清水塘工业区池塘底泥典型重金属污染特征及其风险评价

为查明株洲清水塘工业区池塘底泥重金属污染现状及其变化趋势,揭示池塘底泥重金属对霞湾港与老霞湾港水体及底泥的潜在影响。将区域内25口池塘分别划属S1、S2、S3区,于2017年12月11日在25口池塘采集32份底泥样品,并进行了Pb、Cd、As含量的测定,采用地累积指数(Igeo)与Hakanson潜在生态危害指数(Eir)对底泥中Cd、Pb、As污染与生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:S1、S2、S3区池塘底泥中Cd、Pb、As含量均超过湖南土壤背景值,分别为土壤背景值的657、44、12倍,表明Cd是清水塘工业区池塘底泥中的主要污染物。变异系数结果显示,各采样点底泥中Cd、Pb、As含量分布离散,受点源输入影响大。底泥中Pb、Cd、As的Igeo均值分别为4. 87、8. 78、2. 95,分别处重度、严重、中度污染等级,不同区底泥中重金属Igeo呈S3>S1>S2的分布特征。潜在生态风险评价结果表明,底泥中重金属Eir呈Cd>Pb>As的分布特征,3个区底泥中Cd的Eir为9396～24 617,污染等级均为生态危害很强; Pb的Eir为101～309,S1、S3区污染等级为生态危害强,S2区则为生态危害较强; As的Eir为74～138,S1、S3区污染等级为生态危害较强,S2区则为生态危害中等。清水塘霞湾港和老霞湾港周边区域池塘底泥中Cd、Pb、As污染严重,呈S3>S1>S2分布,应依据3个区域池塘底泥重金属污染程度顺序,采取挖掘底泥、稳定固化、填埋处理等措施。     

采煤沉陷区土壤中重金属的2种特征趋势研究

为探讨积水与复垦对采煤沉陷区土壤重金属污染风险的影响,选择淮南潘谢矿区典型沉陷复垦区、积水区作为研究区域,并以Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni和Pb 6种重金属作为研究对象,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法,研究了土壤和底泥中重金属的生态危害,并讨论了底泥与土壤中各重金属的相关性。结果表明:潘谢矿区中,复垦区土壤所受污染程度远大于底泥,底泥所受污染程度远大于天然土壤。从总体污染水平和生态风险影响程度来分析,三者基质中Cd的污染水平在6种重金属元素中均较为突出;从相关性上来分析,底泥中Ni与Cu、Cr、Pb在0.05水平上相关性显著,天然土壤中Ni与Cu在0.01水平上相关性显著,复垦土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni和Pb 6种重金属的相关性均显著。     

重污染感潮河道底泥释放特征及其控制技术研究

以珠江三角洲城市重污染感潮河道为对象,研究了底泥污染物(重金属、有机物和营养盐)在静态、潮汐作用影响及人工曝气扰动下的释放特征.在此基础上,采用曝气充氧、重金属化学固定、激活底泥土著微生物等联合技术对底泥释放进行控制,研究其控制效果.结果表明:①感潮作用加速了底泥污染物的释放,与静态释放相比,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、COD、NH 4-N和TP的平均释放速率提高了1～4倍,释放量增加了0.3～1.8倍;底泥平均耗氧速率提高了1.28倍.②人工曝气扰动使底泥污染物局部急剧释放,并使泥水界面由弱碱性变成弱酸性;在有氧环境,NH 4-N、TP的释放得到有效抑制.③投加石灰调节pH至8～9,上覆水体Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr的去除率达到85%～98%,同时还可去除92%的TP和86%的浊度;在微碱性好氧条件下,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr的释放量稳定在300μg·L-1以下.④底泥土著微生物层对水体及底泥污染物有良好的降解作用,通过间歇曝气COD、NH 4-N、TP去除率分别可达到85%、92%和71%;但微生物层具有较高的耗氧速率,达到45g·m-2·d-1.     

