黑曲霉Aspergillsu niger SL2-111所产酸性蛋白酶的分离纯化及酶学特性

采用硫酸铵盐析、Sephadex G-25柱脱盐、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析、Sephacryl S-200分子筛层析和高效液相色谱等方法,从黑曲霉菌株Aspergillus niger SL2-111的发酵曲中提取了一种酸性蛋白酶,经SDS-PAGE验证,该酶纯化水平已达到电泳纯.该酶的表观分子量(Mr)约为47×103,最适pH值为3.0,pH稳定性范围为2.5～6.0,最适温度为50℃,温度稳定性范围为30～60℃;Gu2+、Mn2+对其有激活作用,Hg2+、Ag+对其则有轻度的抑制作用;该酶的氨基酸组成为:中极性酸性氨基酸占17.29%,极性碱性氨基酸占4.50%,极性中性氨基酸占38.50%,其它为非极性氨基酸;N端氨基酸序列为SKGSAVTTPQ,经序列同源性比对,表明该酶与其它曲霉酸性蛋白酶具有极高的同源性.图4表5参15     

Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis生淀粉糖化酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

从Rhizopus microsporus var.chinensis CICIM F0088菌株中分离纯化一种新的具有生淀粉降解能力的糖化酶,并研究其酶学性质.经硫酸铵沉淀、双水相交换、DEAE-650M阴离子层析、Bio-Rad制备电泳等步骤后获得电泳均一的糖化酶,其相对分子质量约为52×103.该酶最适反应pH为4.5,在pH3.5～6.5范围内稳定;最适反应温度为75℃,具有较宽的pH耐受范围和较高的温度耐受性.经飞行质谱分析得到酶蛋白中3个肽段的氨基酸序列,通过比对发现,该酶与NCBI中已报道的糖化酶序列具有一定的同源性.     

一种新的中温酸性α-淀粉酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

从Bacillus sp.中分离纯化了一种新的中温酸性α-淀粉酶,并对其酶学性质进行了研究.粗酶经硫酸铵沉淀、 DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子层析、 Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后获得电泳均一的α-淀粉酶,其分子量(Mr)约为56×103.该酶最适反应pH为5.0,在pH 5.0～11.0范围内稳定,具有较好的耐酸特性.该酶最适反应温度为40～50 ℃,在40～60 ℃范围内稳定.在60 ℃、 pH 4.5时,该酶能快速有效水解可溶性淀粉;在pH 5.0时该酶对多种生淀粉底物也具有良好的水解作用.因此,该酶有助于解决中温条件淀粉加工行业中,液化酶和糖化酶由于适用pH值的差异而无法联用的难题,是一种具有研究价值和应用前景的中温酸性α-淀粉酶.经LC-MASS-MASS分析得到了酶蛋白中两个肽段的氨基酸序列,通过比对发现,该酶与NCBI中已报道的α-淀粉酶序列具有一定的同源性,同时,在氨基酸水平上也存在着差异.     

赤子爱胜蚓胆碱酯酶的纯化和性质

赤子爱胜蚓的TritonX－100抽提液经PEG2000-磷酸钾缓冲液处理、离子交换层析及凝胶过滤后，获得电泳纯的胆碱酯酶．纯酶经鉴定为糖蛋白，凝胶过滤法和SDS-PAGE法测得其Mr分别为59000和58000．酸性氨基酸含量约占24％，碱性氨基酸含量约占12％，最大紫外吸收入λ＝272um；酶作用最适温度θ＝39℃，热稳定性较差；最适pH为7．8，在pH7．0～8．0酶较稳定．对碘化硫代乙酰胆碱的Km值为88μmol／L，有过量底物抑制现象．Mg2＋、Ca2＋和Mn2＋对酶活性的影响较小，DFP则对该酶有强烈抑制作用．     

一种野生香蘑的分离、鉴定、培养条件与产酶特性

为充分开发利用野生食用菌资源,从采集自北京怀柔的野生香蘑子实体中分离获得纯培养,编号为Lepista sp.GSM-11,结合形态学特征与ITS序列分析鉴定其分类学地位,并进一步研究其菌丝生长的最适碳源、氮源、C/N比、生长因子、最适温度和最适pH值,并测定了菌体液体发酵产漆酶、蛋白酶、植酸酶、核糖核酸酶和凝集素的特性,同时还研究了Cu2+对漆酶产量的影响.结果表明,该菌株与GenBank中报道的采集自中国辽宁、美国马里兰州和日本宫城的紫丁香蘑(Lepista nuda)同源性最高,分别为100%、99.98%和99.93%,确定该野生香蘑为紫丁香蘑(ITS序列GenBank登录号JQ519375);菌丝体生长的最适碳源为蔗糖,最适氮源为酵母浸膏,最适C/N比为20/1,最适生长因子为维生素C,最适温度为24℃,最适pH为7.0;GSM-11菌株菌丝体和发酵液中均具有漆酶活性,但缺乏其他3种酶和凝集素活性.1.0～2.0 mmol/L的Cu2+对漆酶分泌有显著的促进作用,其活性达到对照组的149.2%～196.4%.     

