不同污泥含固率的高温微好氧-中温厌氧消化工艺研究

为探讨城市污泥高温微好氧-厌氧两级消化耦合工艺(TAD-MAD)中CH_4产气情况,考察了不同污泥含固率条件下TADMAD工艺中的p H、总碱度、VSS去除率、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和沼气产量以及沼气中CH_4含量,并与中温厌氧消化工艺(MAD)进行对比。试验结果表明,在未调节污泥初始p H的条件下,在消化过程中污泥p H能维持在6.5~7.8之间,适宜甲烷菌生长。TAD-MAD工艺中高温微好氧消化2 d,VFA含量大幅度增加,最高为8 524.70 mg/L,有利于后续中温厌氧消化产甲烷。TAD-MAD工艺系统中累积单位VSS甲烷产气量和CH_4含量均高于MAD工艺。TAD-MAD工艺最佳进泥TSS为7.12%,污泥经过24 d的消化,VSS去除率能达到40%,而MAD的VSS去除率仅为35.12%。TAD-MAD工艺累积单位VSS甲烷产气量为116.56 m L/g VSS,超过MAD的85.72 m L/g VSS。且TAD-MAD工艺产甲烷持续时间较MAD工艺长,CH_4含量总体高于MAD工艺,表明TAD-MAD工艺在VSS去除、甲烷产气量和甲烷含量方面均优于MAD工艺。     

高含固污泥厌氧消化中蛋白质转化规律

采用剩余污泥在含固率(total solid,TS)为12%条件下进行中温(37℃)厌氧消化,通过分析厌氧消化前后污泥蛋白质组分的变化情况,研究了高含固污泥厌氧消化中蛋白质的转化规律,探讨了高含固条件下污泥蛋白质转化效率较低的原因.结果表明,经过45 d的厌氧消化处理,污泥蛋白质的转化率为34.26%.污泥蛋白质转化效率较低的原因主要表现在:(1)高含固条件下污泥的传质较差;同时,污泥蛋白质经水解过程形成大量的氨氮,反应结束后污泥总氨氮(total ammonia nitrogen,TAN)质量浓度达到1 201 mg·L~(-1),导致对厌氧消化过程,尤其对蛋白质的分解表现出一定的抑制作用;(2)三维荧光光谱(three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy,3D-EEM)分析表明,部分蛋白质向腐殖质类、富里酸类物质转化,从而更难分解;(3)通过二维电泳(two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE)-质谱(mass spectrometry,MS)分析发现,厌氧消化后污泥蛋白质的相对分子质量和等电点(isoelectric point,p I)降低;最终,污泥中残留的大部分蛋白质来源于微生物体内.由于微生物代谢能力随着厌氧消化过程的进行而减弱,难以继续利用这些蛋白质,或消化体系中不具备分解这些蛋白质的酶,从而限制了污泥中蛋白质的分解效率.     

中温厌氧消化与高温厌氧消化对污泥重金属风险及稳定性的影响

通过分析中温厌氧消化+机械脱水以及热水解预处理+高温厌氧消化工艺过程中重金属含量与形态的变化,研究了中温厌氧消化与高温厌氧消化工艺对污泥重金属风险、形态及稳定性的影响.结果表明,中温厌氧消化工艺增加了污泥中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的含量,重金属污染等级和潜在生态风险增强.高温厌氧消化工艺降低了污泥Cd和Cr的含量,重金属污染等级和潜在生态风险降低.其中,N厂污泥主要致污染金属为Cd和Zn,S厂污泥主要致污染金属为Cd;Cd是6种重金属风险系数最高的,是污泥潜在生态危害的最大贡献者.中温厌氧消化后,污泥中Cd、Ni、Pb和Zn的可还原态和可氧化态所占质量分数之和降低;Cd、Cr、Cu和Ni的残渣态所占质量分数降低.可见,中温厌氧消化后,污泥重金属的潜在毒性和稳定态向直接毒性转化.高温厌氧消化后,污泥Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的可交换态所占质量分数降低;Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的残渣态所占质量分数亦降低,可见,高温厌氧消化后,重金属的直接毒性和稳定态向潜在毒性转化.     

电刺激条件下初始pH值对剩余污泥厌氧消化效果的影响

在厌氧消化反应器中施加0.6V电压刺激,考察初始pH值(3,5,7,9,11)对剩余污泥厌氧消化效果的影响.结果表明,当初始pH值为9、厌氧消化至32d时,污泥挥发性固体有机物去除率为38.1%,甲烷产率为224mLCH₄/g VS;同样的消化时间内,初始pH值为7的对照组,其挥发性固体有机物去除率为32.2%,甲烷产率仅为162mLCH₄/g VS.调节初始pH值可加速污泥水解酸化过程,其中pH值为11时,水解酸化效果最好,比其他pH值条件下产生更多的挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs).在产酸高峰期,初始pH值为3、11时,乙酸和丁酸是主要产物;初始pH值为5、7、9时,主要产物是乙酸和丙酸.调节初始pH值能加速氨氮的释放,且pH值为酸性(3,5)时的氨氮浓度高于碱性条件下(9,11)的浓度.     