杭州市河道底泥重金属污染评价与环保疏浚深度研究

重金属是河道底泥疏浚要控制的重要污染物,而疏浚深度是生态疏浚工程中需要确定的关键参数.本文以杭州经济技术开发区河道为研究对象,共采集18处底泥柱状样,采用土壤背景值、土壤环境质量二级标准值、变异系数和相关性分析方法对底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的污染状况进行了评价,同时分析重金属总量和有效态含量在垂向上的变化特征,并引入地累积指数法对各深度底泥中的重金属进行累积性评估,利用本文提出的临界累积深度方法来确定合理的环保疏浚深度.结果表明,河道表层底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的平均含量分别为165.16、342.40、55.34、3.61、34.06、36.70 mg·kg-1,Cd、Cu、As、Zn的有效态含量分别为0.007、3.37、0.095、20.76 mg·kg-1,重金属总量均超过了杭嘉湖平原土壤背景值,其中Cd污染最为严重.各重金属元素在底泥中的变异系数为0.29~2.39,空间分布并不均匀.重金属总量和有效态含量随底泥深度的增大整体呈下降趋势,但受不同时期人类活动污染及河道整治影响而呈不规则变化.各重金属元素的富集程度为CdAsZnPbNiCu,其中,Cd污染等级为2~6级,污染程度为中度污染至极强污染.利用临界累积深度方法推算得到研究区域河道底泥环保疏浚深度为0~0.9 m.     

北京市中坝河底泥污染特征及生态风险评价

为探索北运河流域污染底泥土地利用的可能性,以中坝河为例开展了底泥污染特征分析及溯源,依据内梅罗污染指数法和潜在生态风险危害指数法分别开展底泥氮磷污染和重金属生态风险评价,给出了中坝河底泥土地利用建议.结果表明,中坝河底泥呈弱碱性,有机质、氮磷均值分别为33.11、759.94和1295.21 mg·kg^-1,变异系数分别为73%、29%和85%,说明有机质和全氮沿河道分布不均匀.8种重金属中除As外均超过北京土壤背景值,说明底泥存在重金属累积.Pearson相关性和主成分分析表明,受周边工业和生活污水影响,污染物在河道中下游存在累积.底泥氮磷污染评价结果显示河道下游氮磷污染最重.重金属潜在生态风险危害系数表明,中坝河底泥Cd为强污染,Hg中等污染,RI值分别为116和46,其他重金属为轻度污染.S4和S5 RI分别为344和374,为强污染,其他点位为中等或轻污染,整条河道RI为170,为中等污染级别.总体而言,中坝河底泥肥力较好,风险可控,建议施用于道路绿化带、工厂附属绿地等有潜在污染源的绿/林地或防护林等与人接触较少的绿/林地.     

北江中上游底泥重金属污染及其潜在生态危害评价

为全面了解北江中上游底泥沉积物中重金属含量及其潜在生态危害程度,在北江干流及支流共采集了25个底泥样品,测试了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、As、Hg共8种重金属元素,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对北江中上游底泥重金属污染进行分析和评价.结果表明,北江中上游无论是干流还是支流其底泥受多种重金属污染而且污染程度相当严重,各种重金属的污染程度由强至弱依次为:Cd HgZnAsPb≈CuNiCr;金属污染物对北江中上游构成的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为:Cd HgPb≈AsCuZnCr,其中Cd的影响占绝对主导地位.总体而言,北江干流由于纳污量最大,长期的积累使得北江干流段的重金属污染程度较支流严重;支流中马坝河的污染程度最高,其次是浈江和江.     

巢湖南淝河河口底泥污染特征及疏浚决策

为了解巢湖南淝河河口区域底泥污染特征,为底泥疏浚提供决策依据,对该区域底泥中营养物、重金属含量及释放特征进行分析,并采用有机指数法、污染指数法及潜在生态风险评价对底泥的污染状况进行评估.结果表明,调查区域总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）以及有机质（OM）的均值为1461 mg·kg^-1、438 mg·kg^-1和1.77%,在表层（0~10cm）富集明显,随着底泥深度增加有逐渐降低的趋势.有机污染指数和污染指数结果表明,表层底泥（0~10 cm）总氮、有机质处于中度污染状态,而总磷处于重度污染状态,且随着底泥深度的增加,污染风险逐渐降低,并在30 cm以下处于低风险.静态释放结果发现底泥氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和TP的平均释放通量分别为8.04 mg·（m²·d）^-1和0.19 mg·（m²·d）^-1,释放潜力较大,且与底泥营养物污染区域一致.对于底泥重金属而言,除Cr和Ni外的其它6种重金属含量均高于安徽省土壤背景值,其中Hg和Cd的含量超标最为严重,且重金属潜在生态风险结果表明,表层（0~20 cm）底泥均处于重污染风险等级,而30 cm以下底泥重金属降为低风险等级.底泥重金属浸出毒性实验结果表明,该区域底泥疏浚后重金属释放风险较低,不属于危险废物.根据以上结果,综合确定了南淝河口区域的重点疏浚面积（3.93 km²）和深度（30 cm）,为底泥疏浚提供了重要依据.     