产蛋白酶北极海洋耐冷菌ArcB82306的筛选及其蛋白酶性质

从北极加拿大海盆海水中分离到一株产蛋白酶耐冷菌株ArcB82306.16S rDNA基因序列的同源性分析表明,该菌株属于假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas).蛋白酶酶谱显示该菌株分泌多种胞外蛋白酶.胞外蛋白酶的最适作用温度和最适pH分别为45℃和9.菌株ArcB82306所产蛋白酶受丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF抑制,金属蛋白酶抑制剂EDTA以及半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂E-64对蛋白酶活性无影响,结果提示该蛋白酶属于丝氨酸蛋白酶.金属离子Ni2+、Zn2+、Hg2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Ca2+和Mg2+可部分抑制酶的活性,而DTT和巯基乙醇等还原剂及Triton X-100和吐温-80等表面活性剂对酶活性无显著影响.     

耐碱性木聚糖酶产生菌的筛选及发酵条件研究

利用刚果红透明圈法,从造纸厂碱性土壤中筛选到一株木聚糖酶生产菌株X24-14,经培养特性研究及16S rDNA序列分析,初步认为该菌属于纤维菌属(Cellulosimicrobium).经发酵条件优化,该菌在麸皮60 g/L,蛋白胨10 g/L,K2HPO4 7.0 g/L, pH 8.5,接种量为5%, 37 ℃, 200 r/min的条件下发酵培养108 h,可达到最大活力,为2 204 u/mL. 该酶最适反应温度为60 ℃;具有较宽的pH作用范围,在pH 4.2～9.4范围内能保持较高的酶活力,在pH 9.4条件下,仍具有80%的酶活力; pH稳定性较好,在4 ℃、pH 11.0的条件下处理24 h仍能保持75%的酶活力.图3表1参12     

冰川环境耐冷菌的冷适蛋白酶分离纯化及酶学性质

采用离交和凝胶层析对“中国冰川1号”耐冷菌BacilluscereusSYPA23所产的蛋白酶进行分离纯化,并进行酶学性质研究.与中温酶相比,该蛋白酶具有较高的低温催化活力,其最适催化温度为42℃,适宜pH为7.0～8.5,SDSPAGE测定的分子量(Mr)为34.2×103.金属离子Mn2 、Ca2 对该酶有激活作用,Cu2 、Hg2 、Pb2 、Co2 对其活性有一定抑制作用.该酶属金属蛋白酶,其活性受EDTA强烈抑制,不受PMSF抑制.该蛋白酶具有低温酶典型的热不稳定性,0℃下半衰期24h,但Ca2 和一些低分子醇类物质能提高其稳定性.动力学数据分析表明,该蛋白酶在低温下对底物亲和能力高,在较宽温度范围内(25～45℃)均保持着较高的催化效能.图7表3参17     

一株嗜酸性产纤维素酶真菌的特性及产酶条件优化

从四川海螺沟原始森林腐土中分离到一株嗜酸性产纤维素酶的真菌X-13,其主要特点是产纤维素酶的最适pH及其纤维素酶最适反应pH均为2.0.在PDA培养基上培养时菌落呈浅黄色至肉桂色,反面呈黄色至棕褐色,产黄色色素;菌丝体透明有隔膜,分生孢子呈球形或近球形.根据菌株的形态特征以及ITS序列同源性和系统发育分析结果,鉴定该菌株为土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus Thom).该菌最佳产酶培养时间为8～10 d;最适产酶温度为30℃,纤维素酶最适反应温度为50℃;最佳碳源、氮源分别为纤维素粉和硫酸铵.通过响应面法对菌株产纤维素酶条件进行优化,使菌株X-13纤维素酶活从1.39 IU/mL提高到2.94 IU/mL,提高了111.5%.     

近平滑假丝酵母NAD(H)依赖型次级醇脱氢酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

从近平滑假丝酵母(Candida parapsilosis CCTCC 203011)中分离得到了NAD(H)依赖型的次级醇脱氢酶.粗酶经乙醇沉淀、Blue Sepharose Fast Flow亲和层析、DEAE Sepharose离子交换层析后在SDS-PAGE上显示为单一条带,其酶蛋白的亚基分子量(Mr)为37.5×103.该酶还原反应的最适pH为6.0,最适温度为45℃,是一个含Zn2 金属酶.该脱氢酶具有较高的底物的选择性,对2-酮具有较高的还原活力;同时,也能作用于醇类发生氧化反应,对次级醇的氧化活力最高.以β-羟基苯乙酮为底物,用纯化得到的酶催化反应后,还原产物为(R)-苯基乙二醇,因此该酶为(R)-专一性次级醇脱氢酶,是一种生产(R)-苯基乙二醇的有效的生物催化剂.经LC-MASS-MASS分析得到了酶蛋白中3个肽段的氨基酸序列,通过比对发现该酶与NCBI编号为BAA24528的次级醇脱氢酶具有较高的同源性.图4表3参17     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.