氮掺杂二氧化钛光催化氧化降解污水中四环素

以氮掺杂二氧化钛(N-TiO_2)作为催化剂,四环素作为目标污染物,以可见光作为光源,研究N-TiO_2在可见光源条件下,光催化氧化降解四环素的效果。当四环素初始浓度为50 mg/L时,在pH=8,催化剂投加量为1. 0 g/L较优的反应条件下,N-TiO_2光催化氧化降解四环素的效率可达到97%以上。研究表明:阴离子对降解过程有抑制作用,但对最终降解效果无显著影响。反应过程中起主要作用的活性基团为光生空穴。     

Cu循环催化羟胺与氧气反应降解甲基橙

为研究Cu/O₂/HA(HA为盐酸羟胺)体系的氧化能力,以MO(甲基橙)为目标物,对该体系生成·OH(羟基自由基)的过程及机理进行了探讨,并分别考察了HA投加量(以c计)、pH、Cu(Ⅱ)投加量(以c计)和O₂通量对MO降解的影响. 结果表明:Cu能够有效催化HA与O₂的反应,生成大量H₂O₂,并进一步生成·OH,有效降解MO. HA投加量越高,MO降解率越高,但过高的HA投加量在初始阶段会对MO的降解形成抑制,最佳HA投加量为3 mmol/L;受到HA质子化的影响,反应的最适pH约为5.5;由于Cu(OH)₂不利于催化HA与O₂的反应,最佳Cu(Ⅱ)投加量为20 μmol/L;O₂通量对MO的降解影响较小,最佳O₂通量为0.15 L/min;Cu/O₂/HA体系降解MO的初始阶段符合一级动力学模型. 研究显示,Cu/O₂/HA体系具有良好的氧化能力,能够有效降解水中的MO,最佳反应条件下MO降解率达86.5%.      

Ni/硅胶催化过硫酸盐降解酸性橙7的研究

采用浸渍-高温煅烧法制备负载型的Ni/硅胶(SG)催化剂,借助电镜扫描(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并对Ni/SG催化过硫酸钠(PDS)降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7)的性能进行了研究,同时考察了AO7初始浓度、PDS浓度、Ni浸渍量、催化剂投量等因素对催化性能的影响。结果表明,Ni/SG上主要负载物为立方晶系结构的NiO;在初始pH值为7.0,AO7初始浓度为10 mg/L,PDS浓度为2 mmol/L,Ni/SG的Ni浸渍量和投加量分别为4%、3.0g的最佳实验条件下,Ni/SG催化PDS降解AO7的去除率达到88.9%。     

紫外光激活过硫酸盐降解水中三氯生

利用紫外光(UV)激活过硫酸盐(PS)的高级氧化技术降解水中三氯生。研究了紫外光照强度、PS投加量、初始pH值、共存阴离子(Cl-、CO32-)和腐殖酸(HA)对三氯生降解效果的影响。实验结果表明:增强紫外光强度、提高PS投加量可提高TCS降解率;酸性条件有利于TCS降解;水中Cl-、CO32-和NOM的存在均对TCS的降解具有抑制作用。初始TCS浓度为5. 0mg/L,紫外光照强度I0=9. 94 m W/cm2,PS浓度为0. 6 mmol/L,初始p H值为7. 0,反应时间为120min时,TCS降解率达到96. 6%。     

吸附树脂负载铁酞菁催化降解硝基苯的研究

在可见光照射下,采用吸附树脂负载铁酞菁催化过氧化氢降解硝基苯.考察了光照、催化剂投加量、双氧水投加量、温度及pH值等因素对催化效果的影响.结果表明,在功率为50W卤钨灯照射下,硝基苯溶液初始质量浓度为200 mg/L,初始pH值为3,催化剂投加量为1.5 g/L,双氧水投加量为1.0 mL/L,温度为35℃下反应10h,硝基苯去除率可达到79.9％.     

