Optimization of activated carbon production from empty fruit bunch fibers in one-step steam pyrolysis for cadmium removal from aqueous solution

The fast growth of the palm oil industry in Malaysia is associated with various waste products, namely the empty fruit bunches (EFB), which have a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, these wastes were utilized as a cheap raw material for the production of activated carbon (AC) with less energy consumption. One-step steam pyrolysis was used to produce AC from oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers (EFBF) by varying the operating parameters of temperature, steam flow rate, and activation time using two-level full factorial experimental design (FFD). Ten samples of AC were prepared and the optimized production conditions were chosen based on the ability to adsorb and remove cadmium. Physical activation comprised of carbonization for 30 min using nitrogen gas (N₂), followed by activation with steam at different flow rates (2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 ml/min), temperatures (600, 750, and 900°C) and times (15, 30, and 45 min). The AC sample produced at an activation temperature of 900°C with a steam flow rate of 2.0 ml/min and activation time of 15 min was selected as the best adsorbent with a total yield of 21.7%. It had adsorbed more than 97% of total cadmium from aqueous solution within 2 min of the contact time. Characterization of EFBF-based AC by SEM and BET surface area analysis had shown a good-quality adsorbent with highly active sites and well-developed pores with BET surface area of 635.16 m²/g. Experimental results indicated that the prepared AC from EFBF provide a promising solution in water and wastewater treatment.     

Clam shell catalyst for continuous production of biodiesel

Continuous flow transesterification of waste frying oil (WFO) with methanol for the biodiesel production was tested in a laboratory scale jacketed reactive distillation (RD) unit packed with clam shell based CaO as solid catalyst. The physiochemical properties of the clam shell catalysts were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Atomic X-ray Spectrometry (EDAX). The effects of the reactant flow rate, methanol-to-oil ratio, and catalyst bed height were studied to obtain the maximum methyl ester conversion. Reboiler temperature of 65°C was maintained throughout the process for product purification and the system reached the steady state at 7 hr. The experimental results revealed that the jacketed RD system packed with clam shell based CaO showed high catalytic activity for continuous production of biodiesel and a maximum methyl ester conversion of 94.41% was obtained at a reactant flow rate of 0.2 mL/min, methanol/oil ratio of 6:1, and catalyst bed height of 180 mm.     

绿色修井技术的研究与应用

为了避免在修井过程中产生的落地油、油砂、油水混合液和洗井液等对环境造成污染,辽河石油勘探局经过多年的研究与实践已研究出一整套完备的绿色环保修井技术,包括抽油杆刮油、油管泄油、密闭连续冲砂、软捞砂、快速防喷、汽化水回收等修井技术,在施工全过程中采取了预防污染的措施,将生产技术、生产过程、经营管理及产品质量与物流、能量、信息管理等有机结合起来,并优化运行方式,从而实现了最小的环境影响、最少的资源消耗、最佳的管理模式以及最优化的经济水平。并取得多项专利成果。     

油田井下作业清洁生产配套工艺

近几年来,江苏油田加大油田井下作业清洁生产配套工艺技术的研究力度,自行研制了地膜隔离技术以及二合一液压锚定泄油器、井口油管刮油器、抽油杆刮蜡器、抽汲环保井口装置、移动式作业废水集中处理装置等一系列新型综合防治落地油和控制作业污水排放的清洁生产配套工艺技术。这些技术在井下作业中得到了广泛应用,并在油田井下检泵作业过程中真正实现了清洁生产,取得了显著的经济和社会效益。     

改造碳黑废水处理设施使废水循环使用

介绍碳黑废水处理工艺流程的技术改造及其技术要点。着重阐述了关键设备斜管沉淀池的运行原理、运行结果及其在整个流程改造过程中所起的作用。改造后的工艺流程特点是斜管沉淀效率高，出水水质好，副产品碳黑质优销路好，劳动强度低，废水可循环使用，设备占地少，运行费用低，总体效益好。改造后实现了全厂生产用水闭路循环，取得了可观的经济、环境、社会效益。废水循环利用在技术上是可行的，经济上有收益，实现了废水及固体废物的资源化。     