丹江口水库迁建区土壤重金属分布及污染评价

为了解丹江口水库迁建区表层土壤重金属污染水平及其潜在的生态风险,对丹江口水库迁建区表层土壤中6种重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As)的含量及空间分布分别进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其中重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害进行了评价.结果表明,丹江口水库迁建区表层土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As的平均含量分别为0.61、23.11、58.25、22.65、58.99、16.95 mg.kg-1;与河南省土壤元素背景值及全国水系沉积物平均值相比,6种重金属元素除Zn外均有一定程度的富集,其中,Cd富集程度最为严重,重金属污染形势不容乐观.Cu、Zn、Pb的空间分布趋势基本相似.与国内典型的水库沉积物中重金属含量相比,丹江口水库迁建区表层土壤中Cd、As的富集程度较严重.6种重金属之间的相关性表明,元素Pb与Cu、Zn两两之间均呈显著性正相关性,Cr与Pb、As之间亦分别呈现显著的正、负相关关系.由2种评价方法可知Cd为丹江口水库迁建区表层土壤中最主要的污染元素,且具有较强的生态危害.     

苏州水网地区河道底泥的重金属分布特征与污染风险

苏州100 km²水网地区采样点的底泥中重金属Cd、 Cu、 Cr、 As、 Ni、 Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别为1.4、127.4、83.2、18.2、51.7、145.1和350.7 mg·kg^-1,分别是背景值的13.7、5.7、1.1、1.7、1.9、5.5和5.6倍,超过GB 15618-2018标准风险筛选值的点位比例分别为100.0%、97.3%、38.4%、83.6%、97.3%、90.4%和100.0%.采用改进的地累积指数法评价单种重金属元素的污染程度,可知苏州水网地区底泥中7种重金属元素污染程度依次为：Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>As>Cr>Ni,其中,Cd属于极强污染,Cu和Pb属于强度到极强污染,Zn属于强度污染,As属于中度到强度污染,Cr和Ni属于中度污染.古城区、西北部、西南部和东部底泥样品中Cd、 Pb、 Cu和Zn均是高污染贡献的重金属元素,重金属潜在生态风险程度从大到小依次为：西北部、西南部、古城区和东部.相关性分析和主成分分析表明,Cd、 Cu、 Cr、 As、 Ni、 ...     

三峡库区稻田土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

以三峡库区(重庆段)12个区县稻田土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤Cd、 Hg、 Pb、 As、 Cr、 Cu、 Zn和Ni含量,采用不同方法评估稻田土壤重金属的污染程度、潜在生态风险和人体健康风险.结果表明,三峡库区稻田土壤8种重金属除Cr外,其它7种重金属平均值均超过三峡库区土壤背景值,且分别有12.32%、 4.35%和2.54%的土壤样品Cd、 Cu和Ni含量超过相关标准的筛选值.8种重金属变异系数为29.08%～56.43%,属于中等及以上强度变异水平,受人为活动影响较大.8种重金属在土壤中均存在污染现象,且有16.30%、 6.52%和2.90%的土壤Cd、 Hg和Pb存在重度污染.同时,土壤Cd和Hg的潜在生态风险较高,整体为中度危害.12个区县中,巫溪县和巫山县污染程度较高,内梅罗综合污染评价为中等污染水平,且综合潜在生态风险也达到中度生态危害水平.健康风险评价结果表明,手口摄入是人体非致癌风险和致癌风险的主要暴露途径.土壤重金属对成人没有非致癌风险(HI<1),但有12.68%的点位对儿童具有非致癌风险(HI>1).土壤重金属对儿童具有致癌风险(TCR=5.75...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.