多壁碳纳米管的制备与可见光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法,制备了多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)/CdS/TiO2复合半导体光催化剂。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)等分析方法对光催化剂进行了结构表征,并考察了在可见光照射条件下MWCNTs/CdS/TiO2对甲基橙(MO)降解的光催化性能。结果表明,MWCNTs/CdS/TiO2能有效降解甲基橙。低浓度MO降解效果比高浓度好,光催化剂投加量为1.2 g/L即可达到较好的催化效果,酸性条件有利于光催化,投加适宜浓度的H2O(2低于10 mmol/L)时会和催化剂产生协同效果,浓度过大,催化效果下降。阴离子对催化效果有抑制作用,其中PO43-的抑制作用最强。所制备的复合催化剂具有较好的实际应用价值。     

零价铁与过硫酸盐异相芬顿降解活性艳橙X-GN

采用零价铁(Fe~0)与过硫酸盐构建异相类芬顿体系,由Fe0腐蚀释放Fe~(2+)催化S_2 O_8~(2-)产生硫酸根自由基快速降解偶氮染料活性艳橙,考察了初始p H值、Fe~0投加量、过硫酸盐投加量和温度对降解过程的影响。结果表明,当活性艳橙初始浓度为100 mg/L、pH值为7、Fe~0投加量为0.5 g/L、过硫酸盐投加量为1 mmol/L和反应温度为30℃时,反应60 min后活性艳橙降解率达到92.6%。酸性条件和提高反应温度均有利反应的进行,而且活性艳橙的降解率在初始pH值为9时也高于90%。反应过程符合准一级动力学,表观反应速率常数k为0.0513 min~(-1)(30℃)。UV-Vis扫描显示,活性艳橙的发色基团在反应过程中被破坏。由Fe~0与S_2O_8~(2-)构成的异相Fenton体系可作为一种高效手段用于染料废水的处理。     

均相Fenton氧化降解苯甲酸废水的研究

采用均相Fenton高级氧化技术对苯甲酸废水进行降解,考察了p H值、H2O2投加量、Fe~(2+)的用量、苯甲酸溶液的初始浓度等因素对苯甲酸降解的影响。结果表明:在室温条件下,最佳初始pH=3,H_2O_2最佳的经济投加量(Qth)为12.3 mmol/L,Fe~(2+)最佳投加量为0.41 mmol/L(即c(H_2O_2)∶c(Fe~(2+))=30∶1);经60 min反应后,100 mg/L苯甲酸基本可完全去除,TOC去除率也可达41.9%以上;当苯甲酸浓度为200 mg/L时,TOC去除率最大,可达45.4%;当苯甲酸浓度高于200 mg/L时,可以采取分批投加H_2O_2的方式以获得较高的去除率。     

Fe-Cu/N共掺杂的ZIFs衍生材料活化过硫酸盐降解四环素

通过水热法制备了一种Fe、Cu双金属和N共掺杂的介孔催化材料FeCu-N-C,对其进行表征分析;开展FeCu-N-C活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解四环素(TC)的研究,考察了 FeCu-N-C投加量、TC浓度、PS浓度、pH和离子强度等因素对降解效果的影响.结果表明:在催化剂投加量为0.4g·L-1,TC初始浓度为40mg·...     

纳米掺氮TiO_2可见光降解环境内分泌干扰物BPA研究

用水湿法得到掺氮TiO2前体,热处理后得到掺氮TiO2粉体,用XRD和UV-Vis吸收光谱等手段对制备的掺氮TiO2进行了表征,并研究了N-TiO2可见光光催化降解环境内分泌干扰物双酚A。结果表明掺氮TiO2在400℃下煅烧1h,所得粉体是锐钛矿相结构,粒径约12nm,与纯TiO2相比,吸收边明显红移。催化剂掺氮TiO2具有可见光催化活性,且明显高于纯TiO2。在双酚A初始浓度为40mg/L,催化剂掺氮TiO2的煅烧温度为400℃,投加量为0.6g/L,pH=5的条件下的降解效果最好达48.91%。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.