新疆油田含聚污水处理技术应用研究

针对新疆油田聚合物驱含油污水特点,在不改变高效水质净化与稳定技术配套污水处理工艺的基础上,形成了一套聚驱产出液的技术。研究确定了"氧化+曝气"的预处理技术结合旋流反应工艺做为含聚污水处理的核心工艺,可实现含聚污水的有效净化,并筛选优化与之配套的化学药剂体系。通过室内大量模拟实验,结果表明:此工艺可达到室内净化后水中悬浮物含量≤15mg/L,含油≤10mg/L。     

稠油罐底泥碳化处理技术研究与应用*

为解决油田生产过程中产生的稠油罐底泥的环境污染和资源浪费问题,在分析含油污泥性质和特点的基础上开发了稠油罐底泥碳化处理工艺及配套装置。介绍了该技术的原理及工艺流程,在小试、中试研究的基础上,进行了工业化应用,稠油罐底泥的处理效果表明:油气回收率可达90%以上,轻质油品占回收油总量的78%以上,焚烧处理后的残渣未检出矿物油;烟气和废水相关项目的监测值符合相关标准。     

Multi-criteria evaluation technique for SFI site identification of NORMS and oil industry waste disposal – Possibilities in Kuwait

Waste generation and accumulating quantities of oil field waste are a matter of environmental concern. This study proposes the Slurry Fracture Injection (SFI) technique as an alternative waste disposal method. The slurried solids injection waste disposal method is environmentally secure and permanent, leaving no future liabilities that must be risk-evaluated or priced. An entire waste stream comprising ground solids and waste water can be injected into deep and hydraulically secure target strata with no contamination of potable water-bearing formations or formations outside the target zone that may contain resources (gas and oil). The slurry injection method can be used to clean and reclaim landfills, oil pits and granular waste dumps. This article proposes a two-tier screening method for evaluating the feasibility of this technique and the identification of suitable target zones. A stringent environmental and process control monitoring program should complement the planning and operational period to ensure environmental protection, waste containment, and regulatory HSE compliance.     

含油污泥深度调堵技术在大庆油田的应用

含油污泥调堵技术是将废弃的含油污泥配制成调堵剂,对低压井进行调堵,既可废物利用,又可对低压井进行治理。对配制工艺在室内实验研究的基础上,对大庆油田两口井的含油污泥进行了调堵试验,完成了设计注入量。对调堵剂的配方、配制技术、注入量及注入工艺进行了一系列的现场实践检验。结果表明,含油污泥深度调堵技术不仅能改善注入井吸水剖面,而且为解决油田废弃油泥的环境污染问题提供了新的途径。     

Characterization of fuel gas products from the treatment of solid waste streams with a plasma arc torch

This work addresses the plasma treatment of two solid waste streams and production of fuel gases from the process. In this study, carpet waste and simulated solid wastes generated by a United States Air Force Basic Expeditionary Airfield Resources Base deployment were used. Waste was treated in a furnace fitted with a 100kW plasma arc torch. The off gas was analyzed to determine its composition. The product gas was composed primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, with small amounts of methane, benzene and toluene also detected. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of producing fuel gases by plasma treatment of the solid waste streams. While the thermal energy value of the fuel gas produced in these experiments was less than the energy input, a higher waste-to-fuel gas conversion efficiency is expected in full-scale application.     

油气田开发水资源高效利用探

在油气田开发过程中,尤其是干旱缺水地区,处理好生产用水与产出废水之间的关系是油气田企业可持续发展的重要问题。油气田开发水资源高效利用的最终目的是减少淡水的消耗量,主要体现在新鲜水的合理使用及产出废水的回收再利用两个方面。提出应以产出废水为生产水源,研发适合其水质特征的工作液体系,实现产出废水"免处理"再利用;建立油气田开发水管理体系,根据水的不同用途,科学调配新鲜水和产出废水,实现水资源的高效利用。     

A process model to estimate the cost of industrial scale biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by supercritical transesterification

