio reservoir, La Mintzita spring, and Insurgente Morelos stream—contained most of the remaining fish species diversity in the basin and deserve additional protection. Fish faunal changes indicated major declines in the health of aquatic ecosystems in the Morelia–Cuitzeo basin.     

New public policy proposal for the management of industrial toxic substances in São Paulo State,Brazil

In order to find out an alternative to traditional environmental policies in the State of São Paulo (Brazil), which have been mainly focused on legal standard compliance for air and water emissions, as well as in soil contamination, the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State — CETESB — launched a research project entitled Industrial Toxic Substances Use Reduction Programme. The project was launched in 2006 with funding from the United States Trade and Development Agency. Its aim was to propose new policies and strategies to reduce industrial releases of toxic compounds to the environment. Its general steps were the identification of an initial toxic chemical targets list; a review of successful programmes in the United States; the development of key elements and the establishment of alternative combinations of those elements for the implementation of an indigenous programme. Since project completion, CETESB has been discussing the possibility of implementing the results through a pilot project being developed jointly with industry representatives. This pilot project will serve as a model for a broader industrial toxic substances reduction programme to be implemented in São Paulo State.