餐厨垃圾与秸秆混合中温和高温厌氧消化对比

餐厨垃圾与秸秆混合厌氧消化可有效改善两者单独厌氧消化易出现的挥发性脂肪酸积累和木质纤维素难以降解等问题,并回收生物质能.在中温(35℃)和高温(55℃)条件下,对餐厨垃圾与秸秆混合厌氧消化进行了序批式试验研究.结果表明,进料的挥发性固体(VS)浓度为3 kg·m~(-3),中温条件下,物料进料比(VS/VS)为9∶1时,单位有机负荷累积甲烷产量达到最高,为272.0 mL·g~(-1);高温条件下,进料比为5∶5时,单位有机负荷累积甲烷产量达到最高,为402.3 mL·g~(-1),分别显著高于两温度条件下餐厨垃圾单独厌氧消化的结果(中温218.6 mL·g~(-1),高温322.0 mL·g~(-1)).高温条件下物料中的碳流向甲烷的比例高于中温,且两物料混合消化促进碳流向甲烷.高温下木质纤维素总降解率为34.7%~45.8%,高于中温的12.6%~42.2%.利用高通量测序技术检测细菌与古菌的16S rRNA基因序列信息和真菌的内转录间隔(ITS)序列信息,结果表明,高温下木质纤维素降解细菌和放线菌数量明显高于中温条件,可解释高温下木质纤维素总降解率更高的原因.     

膨润土对鸡粪序批式厌氧消化特性的影响

为考察外源添加物——膨润土对鸡粪厌氧消化特性的影响,在中温〔(35±1)℃〕条件下,采用L₈(23)正交试验设计,考察了膨润土添加量(w,以干基计,下同)、鸡粪VS(挥发性固体)添加量、厌氧消化污泥接种量对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产气、pH、氨氮形态、EC(电导率)等的影响. 结果表明:添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能显著提高鸡粪VS产CH₄量,并且在高鸡粪添加量情况下达到极显著水平(P<0.01);当膨润土添加量为3.0%、厌氧消化污泥接种量为20%时,VS累积产CH₄量达到301.92 mL/g,比对照组(160.76 mL/g)提高了87.80%;当鸡粪VS添加量相同时,添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能极显著地降低消化料液的ρ(TAN)(TAN为总氨氮)(P<0.01),并且可以减少鸡粪厌氧消化过程中ρ(FAN)(FAN为游离氨)的剧烈变化;添加膨润土还能极显著地降低鸡粪厌氧消化料液的EC. 研究显示,添加膨润土有利于缓解鸡粪厌氧消化过程中氨氮抑制,提高系统稳定性,并可显著改善厌氧消化整体性能.      

污泥缺氧好氧消化的减量研究

实验主要进行缺氧好氧工艺在不同运行条件下消化效果的研究;在常温和中温下,与传统污泥好氧消化处理的效果对比,并进行pH等控制参数的统计规律分析,提出优化处理工艺条件,也为污泥缺氧好氧消化工艺的设计、运行管理和进一步研究提供可靠的理论依据。     

高温好氧消化污泥对生物除磷的强化作用初探

由于高温好氧消化(TAD)后的污泥中常含有一定浓度的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),为考察其对生物除磷系统的影响,通过将TAD污泥上清液与乙酸钠进行磷去除作用的对比试验。表明在厌氧条件下,加入TAD污泥的上清液,会使大量的P释放,磷释放规律及其释放速度均与乙酸钠造成的磷释放相当,因此,可以考虑将高温好氧消化污泥或上清液回流作为一种补充碳源,以强化生物除磷系统的除磷效果。但实际应用中,还要考虑到VFA降解以及回流污泥中的氮磷负荷,而且长期回流还需要进一步的试验验证。     

蒸汽爆破对污泥和餐厨垃圾联合厌氧消化的促进效果

鉴于蒸汽爆破（简称"汽爆"）预处理对污泥和餐厨垃圾联合厌氧消化的影响还鲜有报道,为探讨汽爆预处理对污泥和餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化的促进效果及经济可行性,利用小型发酵罐在35℃下开展了未预处理污泥和餐厨垃圾联合消化、汽爆污泥单独消化、汽爆污泥和餐厨垃圾联合消化的试验,并进行能耗分析.结果表明,未预处理污泥与餐厨垃圾联合消化阶段,VS（挥发性固体）去除率为33.9%,沼气产率为311.0 mL/g（以投料VS计）;汽爆污泥单独消化阶段,VS去除率和沼气产率均略高于未预处理污泥与餐厨垃圾联合消化阶段,但反应器ρ（NH₄+-N）过高,影响产气稳定性,沼气φ（CH₄）较低.汽爆污泥与餐厨垃圾联合消化阶段,VS去除率和沼气产率分别达到49.5%和420.5 mL/g,显著优于未预处理联合消化阶段.能耗分析表明,预处理的升温过程使汽爆预处理整体能耗偏高,但若能有效回收70%的热量,则汽爆预处理可提高污泥-餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化工艺3.34 kW·h/t（以污泥量计）的能量产率.研究显示,汽爆预处理可提高污泥和餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化工艺35.2%的沼气产率,但由于预处理能耗较高,预处理过程中热能的有效回收是汽爆预处理应用于污泥和餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化经济可行的关键.      

污泥超声处理及其在好氧消化中的应用

污泥好氧消化工艺可以有效实现污泥的稳定和减量,为了进一步提高好氧消化的效率,促进有机质的降解,在对污泥超声处理性能研究的基础上,考察了不同超声辅助处理手段对污泥好氧消化的影响.结果表明,经1.0 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥上清液中溶解性COD增加了5.4倍,污泥总悬浮固体减少了16%;而经0.05 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥比耗氧速率可提高29%.用这2种超声预处理好氧消化的进泥时,污泥有机质降解率没有明显改变,但用1.0 W/mL超声处理好氧消化的回流污泥时,污泥有机质降解率提高了15%,而且消化污泥的沉降性能良好,上清液中有机质含量增加很少,因此,后者可以用于改善污泥好氧消化工艺.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.