This paper describes the conceptual design of a production process in which waste cooking oil is converted via supercritical transesterification with methanol to methyl esters (biodiesel).Since waste cooking oil contains water and free fatty acids, supercritical transesterification offers great advantage to eliminate the pre-treatment capital and operating cost.A supercritical transesterification process for biodiesel continuous production from waste cooking oil has been studied for three plant capacities (125,000; 80,000 and 8000 tonnes biodiesel/year). It can be concluded that biodiesel by supercritical transesterification can be scaled up resulting high purity of methyl esters (99.8%) and almost pure glycerol (96.4%) attained as by-product.The economic assessment of the biodiesel plant shows that biodiesel can be sold at US$ 0.17/l (125,000 tonnes/year), US$ 0.24/l (80,000 tonnes/year) and US$ 0.52/l for the smallest capacity (8000 tonnes/year).The sensitive key factors for the economic feasibility of the plant are: raw material price, plant capacity, glycerol price and capital cost.Overall conclusion is that the process can compete with the existing alkali and acid catalyzed processes.Especially for the conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel, the supercritical process is an interesting technical and economical alternative.     

番茄酱生产废水处理DAT-IAT工艺的应用与研究

番茄酱生产周期较短，废水排放集中于两个月且水量较大，废水中含固体杂质多，增加了废水处理难度。对新疆屯河昌通分公司番茄酱生产废水采用DAT-IAT工艺处理，并配套设置适应工艺要求及新疆气候特点的配套设备，水质水量适应性好，工艺组成具有显著的优势。项目通过验收后运行两年以来，运行效果稳定，处理水质稳定达标，可供同类企业借鉴和推广。     

固体废物全过程管理中固体废物鉴别研究

对固体废物应进行全过程管理,固体废物鉴别是固体废物全过程管理的基础和关键,包括依据产生来源鉴别和过程鉴别两种方法,依据产生来源鉴别包括丧失原有利用价值的物质、在生产过程中产生的副产物、环境治理和污染控制过程中产生的物质、其他物质四类,在每一类中详细地列举了属于该产生来源的具体固体废物种类名称,便于理解和增强可操作性。过程鉴别包括在固体废物再生利用过程和处置过程中的固体废物鉴别两类,其中在再生利用过程的固体废物鉴别中明确指出了固体废物再生利用产物只有同时满足产品质量标准要求、国家污染控制标准要求以及有实际市场需求、固定用户等条件时,才不作为固体废物管理,在处置过程的固体废物鉴别中具体地列出了处置固体废物全过程中仍然作为固体废物管理的国际惯用处置方式。同时,给出了清晰的"原料—产品—固体废物—处置或产品"全过程中固体废物的产生节点和相应的固体废物类别图,为固体废物鉴别工作提供参考,使固体废物全过程管理有的放矢,有效防止固体废物对环境和人体健康造成的危害。     

水平衡法在采油清洁生产审核中的应用

在采油清洁生产审核中发现,对生产过程的物质消耗和废物排放难以准确地进行分析和测试。针对这一问题,提出了水平衡分析法。对水平衡及其生产过程进行了评估,分析了清水损耗和废水产生的原因和环节,探讨了节约水资源、提高污水回用率的途径和方法,并提出了改进的目标和对策,形成了清洁生产审核方案。清水、污水平衡分析方法简单可靠,易于实施,同时可以为能量平衡、污染因子平衡的建立和分析提供借鉴和参考。     

Immersion frying for the thermal drying of sewage sludge: an economic assessment

This paper presents an economic study of a novel thermal fry-drying technology which transforms sewage sludge and recycled cooking oil (RCO) into a solid fuel. The process is shown to have significant potential advantage in terms of capital costs (by factors of several times) and comparable operating costs. Three potential variants of the process have been simulated and costed in terms of both capital and operating requirements for a commercial scale of operation. The differences are in the energy recovery systems, which include a simple condensation of the evaporated water and two different heat pump configurations. Simple condensation provides the simplest process, but the energy efficiency gain of an open heat pump offset this, making it economically somewhat more attractive. In terms of operating costs, current sludge dryers are dominated by maintenance and energy requirements, while for fry-drying these are comparatively small. Fry-drying running costs are dominated by provision of makeup waste oil. Cost reduction could focus on cheaper waste oil, e.g. from grease trap waste.     

Economic assessment of flash co-pyrolysis of short rotation coppice and biopolymer waste streams

The disposal problem associated with phytoextraction of farmland polluted with heavy metals by means of willow requires a biomass conversion technique which meets both ecological and economical needs. Combustion and gasification of willow require special and costly flue gas treatment to avoid re-emission of the metals in the atmosphere, whereas flash pyrolysis mainly results in the production of (almost) metal free bio-oil with a relatively high water content. Flash co-pyrolysis of biomass and waste of biopolymers synergistically improves the characteristics of the pyrolysis process: e.g. reduction of the water content of the bio-oil, more bio-oil and less char production and an increase of the HHV of the oil. This research paper investigates the economic consequences of the synergistic effects of flash co-pyrolysis of 1:1 w/w ratio blends of willow and different biopolymer waste streams via cost-benefit analysis and Monte Carlo simulations taking into account uncertainties. In all cases economic opportunities of flash co-pyrolysis of biomass with biopolymer waste are improved compared to flash pyrolysis of pure willow. Of all the biopolymers under investigation, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the most promising, followed by Eastar, Biopearls, potato starch, polylactic acid (PLA), corn starch and Solanyl in order of decreasing profits. Taking into account uncertainties, flash co-pyrolysis is expected to be cheaper than composting biopolymer waste streams, except for corn starch. If uncertainty increases, composting also becomes more interesting than flash co-pyrolysis for waste of Solanyl. If the investment expenditure is 15% higher in practice than estimated, the preference for flash co-pyrolysis compared to composting biopolymer waste becomes less clear. Only when the system of green current certificates is dismissed, composting clearly is a much cheaper processing technique for disposing of biopolymer waste.     

Land application of biomass residue generated from palm oil processing: its potential benefits and threats

Man’s increased demand for food and better living conditions has led to over exploitation of resources and the consequent generation of enormous amounts of liquid and solid waste materials. This is one of the global challenges for mankind. In Malaysia, palm oil mill waste (POMW) contributes the highest proportion of industrial solid wastes produced yearly. Wastes from the mills include palm oil mill effluent, decanter cake, empty fruit bunches, seed shells and the fibre from the mesocarp. Direct application of POMW into agricultural soil has resulted in a number of problems such as water pollution, leaching. However, with application rates specific for targeted plant species, land application can be employed as a permanent solution to the problem of waste from palm oil mills. This review examines the characteristics of each of the palm oil wastes and their potential for use as a future fertilizer supplement.     

新疆油田稠油开发固体废物对环境的影响及处置措施

新疆油田九1～九5区稠油开发过程中,产生了大量的固体废物,主要包括落地原油、废钻井液和岩屑及原油处理站的含油泥砂,如果处理不当,会对环境造成极大的危害。通过对各主要污染物的环境影响分析,提出了几种针对性的防治措施,以确保油田开发实现清洁生产,达到经济效益、环境效益和社会效益统一。     

Management of biomass residues generated from palm oil mill: Vermicomposting a sustainable option

Solid waste management is one of the challenging problems worldwide and it is becoming more complex by the increase in population and subsequently the waste generated. In Malaysia, among industrial solid waste palm oil mill waste (POMW) contributes the highest share. Wastes from the oil palm mill includes palm oil mill effluent (POME), decanter cake, empty fruit bunches, seed shells and the fibre from mesocarp. Generally most of the waste generated is either disposed of via open dumping or used as fertilizers as such or as animal feed. Land application of POMW and POME is very common practice as it contains numbers of plant nutrients. Direct application of POMW into agricultural soil can result in a number of problems such as water pollution, leaching etc. To deal with these problems, vermicomposting of palm oil mill waste may be a sustainable waste management option.There are number of researches going on management of biomass residues from palm oil mill, but very few works are going on vermicomposting of these agro-industrial waste. Vermicomposting of POMW can be a good practice as it will also be helpful in recycling the useful plant nutrients and it is better than that of composting process. Present review deals with the various aspects of vermicomposting of POMW and its importance. Review also put forward the effect of potential application of vermicompost on plant growth. On the whole it looks for the possibility of vermicomposting of waste from palm oil mill as a sustainable waste management alternative.